the buckets take into the ground the proper depth, that the friction of the coupling-box at G will turn the chain without slipping in any considerable degree. The steam-engine here described is of six-horse power, and will load a small barge with ballast in an hour and a half. Generally the excavated matters are required as ballast for shipping. Those of the Thames are sold to the colliers of Shield and Newcastle, at the rate of about a shilling per ton, and the ballast hills of those places are said to consist of these matters principally. They are also used for embanking and filling up behind piers, and those taken from the London docks are carried to the Osier Forelands on the banks of the river Lea, where they have already formed a valuable frontage for building. When dry they have also been used as brick-earth. When these matters are required to be transported by water to a distance, the receiving boat is made with two holds sloping towards the keel or bottom, for the purpose of lessening the width of the discharging apertures, which are shut with hatches, or hinged doors. These opening outwards, the pressure of the water prevents them from being opened until the time of arrival at the proper place; when chains attached to ring-bolts force them apart, and the whole contents of the boat escape.

The Scouring or Dredging Basin is a watertight compartment of a harbour, furnished with sluices, and designed to contain a quantity of tidal or river water, to be run off at pleasure. Where the command of head-water is sufficient, this is found the most effectual of all modes of disposing of loosened stuff. Most modern engineers have therefore included a scouring basin in their designs for tide harbours. The late Mr. Rennie reported that 400,000 tons of mud were annually discharged by the sewers of London

into the river Thames. See HARBOUR.

DREGS, n. s. Goth. dregg; Teut. trusDREGGISH, adj.cen; Lat. faces; Gr. rook, DREG'GY, adj. STROYOS, refuse. (Used by Shakspeare in the singular, see below.) The sediments or lees of liquors; offal; refuse of any kind: dreggy is, containing dregs.

TROI. What makes this pretty abruption? What too curious dreg espies my sweet lady in the fountain of our love?

CRES. More dregs than water, if my fears have eyes. Shakspeare. Troilus and Cressida.

The king by this journey purged a little the dregs and leaven of the northern people, that were before in no good affections towards him. Bacon,

Fain would we make him author of the wine, If for the dregs we would some other blame.

Davies. Ripe grapes being moderately pressed, their juice may, without much dreggy matter, be squeezed out. Boyle.

To give a strong taste to this dreggish liquor, they fling in an incredible deal of broom or hops, whereby small beer is rendered equal in mischief to strong. Harvey on Consumptions. Heaven's favourite thou, for better fates designed Than we, the dregs and rubbish of mankind.

Dryden. What diffidence we must be under whether God will regard our sacrifice, when we have nothing to offer him but the dregs and refuse of life, the days of

loathing and satiety, and the years in which we have no pleasure. Rogers.

Such run on poets, in a raging vein,
Even to the dregs and squeezings of the brain.
Pope.

This the chalice of the fornications of rapine, usury, and oppression, which was held out by the gorgeous eastern harlot; which so many of the people, so many of the nobles of the land, had drained to the very dregs. Burke.

The body of your work is a composition of dregs and sediments, like a bad tavern's worst wine.

DREIN, v. n. See DRAIN. To empty. The same with drain; spelt differently perhaps by chance.

She is the sluice of her lady's secrets: tis but setting her mill a-going, and I can drein her of them all. Congreve. "Tis dreined and emptied of its poison now; A cordial draught. Southern. DRELINCOURT (Charles), a minister of the reformed church at Paris, was born at Sedan in 1595. He is best known in England by his Consolations against the Fears of Death, which was translated, and has been often printed. His third son, professor of physic at Leyden, was physician to the prince and princess of Orange before their accession to the crown of England. He died in 1660.

Saxon drencan; Goth. dranca,

to

DRENCH, v. a. & n. s. Į DRENCH'ER. immerse, moisten. To soak; steep; saturate with moisture; physic abundantly or violently: the subtantives corresponding. A drench has been defined, physic for a brute.'

Harry, , says she, how many hast thou killed to-day? Give my roan horse a drench, says he; and answers, fourteen, an hour after. Id. Henry IV.

Their counsels are more like a drench that must be poured down, than a draught which must be leisurely drank if I liked it. King Charles Let such bethink them, if the sleepy drench Of that forgetful lake benumb not still, That in our proper motion we ascend. To-day deep thoughts learn with me to drench In mirth, that after no repenting draws.

Milton.

Now dam the ditches, and the floods restrain; Their moisture has already drenched the plain.

Id.

What flames, quoth he, when I the present sec In danger rather to be drent than brent?

Faerie Queene. DRESDEN, a handsome city of Germany, the capital of Saxony, is situated on both sides of the Elbe, at the influx of the Weisseritz. There is also a third division, lying on the Weisseritz, called Frederickstadt. It is approached in almost every direction by delightful avenues, leading through a rich and fertile country, and bounded by gentle acclivities. On entering the town, the noble bridge across the Elbe first strikes the eye of the spectator. It is built entirely of freestone, and is about 550 paces in length, consisting of nineteen arches. A delight ful prospect spreads on every side. The streets of Dresden are clean, broad, and well paved and lighted. Its public buildings are eleven Lutheran churches, two Catholic, and one Calvinist; the more recent of the Catholic churches, built in the middle of the eighteenth century, is one of the finest ecclesiastical edifices in Germany. It has a flat roof cased with copper, and a tower 300 feet in height. But the late electoral, now the royal palace, is both an extensive repository of the fine arts, which the traveller should not omit to explore, and a magnificent, though irregular structure. It has a tower 355 feet in height, and a number of remarkable apartments, particularly the well known green vault, divided into eight rooms, paved with marble, and containing numerous statues, ivory work, silver plate, vases, and precious stones. Before the war of 1756 this collection was almost unrivalled. Augustus II. and his preceding electors had made the fine arts an object of their constant patronage; and to him this city is indebted for most of its modern improvements. Near the palace is the chancery, and a large ouilding containing a valuable collection of paintings. The house of assembly for the diet of Saxony is an elegant building, as well as

the palaces called after the princes Anthony and Maximilian. In the suburbs are the Zwinger gardens, a promenade containing a valuable cabinet of natural history. The arsenal has a curious collection of early fire-arms. The castle, formerly belonging to the counts of Bruhl, is the great depôt of the porcelain manufactures. Another remarkable edifice is the Dutch and Japanese palace, a square building, rising amidst groves and thickets, and containing the royal library, said to consist of 150,000 volumes, some valuable statues, and a beautiful collection of porcelain.

Here is a military school, and an academy for cadets of noble family. The charitable institutions, particularly the house of industry, are said to be well regulated. It finds employment for more than 3000 individuals. The manufactures are those of lace, jewellery, porcelain, earthenware, mirrors, tapestry, and plaited straw. There are several public gardens outside of the city, of which the largest, the royal garden, is occasionally enlivened with concerts. There is also in this neighbourhood a romantic spot, called the Planische Grund, a valley formed by steep rocks of granite, and watered by the Weisseritz. Vineyards extend along a hill in the direction of the castle of Pilnitz, the summer residence of the royal family, and remarkable for the coalition of 1792. In 1755 the population of Dresden was 63,000; in 1788, 53,000; in 1801, 48,000; in 1811, 45,000. This decrease is ascribed to the alarms and actual calamities to which Dresden has been exposed in the late wars of the continent; and, indeed, ever since Prussia ventured to cope with Austria. It was taken by the Prussians in 1745, and again in 1756; when it became the scene of war and of extreme distress. August 26th and 27th, 1813, the combined Austrian and Russian army advanced in great force from the Bohemian frontier, and attacked this city, but were obliged to retire. Dresden remained in the possession of the French until the scene of war was transferred to the neighbourhood of Leipsic; and the decisive battles in that situation obliged Buonaparte to evacuate Germany. Marshal St. Cyr was blockaded in it, and obliged to capitulate on the 6th of November, 1813.

It is

Dresden was stripped of its walls in 1810 to repair the fortifications of Torgau. Since the peace it has been rapidly improving, and the population is now taken at 60,000. situated 100 miles south-west of Berlin. DRESS, v. a., v. n. & n. s. DRESS'ER, n. s. DRESS'ING, DRESS'ING-ROOM, DREST, part.

Fr. dresser; Ital. drizzare; Teuton. diriser ; from Lat. dirigo; Gr. δρᾶσαι, to

make ready. To clothe; robe; adorn. Hence to cover a wound with medicaments; to rectify; adjust and prepare, generally used also in a particular sense for the trimming, currying, and rubbing horses, as well as breaking them in; and for preparing food for the table. As a neuter verb, it means to pay particular attention to dress; and among soldiers, to keep in line. As a substantive, it is synonymous with clothes, attire; and sometimes means skill; exactness in putting on dress. Dressing is synonymous with dress:

a dresser is one employed in dressing; and a useful kitchen-board on which food is dressed. To geve light to them that sitten in derknessis, and in schadowe of deeth, to dresse our feet into the weye of pees. Wiclif. When he dresseth the lamps, he shall burn incense. Exodus xxx. Said he unto the dresser of his vineyard, Behold, these three years I come seeking fruit on this fg-tree, and find none. Luke. Enforsed to slepe, and for to take some reste And to lye downe as soone as I my dreste At Harwyche porte slumbrynge as I laye In myne hostes house called powers keye. Skelton. 'Tis burnt, and so is all the meat. What dogs are these! Where is the rascal cook? How durst you, villains! bring it from the dresser, And serve it thus to me that love it not?

Shakspeare. Adam! well may we labour still to dress This garden; still to tend plant, herb, and flower. Milton.

Where was a fine room in the middle of the house, handsomely dressed up, for the commissioners to sit in.

Clarendon,

He made was, like his brothers to be dressed;
And, as his birth required, above the rest. Dryden.
A steed

Well mouthed, well managed, which himself did dress;

His aid in war, his ornament in peace.

Few admired the native red and white,
Till poets dressed them up to charm the sight.
Thus the voluptuous youth, bred
up
to dress
For his fat grandsire some delicious mess,
In feeding high his tutor will surpass,
An heir apparent of the gourmand race.
She hurries all her hand-maids to the task;
Her head alone will twenty dressers ask.

Id.

Id.

Id.

cious writer gives a spirit to a whole sentence by a single expression. Gay.

Dress drains our cellar dry,

And keeps our larder lean; puts out our fires;
And introduces hunger, frost, and woe,
Where peace and hospitality might reign. Cowper.
And dear to love, to memory dear,
It brightens through the starting tear;
Like the glad bow, by fancy drest,

That beams on evening's watery vest. Bowdler. oldiers dress by one another in ranks, the body collectively dresses by some given object.

James's Military Dictionary.

DRESSING, in surgery. See SURGERY. DRESSING OF MEAT, by means of culinary fire, is intended to loosen the compages or texture of the flesh, and dispose it for dissolution and digestion in the stomach. The usual operations are roasting, boiling, and stewing. In roasting, it is observed, meat will bear a much greater and longer heat than either in boiling or stewing; and in boiling, greater and longer than in stewing. Roasting being performed in the open air, as the parts begin externally to warm, they extend and dilate, and so gradually let out part of the rarefied included air, by which means the internal succussions, on which the dissolution depends, are much weakened and abated. Boiling being performed in water, the pressure is greater, and consequently the succussions to lift up the weight are proportionably strong, by which means the coction is hastened; and even in this way there are great differences; for the greater the weight of water the sooner is the business done. In stewing, though the heat be much less than what is employed in the other methods, the operation is much more quick, because performed in a close vessel, and full; by which means the succussions are oftener repeated, and more strongly reverberated. Hence, the force of Papin's digestor. Boiling, Dr. Cheyne observes, draws more of the rank strong juices from the meat, and leaves it less nutritive, but lighter, and easier of digestion; roasting, on the other hand, leaves it fuller of the strong nutritive juices, but harder to digest, and needing more dilution. Dr. Brown insists, that roasted meat is more easily digested, and every way fitter for a weak stomach than boiled. Strong and full grown animal food should be boiled, and the young and tender roasted.

DREVET (Peter), the elder and younger, two eminent French engravers. The father instructed, but was surpassed by his son, who was a member of the Royal Academy of painting and sculpture. His portraits are neat and elegant, but cels in representing lace, silk, fur, velvet, and labored to the last degree. He particularly exother ornamental parts of dress. His historical prints, in point of neatness and exquisite workmanship, are scarcely to be equalled. His Presentation of Christ in the Temple, is reckoned the best of these. The following are also much valued the Meeting of Abraham's Servant with Rebecca at the Well; and Abraham, with Isaac on the Altar, dated 1707; both large upright plates from A. Coypel. Among his portraits, the following are held in the highest estimation: M. Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, a whole-length

figure standing; and Samuel Bernard, a wholelength figure in a chair.

DREUX, a town of France, in the department of the Eure and Loire, and ci-devant province of Beauce. It is remarkable for its antiquities. It was taken by Henry II. of England It is in 1186, and by Henry V. in 1421 also remarkable for a battle fought in the neighbourhood, December, 1562, between the Papists and Protestants. Some derive its name from the Druids. It has two churches, St. Stephen's and Notre Dame, or the great church, which is well built. It has a cloth manufacture, and is seated on the river Blaise, at the foot of a mountain, forty-five miles west by south of Paris. Population 5500.

DRIB, v. a. Contracted perhaps from dribble. To crop; to cut off; to defalcate.

Merchants gains come short of half the mart; For he who drives their bargains dribs a part.

Dryden. DRIBBLE, v. n. & v. a. Or dripple, a diDRIB'LET, n. s. minutive of DRIP, which see. To fall in drops; to throw down in drops. A driblet is a small sum of money Believe not that the dribbling dart of love Can pierce a complete bosom.

Shakspeare.

Twelve long years of exile borne, Twice twelve we numbered since his blest return; So strictly wert thou just to pay, Even to the dribblet of a day.

Dryden.

Let the cook follow with a ladle full of soup, and dribble it all the stairs. way up

Swift's Rules to Servants. Semilunar processes on the surface owe their form to the dribbling of water that passed over it. Woodward on Fossils. A dribbling difficulty, and a momentary suppression of urine, may be caused by the stone's shutting up

the orifice of the bladder. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
That wee bit heap o' leaves an' stibble,
Has cost thee mony a weary nibble!
Now thou's turned out, for a' thy trouble,
But house or hald,

To thole the winter's sleety dribble,
An' cranreuch cauld!

Burns.

DRIFT, n. s., v. a. & v. n. From drive. Impulse; prevailing influence or tendency; violent course: hence a snow-drift or violent shower, and a heap or stratum of any matter thrown together, or at random. The verb is derived from the substantive, and means, to draw; impel along; or throw into heaps.

The mighty trunk, half rent with rugged rift,
Doth roll adown the rocks, and fall with fearful drift.
Faerie Queene.

Our thunder from the south
Shall rain their drift of bullets on this town.

Shakspeare.

Some log, perhaps, upon the waters swam, An useless drift, which rudely cut within,

And hollowed, first a floating trough beeame, And cross some riv'let passage did begin. Dryden. A man being under the drift of any passion, will still follow the impulse of it till something interpose, and, by a stronger impulse, turn him another way.

South.

The main drift of his book being to prove, that what is true is impossible to be false, he opposes noTillotson. boug.

DRIFT, in navigation, the angle which the line of a ship's motion makes with the nearest meridian, when she drives with her side to the wind and waves, and is not governed by the power of the helm; it also implies the distance which the ship drives on that line. A ship's way is only called drift in a storm; and then when it blows so vehemently as to prevent her from carrying any sail, or at least restrains her to such a portion of sail as may be necessary to keep her sufficiently inclined to one side, that she may not be dismasted by her violent laboring, produced by the turbulence of the sea.

DRIFT-SAIL, a sail used under water, veered out right a-head by sheets, as other sails are. It serves to keep the ship's head right upon the sea in a storm, and to hinder her driving too fast in

a current.

DRILL, v. a., v. n., & n. s. Germ, and Dutch drillen; Sax. dirhan, of the verb thregian, to turn; from durgh or turgh, through. To pierce or bore; hence to drain: as a neuter verb, it means to flow gently, trickle; and hence, probably, to Drill is cause so to flow; to conduct; to train. used substantively for a boring instrument; a dribbling brook; military exercise; and a kind of monkey.

Springs through the pleasant meadows pour their drills,

Which snake-like glide between the bordering hills.

My body through and through he drilled, And Whacum by my side lay killed.

The foc appeared drawn up and drilled, Ready to charge them in the field.

Sandys.

Hudibras.

Id.

Drills are used for the making such holes as punches will not serve for; as a piece of work that hath already its shape, and must have an hole made in it.

Moxon.

When a hole is drilled in a piece of metal, they hold the drill-bow in their right hand; but, when they turn small work, they hold the drill-bow in their left hand. Id.

Tell, what could drill and perforate the poles, And to the' attractive rays adapt their holes?

Blackmore. Drilled through the sandy stratum every way, The waters with the sandy stratum rise. Thomson. Some drill and bore

Cowper.

The solid earth, and from the strata there Extract a register, by which we learn, That he who made it, and revealed its date To Moses, was mistaken in its age. DRILL-SOWING, a method of sowing grain or seed of any kind, so that it may all be at a proper depth in the earth, which is necessary to its producing healthful and vigorous plants. For this purpose a variety of drill ploughs have been invented and recommended; but from the expense attending the purchase, and the extreme complication of their structure, there is no instrument of this kind, as yet discovered, that has been brought into general use. This method, however, is greatly recommended in the Georgical Essays. See HUSBANDRY,

DRINK, v. a., v. n.,& n. s. ` Gothic drecka; DRINKABLE, adj. Sax. drencan; Teut. DRINK'ER, n. s. and Belg. trincken, DRINK MONEY, perhaps from the DRUNK, adj. sound of drinking DRUNK ARD, n. s. from a cup.-MinDRUNKEN, adj. sheu. To swallow DRUNK ENLY, adv. liquid; quench DRUNK ENNESS, n. s. thirst: hence to feast; guzzle habitually; salute in drinking. As an active verb, it means to swallow; suck up; absorb; to act upon by drinking; and is used with the intensive particles off, up, and in: drink is liquid of any kind. Drinkable is proper or agreeable to drink: drinker is applied both to him who moderately as well as him who excessively drinks: drink-money, is money given to procure, or instead of, drink: drunk, and drunken, are the regular participial adjectives of drink: drunkard is one who habitually drinks to excess; and drunkenly, drunkenness, the corresponding adverb and substantive.

For Jon cam neither etynge ne drynkynge, and thei seyen he hath a devil. The son of man cam etynge and drynkynge; and thei seyen lo a man a gloutoun and a drynkere of wyn, and a frend of pupplicanes and of synful men. Wiclif. Mat. xi. And nyle ghe be drunken of wyn in which is leccherie, but be ghe fillid with the hooli goost.

Wiclif. Effesies v. She said, drink, and I will give thy camels drink also; so I drank, and she made the camels drink also. Gen. xxiv. 46.

Benhadad was drinking himself drunk in the pavilions. 1 Kings.

Withouten bake mete never was his hous
Of fish and flesh, and that so plenteous
It snewed in his hous of mete and drinke
Of alle deintees that men coud thinke.

Chaucer. Prol, to Cant. Tales.

Thou livest in bliss

That earthly passion never stains; Where, from the purest spring, The sacred nectar sweet

Is thy continual drink.

Spenser. The Mourning Muse. Passion is the drunkenness of the mind, and therefore in its present workings not controllable by reason. Spenser.

Come, we have a hot venison pasty to dinner: come, gentlemen, I hope we shall drink down all unkindness. Shakspeare. I take your princely word for those redresses. gave it and will maintain my word; you, And thereupon I drink unto your grace. Id. My ears have yet not drunk a hundred words Of that tongue's uttering, yet I know the sound.

it

Then let the earth be drunken with our blood.

Id.

Id.

We will give you rare and sleepy drinks. Id. Winter's Tale. We came to fight you.For my part, am sorry is turned to a drinking. Id. Antony and Cleopatra,

Done in a state of inebriation.

When your carters, or your waiting vassals, Have done a drunken slaughter, and defaced The precious image of our dear Redeemer, You straight are ou your knees for pardon, pardon. Shakspeare.

My blood already, like the pelican, Hast thou tapt out, and drunkenly caroused. Id. Some blood drawn on me would beget opinion my more fierce endeavour. I've seen drunkards Do more than this in sport. Id. King Lear.

Of