time the magistrates of Edinburgh had exercised their right of presentation, a most formidable opposition was now made to his settlement. The opposition however, which was more against the measure than the man, being at last overcome, he was settled as minister of Lady Yester's. In 1765 the Marischal College of Aberdeen conferred on him the degree of D. D. In 1766, on the death of Dr. Jardine, he was translated to the Tron church, where he became colleague to Dr. Wishart; and was also appointed one of the king's chaplains, with one-third of the emoluments of the deanery of the chapel royal. In 1773 he was unanimously elected moderator of the General Assembly; the greatest mark of respect,' says professor Dalzel, which an ecclesiastical commonwealth can bestow ;' and in 1784 he was again raised to the same dignity, by a great majority. In May, 1788, he appeared in his place at the meeting of the Assembly, and acted as principal clerk the first day; but was obliged to ask the assistance of professor Dalzel during the remaining days; and, being violently attacked with a cough, became gradually weaker, till he died on the 16th June following, aged seventy. Dr. Drysdale's sermons have been published since his death, and are esteemed a valuable addition to the public stock of instruction.

DSJEDSJAL, a sect of Mahommedan Arabs, chiefly inhabiting Mecran, a maritimne province of Persia. 'Its first author,' says Mr. Niebuhr, 'was a venerable old man, who was found by some wood-cutters shut up in the middle of a This mitree, and having a book in his hand.' raculous origin he was informed of at Maskat, but each sect,' he adds, tells ridiculous stories of the others, to bring them into contempt.'

DSJOBLA, an ancient city of Arabia, in the province of Yemen; the capital of a district and the seat of a Dola; seated on the brink of a precipice, and containing about 600 houses, of considerable height and of good appearance. Its streets are paved.

DU'AL, adj. Lat. dualis, from duo; Gr. dvw; Chald. 1, two. Expressing two.

Modern languages have only one variation, and so the Latin; but the Greek and Hebrew have one to signify two, and another to signify more than two, under one variation the noun is said to be of the dual number, and under the other of the plural.

Clarke's Latin Grammar

DUB, v. a. & n s. Goth. dubba; Sax. dubben; Fr. adouber. The Northern words mean to strike, and have been thought to allude to the mode of making a knight by a slight blow with a sword. To make a knight. To confer any kind of dignity or honor. Butler uses it as a substantive for a blow.

Knight, knight, good mother! Basilisco like. shoulder. What! I am dubbed; I have it on my Shakspeare.

He

Satan with less toil, and now with ease Id. Wafts on the calmer wave, by dubious light. Yet where ruth ard knowledge are concerned in I know not what fault it can be to desire the explication of words, whose sense seems dubious. Locke.

the case,

She speaks with dubiousness, not with the certainty Broome. of a goddess. Almanack-makers wander in generals, and talk dubiously, and leave to the reader the business of interpreting. Swift.

It is a common and just observation, that, when the meaning of any thing is dubious, one can no way better judge of the true intent of it, than by considering who is the author, what is his character in Pope. general, and his disposition in particular.

We also call it a dubious or doubtful proposition, when there are no arguments on either side.

Watts's Logick.

Id. Richard III.

Now hope exalts the fisher's beating heart; Now he turns pale, and fears his dubious art.

Gay.

When a question of orthography is dubious, that practice has, in my opinion, a claim to preference, which preserves the greatest number of radical letters, or seems most to comply with the general custom of our language. Johnson. Plan of Dictionary.

In clay-formed beds the trickling streams collect,

is scarce in the centre of the county, although there are coals at Naul and an extensive turf bog at Ganistown, but the coal vein is not worked. The northern baronies are still in a very wild and uncultivated state, although much benefited

direct;

Or point in rifted rocks their dubious way,

And in each bubbling fountain rise to day. Darwin.
Where Reason's meteor-rays, with sickly glow,
O'er the dun gloom a dreadful glimmering throw;
Disclosing dubious to the' affrighted eye
O'erwhelming mountains tottering from on high,
Black billowy deeps in storms perpetual tossed,
And weary ways in wildering labyrinths lost. Beattie.
You'll find there are such shortly,

By its rich harvests, new disease, and gold;

place hitherto almost unknown. The tract between the great western road near Rathcool, and the Blessington road, with the Golden Hill and Ballinscorney, rests on slaty rock. The remainder of the county, with little exception, is of granite formation; the field of granite commencing at Williamstown strand and extending to Brandon Hill in the county of Kilkenny, having an average breadth, in that distance, of eleven miles.

There are few good harbours on the coast of

DUBLIN COUNTY, the metropolitan county of Ireland, lies on the east coast of that country, immediately opposed to the Welsh coast: it is between 53° 10′ and 53° 37′ N. lat., and 6° 36′ W. long. from Greenwich. The boundaries are, on the north the county of Meath, on the west parts of Kildare and Meath counties, on the south the county of Wicklow, and on the east the Irish sea. Its sea-front is terminated by the Nanny Water on the north, and by Bray River on the south.

This county contains 240,113 statute acres: seventy-three parishes and fourteen parts of parishes, with 693 townlands; and is divided into eight baronies and one half barony. The surface of that part north of the river Liffey is flat and badly supplied with water, on which account it is less inhabited by gentry but more applied to agriculture: the surface of the southern side is a beautiful inclined plane, ascending gradually from the sea-shore to the foot of the Dublin and Wicklow Mountains. The soil in this part is lighter than the rich loam in the northern baronies, but this disadvantage is not felt, as from the natural beauty of the country south of the Liffey it is almost wholly appropriated to the demesnes of the gentry of Dublin and to manure villas for the summer season.

The entire county may be considered as naturally divided into two parts, by a line drawn from the village of Newcastle to Rathfarnham, where it will form a very obtuse angle with its new direction, which may be represented by a line drawn from Rathfarnham to Booterstown, where the limestone crops out on the straud: all north of this line rests on a base of floetz limestone, except one patch extending from Skerries to Balbriggan, which rests on transition rocks. Fuel

briggan, at Howth, &c., and an extensive asylum harbour at Kingstown, enclosing 226 acres by two piers of several kants, having a depth of twenty-six feet at low water. The Holyhead and Liverpool mail packets sail from this asylum, and it is in contemplation to connect it with the Ringsend docks by a ship canal, or else to convey merchandise hence to the city of Dublin by a rail-way: the distance is about six miles and a half. It was here that his majesty George IV. embarked in 1821, and a handsome obelisk, bearing an appropriate inscription, is erected on the spot, to commemorate the event. Kingstown harbour is too large, and the pier should have been faced with cut stone down to the foundation.

DUBLIN, the metropolis of Ireland, the second city in his majesty's dominions, is situated in the province of Leinster, and county of Dublin. The river Liffey, which falls into Dublin Bay, immediately below the custom-house, divides the city into two nearly equal parts. Dublin lies seventy-two miles west of Holyhead in Wales, 303 south-west of Edinburgh, and 420 northwest of London. Long. 6° 6'. W., lat. 53° 20′ N.

Dublin is a place of great antiquity; it was anciently confined to the south side of the Liffey. In the tenth century, after the fortifications of Dublin were repaired by the Ostmen, the walls of the city, including those of the castle, did not occupy more than an Irish mile; they extended from Wine-Tavern gate to Audeon's Arch, and were continued thence to Newgate, now Thomas-street; they were continued to Ormond's-gate, or, as it has been since called, Wormwood-gate; thence to the Whitworthbridge, and along the banks of the river to Newman's Tower, nearly the present site of the south entrance of Essex-bridge; and, from Newman's Tower, in an oblique direction, to Dame's-gate, at the west end of Dame-street. From the gate at the south-west angle of the castle, the wall ran to Nicholas-gate, and was continued thence to Newgate. The principal streets without the walls were, on the west, Newrow, Francis-street, Thomas-street, and James'sstreet; on the south, Patrick-street, Bride-street, and Ship-street; and on the east, Dame-street, George's-lane, and Stephen-street. That space of ground now occupied by Crane-lane, Templebar, Fleet-street, Lazar's-hill, or, as it is now

called, Townsend-street, Crampton, Aston's, George's, and Sir John Rogerson's quays, &c., was then overflowed by the Liffey. On the north side of the river there were only Churchstreet, Mary's-lane, Hammond-lane, and Pilllane, then built but on one side as far as Mary's Abbey, which terminated the extent of that part of the town to the east. Grange-gorman, Stoneybatter, now called Manor-street, and Glassmanogue, were then villages at some distance from the city; and, at the latter, the sheriffs have held their courts in times of the plague. In 1664 the inhabitants amounted to 2565 men, and 2986 women, Protestants; and 1252 men, and 1406 women, Roman Catholics: in all 8159.

6

Ptolemy, who flourished about A. D. 140, says, it was anciently called Aschcled. In 155 Alpinus, whose daughter, Auliana, was drowned in the Liffey, changed the name from Aschcled to Auliana. It was afterwards named Dublana, and Ptolemy calls it Eblana. Dublana, whence Dublinum and Dublin, is evidently derived from Dub-leana, the place of the black harbour or lake, or rather the lake of the sea; the Bay of Dublin being frequently so called. The city has had a variety of names. The Irish call it Drom-choll-coil, 'the brow of a hazel wood.' In 181 Eogan, king of Munster, being on a royal tour, paid a visit to this place, which was then called Atha Cliath Dubb-Line, the passage of the ford of hurdles over the black pool.' The harbour of Dublin was likewise known by the name of Lean-Cliath, or Leam-Cliath, from Lean or Leam, a harbour; and from Cliath or Cliabb, which literally signifies a hurdle or any thing made of wicker-work; it also signified certain wires formed with hurdles, and placed in rivers and bays by the ancient Irish, for the purpose of taking fish; whence any river or bay, wherein these wires were fixed, had the name of Cliath or Cliabb annexed to it, to signify the establishment of a fishery. Dublin, therefore, being originally built on or near one of these harbours, was anciently called Baly-lean-Cliath; that is, the town on the fishing harbour. It is still distinguished in the Irish language by the appellations of Ath-Cliath, 'the ford of hurdles,' and Ballyath-Cliath, the town of the ford of hurdles,' the inhabitants having formerly had access to the city, over the river, by hurdles laid on the low marshy grounds adjoining the water; and this name was also extended to the north side of the river, from a temporary bridge of hurdles thrown over the Anna-Liffey, a corruption of Auin Louiffa, or the swift river, so termed from the rapidity of the mountain floods. The north side was enlarged by Mac-Turkill, the Danish prince; who, notwithstanding, fixed his residence on the south side, and abandoned the northern town; which, from the original country of the invaders, was called Eastmantown, then Östrentown, since corrupted to Oxman

town.

King Edgar, in the preface to his charter, dated 964, mentions Ireland, with its most noble city (nobilissima civitas) of Dublin. By the Fingalians, it is called Divelin, and by the Welsh Dinas Dulin, or the city of Dulin.

In 448 Alpin M'Eachard, king of Dublin, and all his subjects, are said to have been converted to

Christianity by St. Patrick. In 498 the Ostmen, or Danes, having entered the Liffey, with a fleet of sixty sail, made themselves masters of Dublin and the adjacent country, and soon after environed the city with walls. About 1170 Dermod M'Murrough, king of Leinster, having quarrelled with the other princes of the kingdom, a confederacy was formed against him by Roderic O'Connor, monarch of Ireland. Dermod applied to Henry II., king of England, who sent over a number of English adventurers, by whose assistance he was reinstated in his dominions; in 1171 the descendants of the Danes still continuing to hold possession of Dublin, it was besieged and taken by a powerful party of the English, under Raymond-Le-Gros. M'Turkill, the Danish king, escaped to his shipping; but returned soon after, with a strong fleet, to recover the city; he was killed in the attempt, and in him ended the race of Easterling princes in Ireland. In 1172 Henry II. landed at Waterford, and obtained from Richard, earl Strongbow, who married Eva, the daughter of M'Murrough, and by compact was his successor, a surrender of the city of Dublin; where he built a pavilion of wicker-work near St. Andrew's church, then situated where Castlemarket lately stood, and there entertained several Irish princes, who voluntarily submitted to him, on condition of being governed by the same laws as the people of Englaud. Henry also held a parliament here. In 1173 he granted his first charter to Dublin, and by divers privileges encouraged a colony from Bristol to settle in it. In 1210 upwards of twenty Irish princes swore allegiance to king John at Dublin; engaging to establish the English laws and customs in the kingdom; and in the same year courts of judicature were instituted. In 1216 Magna Charta was granted to the Irish by Henry III., an entry of which was made in the red book of the exchequer at Dublin. In 1217 the city was granted to the citizens, in fee-farm, at 209 marks per annum; and, in 1227 Henry ordained, that the charter granted by king John should be kept inviolably. In 1404 the statutes of Kilkenny and Dublin were confirmed in a parliament, held at the city, under the earl of Ormond. The charter of the city of Dublin was renewed in 1609 by James I. The civil government of the city was anciently under the management of a provost and bailiffs; in 1308 John le Decer was appointed the first provost, Richard de St. Olave and John Stakebold bailiffs. In 1409 the title of the chief magistrate was changed to that of mayor, when Thomas Cussac was appointed to the office, Richard Bove and Thomas Shortall being bailiffs; the office of bailiffs was changed to sheriffs in 1547. In 1660 Charles II. gave a collar of SS. and a company of foot-guards to the mayor; and in 1665 he conferred the title of lord mayor on the chief magistrate, to whom he also granted £500 per annum, in lieu of the foot company. Sir Daniel Bellingham was the first lord mayor of Dublin; Charles Lovet and John Quelsh were sheriffs the same year. In 1672 Arthur, earl of Essex, introduced new rules for the better government of the city; and in 1683 the old Tholsel was built by Inigo

Jones, for the magistrates to hold their courts, assemblies, &c.

The hospital for lying-in women, founded by Dr. Bartholomew Mosse, and opened in 1757, stands on the north side of Great Britain-street. The building, designed by Cassels, is light and elegant; a beautiful steeple rises in the centre, and the wings are formed by semicircular colonnades on each side. Adjoining the east colonnade is the rotunda, where balls and assemblies are held, and concerts performed for the benefit of the charity. The blue-coat hospital was founded on the west side of Queen-street, by Charles II., in 1670, for educating the children of reduced freemen of the city; but the original building being greatly decayed, was taken down, and the new blue-coat hospital, situated on Oxmantown-green, was begun in 1773. The front is enriched by four three-quarter Ionic columns, supporting a pediment in the centre, over which the steeple rises, embellished with Corinthian and composite columns in an admired taste. Connected with the front by circular walls, ornamented with balustrades and niches, are the school on one side and the church on the other, which form two well-proportioned wings, each crowned with a small turret; the steeple is not yet finished. The royal hospital at Kilmainham, for the support of invalids of the Irish army, was founded by king Charles II., on a plan similar to that of Chelsea. It was completed in 1683, and cost upwards of £23,500. It is situated at the west end of the town, on a rising ground, near the south side of the river, from whence there is an easy ascent to it through a handsome avenue and park. It is of a quadrangular form, enclosing a spacious area, laid out in grass-plots and gravelled walks; an arcade is carried along the lower story in each square, to the entrance of the hall and chapel, which are both curiously decorated; in the former are several whole length portraits of royal personages, and other distinguished characters. Madam Steven's hospital, the foundation of which was laid in 1720, is a quadrangular building, pleasantly situated on the banks of the river, near the west end of James's-street; the hospital for lunatics, in Bow-lane, founded by Dean Swift, and opened in 1757; Sir Patrick Dun's hospital, in which the royal college of physicians hold their meetings and examinations; the Cork-street fever hospital; the new Meath hospital, built by Mr. Pleasants; Mercer's hospital, in Johnson'splace, founded by the amiable Mrs. Mercer; Simpson's hospital, in Great Britain-street, an asylum for blind and gouty men; the house of industry, in Brunswick-street, for the aged and infirm; the hospital for incurables, on the Donnybrook-road; and the charitable infirmary, Jervis-street, are the most conspicuous in alleviating the afflictions of disease, and ministering to the numerous calls of the impoverished. There are several noble institutions also, that derive aid, either wholly, or in part, from parliament; such are the Hibernian school, in Phoenix park, for the education of the children of soldiers, and the Royal Marine school, for the maintenance and education of the children of distressed sailors.

Dublin is seated in view of the sea on the east, and a fine country which swells into gently rising eminences on the north and west, while it towers boldly up in lofty mountains, that bound the horizon, on the south. The city itself cannot be seen to full advantage on entering the harbour; but the approach to it exhibits a fine prospect of the country for improvement and cultivation, interspersed with numerous villas, that enliven this delightful scene, which, beginning at the water's edge, is continued all over the coast to the north of the bay, as far as the eye can reach, and is finely contrasted by a distant view of the Wicklow mountains on the south, where the conical hills, called the Sugar Loaves, contribute not a little, by the singularity of their appearance, to embellish the landscape, so extensive and picturesque as not on be equalled by any natural scenery in Europe, except the entrance of the Bay of Naples, to which it bears a striking resemblance.

The form of Dublin is rectangular. From the royal hospital at Kilmainham, at the western extremity of the town, to the east end of Townsendstreet, the length is two miles and a half, and its greatest breadth two, and it is about nine miles in circumference. It contains about 16,000 houses, whose inhabitants are estimated at 180,000.

The civil government of Dublin is executed by a lord mayor, recorder, two sheriffs, twentyfour aldermen, and a common-council composed of representatives from the twenty-five guilds. Dublin, being the seat of government, and of the chief courts of justice, has received many charters and ample privileges from the kings of England, since the reign of Henry II. Richard II. erected it into a marquisate in favor of Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, whom he also created duke of Ireland. It is an archiepiscopal see, and sends two members to parliament.

Dublin is remarkable for the breadth and elegance of its leading streets; from the Canalbridge, in Baggot-street, along the north side of Stephen's-green, or by Merrion-square into Grafton-street and College-green, thence through Westmoreland-street, Sackville-street, Rutlandsquare, Gardiner's-row, and so to Mountjoysquare, is probably the most elegant succession of city avenues to be seen in any European capital; but the back streets are a melancholy contrast, very few of them presenting the appearance either of wealth or comfort. There are five handsome squares in the city, the largest of which, called Stephen's-green, is one mile in circumference, enclosed by iron-railing, mounted on a dwarf wall, outside of which is a broad gravel-walk, protected from the carriage-way by chains and pillars. In the centre of this great level space, stands a fine equestrian statue, by Van Nort, of king George II. Merrion-square is a large rectangle, surrounded by noble mansions; those on the north side enriched, in the basement story, by rustic work in stone; these were built from the designs of John Ensor, esq., who laid out this fine square. Rutlandsquare is the Grosvenor-square of Dublin; a few of the Irish nobility still retain their mansions here, the noblest of which is Charlemont

House.

Considerable improvements are still carrying on in the avenues of Dublin, under the direction of the Wide-street commissioners, particularly in the vicinity of St. Patrick's cathedral, decidedly the most miserable part of the city or its liberties.

Dublin is divided into four districts, each submitted to the care and protection of a police magistracy, who have an office and court within their respective districts. The head office of police is in the Castle division; to this belong thirty-one peace-officers, and to each of the other, seven. Police stations are established at convenient distances round the city, and a patrol of horse-police is in constant motion during the greater part of each night, even to a distance of seven miles from the city. The old archiepiscopal palace has been converted into the horsebarrack of the police corps.

The public buildings of Dublin are both numerous and noble: the most architectural is the Bank of Ireland (formerly the Parliament House) the foundation of which was laid in 1729; it was erected under the instruction of Sir Edward Lovet Pearce, after a design by Mr. Cassels. The original building consisted of a grand colonnade of the Ionic order, forming three sides of a rectangular court-yard. The central colonnade is connected with the two noble porticos, forming the east and west fronts, by circular curtain walls, ornamented with three-quarter columns. These last-mentioned porticos are built from the designs of Messrs. Gandon and Parke. No part of the interior remains as formerly, except the corridors and the House of Lords, in the last of which is fine statue of George III. by Bacon jun. The cash office stands on the site of the old House of Commons, and is a very spacious, light and beautiful apartment. The establishment for engraving and printing of bank notes, under the direction of Mr. Oldham, exhibits a singular specimen of ingenious mechanism; it was visited by his present Majesty during his stay in Ireland in 1821. The General Post Office, established in 1784, stands in Sackville Street at the intersection of four leading streets and adjacent to Nelson's pillar. The portico in front, of Portland stone, is a remarkably beautiful piece of architecture: the ornaments of the frieze are not exceeded by any similar designs in the city. This very large and convenient building was raised for the comparatively moderate sum of £50,000 from the design of Francis Johnston Esq. The Stamp Office, in William Street, is also a fine building of cut granite stone raised in the Wicklow Mountains.

The Castle of Dublin, now the town residence of the lord-lieutenants who formerly lodged at the Royal Hospital of Kilmainham, may be considered as divided into two parts, called the upper and lower yards. The upper is a quadrangle of brick buildings, with ornamental stone architraves to the windows; the entrance to his excellency's apartments is by a fine colonnade, antehall and grand flight of steps; opposite to the state entrance is a handsome building, containing the apartments of the guard of honor and of several of the household; the basement is an arcade supporting an open colonnade surmounted

by a pediment, above which rises an octagonal tower crowned by a tapering dome. This pretty building is terminated as wings, by two lofty archways of rustic-work, on the crowns of which. rest statues of Justice and Fortitude. The Castle was built by Henry de Londres, archbishop of Dublin in 1220, but not used as the vice-regal residence until the year 1560, by command of queen Elizabeth, since which time it has received so many additions that it does not present the appearance of any regular edifice, but an assemblage of irregular buildings raised for some immediate necessity. In the state apartments there is a fine room, eighty-two feet in length, called St. Patrick's Hall, having the ceiling ornamented by three characteristic paintings of Waldre's. Here the knights of the noble order of St. Patrick were regaled after their original institution, and here, by annual balls, the birth-day of the great patron saint of Ireland is celebrated. The lower Castle yard contains several offices, the Old Treasury, the ordnance office, &c., beside the very beautiful chapel lately erected after a design by Francis Johnston Esq. the very best specimen of modern pointed architecture in the city. It is built of cut stone, highly enriched with carved heads and Gothic pinnacles. Nor does the interior lose any of that masterly style so conspicuous in the exterior. The regal seat and front pannels of all the pews are adorned with armorial bearings in carved oak of a series of viceroys; the great window embellished with stained glass, and the ceiling decorated with highly enriched pendants. The first stone of the chapel was laid by his grace John duke of Bedford, in 1807, and the expense of its erection was about £40,000. The Record Tower, adjoining the chapel, was erected by king John, its walls are fourteen feet thick: here James II. established a mint and secreted a quantity of the royal plate. Birmingham Tower, another of the flankers of the town wall, stands at a little distance from the record tower. The old building of this name having been destroyed by fire, the present unmeaning mass was erected in its stead.

The Royal Exchange contiguous to the castle, is a magnificent pile, erected after a design of Mr. Cooley; the ground plan is simply a circle inscribed in a square. It is wholly built of Portlandstone, has three fronts adorned with pillars and pilasters, and contains a noble area within, lighted by a beautiful and spacious dome, for the transaction of commercial business. In the circular ambulatory, fronting the principal entrance door, stands a handsome statue of his late majesty in Roman military costume designed by Van Nort. Besides the royal exchange, which is now almost disused for commercial purposes, there are two other handsome buildings faced with stone appropriated to the accomodation of merchants, the commercial buildings in College Green and the corn exchange on Burgh Quay, in the former of which the chamber of commerce hold their meetings. The Custom House is acknowledged to be one of the noblest buildings in the city; its south front towards the river is built of Portland stone, extends 375 feet, and is adorned with a beautiful portico in the centre, consisting of