s much stupidity, and the head seems much affected, a blister on the top is often serviceable. Fits. Dogs are peculiarly subject to fits. These are of various kinds, and arise from various causes. In distemper, dogs are frequently attacked with convulsive fits, which begin with a champing of the mouth and shaking of the head, gradually extending over the whole body. Sometimes an active emetic will stop their progress, but more generally they prove fatal. Worms are often the cause of fits in dogs. These deprive the animal wholly of sense; he runs wild till he becomes exhausted, when he gradually recovers, and perhaps does not have one again for some weeks. Confinement produces fis and likewise costiveness. Cold water thrown over a dog will generally remove the present attack of a fit; and for the prevention of their future recurrence it is evident, that the foregoing account of causes must be attended to.

Inflamed bowels. Dogs are very subject to inflammation of their howels, from costiveness, from cold, or from poison. When inflammation arises from costiveness it is in general very slow in its progress, and is not attended with very acute pain, but it is characterised by the want of evacuation and the vomiting of the food taken, though it may be eaten with apparent appetite. In these cases the principal means to be made use of are the removal of the constipation by active purging, clysters, and the warm bath. Calomel with aloes forms the best purge. But when the inflammation may be supposed to arise from cold, then the removing of any costiveness that may be present is but a secondary consideration. This active kind of inflammation is characterised by violent panting, total rejection of food, and constant sickness. There is great heat in the belly, and great pain; it is also accompanied with great weakness, and the eyes are very red. The bowels should be gently opened with clysters, but no aloes or calomel should be made use of. The belly should be blistered, having first used the warm bath. When the inflammation arises from poison, there is then constant sickness, the nose, paws, and ears are cold, and there is a frequent evacuation of brown or bloody stools. Castor oil should be given, and clysters of mutton brotn, thrown up, but it is seldom any treatment succeeds.

Inflamed lungs. Pleurisy is not an uncommon disease among dogs. It is sometimes epidemic, carrying off great numbers. Its attack is rapid, and it generally terminates in death on the third day, by a great effusion of water in the chest. It is seldom that it is taken in time, when it is, bleeding is useful, and blisters may be applied to the chest.

Madness. The symptoms of madness are thus summed up by Mr. Daniel :- At first the dog looks dull, shows an aversion to his food and company, does not bark as usual, but seems to murmur; is peevish, and apt to bite strangers; his ears and tail drop more than usual, and he appears drowsy; afterwards he begins to loll out his tongue, and froth at the mouth, his eyes seeming heavy and watery: if not confined he soon goes off, runs panting along with a dejected air, and endeavours to bite any one he

meets. If the mad dog escapes being killed, he seldom runs above two or three days, when he dies exhausted with heat, hunger, and disease.' Blaine describes this formidable disease as commencing sometimes by dullness, stupidity, and retreat from observation; but more frequently, particularly in those dogs which are immediately domesticated around us, by some alteration in their natural habits; as a disposition to pick up and swallow every minute object on the ground; or to lick the parts of another dog incessantly; or to lap his own urine, &c. About the second or third day the disease usually resolves itself into one of two types. The one is called raging, and the other dumb madness. These distinctions are not, however, always clear; and to which is owing so much discrepancy in the accounts given by different persons of the disease.

The raging madness, by its term, has led to an erroneous conclusion, that it is accompanied with violence and fury; which, however, is seldom the case: such dogs are irritable and snappish, and will commonly fly at a stick held to them, and are impatient of restraint: but they are seldom violent except when irritated or worried. On the contrary, till the last moment they will often acknowledge the voice of their master, and yield some obedience to it. Neither will they usually turn out of their way to bite human persons; but they have an instinctive disposition to do it to dogs; and in a minor degree to other animals also: but, as before observed, seldom attack mankind without provocation.

Dumb madness is so called because there is seldom any barking heard, but more particularly, because the jaw drops paralytic, and the tongue lolls out of the mouth, black, and apparently strangulated. A strong general character of the disease, is the disposition to scratch their hed towards their belly; and equally so is the general tendency to eat trash, as hay, straw, wood, coals, dirt, &c.: and it should be remembered, that this is so very common and so invariable, that the finding these matters in the stomach after death, should always render a suspicion formed of the existence of the disease confirmed into certainty. Blaine is also at great pains to disprove the notion generally entertained, that rabid dogs are averse to water; and neither drink or come near it. This error he contends has led to most dangerous results; and is so far from true, that mad dogs from their heat and fever are solicitous for water, and lap it eagerly. When the dumb kind exists in its full force, dogs cannot swallow what they attempt to lap; but still they will plunge their heads in it, and appear to feel relief by it: but in no instance out of many hundreds, did he ever discover the smallest aversion to it. He lays very great stress on the noise made by rabid dogs, which he says is neither a bark nor a howl, but a tone compounded of both. It has been said by some that this disorder is occasioned by heat or bad food, and by others that it never arises from any other cause but the bite. Accordingly this malady is rare in the northern parts of Turkey, more rare in the southern provinces of that empire, and totally unknown under the burning sky of Egypt. At Aleppo, where these

animals perish in great numbers, for want of water and food, and by the heat of the climate, this disorder was never known. In other parts of Africa, and in the hottest zone of America, dogs are never attacked with madness. Blaine knows of no instance of the complaint being cured, although he has tried to their fullest extent the popular remedies of profuse bleedings, strong mercurial and arsenical doses, vinegar, partial drowning, night-shade, water plantain, &c.: he therefore recommends the attention to be principally directed towards the prevention of the malady. The preventive treatment of rabies or madness is, according to Blaine, always an easy process in the human subject, from the immediate part bitten being easily detected; in which case the removal of the part by excision or cautery is an effectual remedy. But, unfortunately for the agriculturist, it is not easy to detect the bitten parts in cattle, nor in dogs; and it would be therefore most desirable if a certain internal preventive were generally known. Dr. Mead's powder, the Ormskirk powder, sea-bathing, and many other nostrums are deservedly in disrepute: while a few country medicines, but little known beyond their immediate precincts, have maintained some character. Conceiving that these must all possess some ingredient in common, he was at pains to discover it; and which he appears to have realized, by obtaining, among others, the composition of Webb's Watford drink. In this mixture, which is detailed below, he considers the active ingredient to be the buxus or box, which has been known as a prophylactic as long as the times of Hippocrates and Celsus, who both mention it. The recipe, detailed below, has been administered to nearly three hundred animals of different kinds, as horses, cows, sheep, swine, and dogs: and appears to have succeeded in nineteen out of every twenty cases, where it was fairly taken and kept on the stomach. It appears also equally efficacious in the human subject; in which case he advises the extirpation of the bitten parts also. The box preventive is thus directed to be prepared:-Take of the fresh leaves of the tree-box two ounces, of the fresh leaves of rue two ounces, of sage half an ounce, chop these fine, and boil in a pint of water to half a pint; strain carefully, and press out the liquor very firmly; put back the ingredients into a pint of milk, and boil again to half a pint; strain as before; mix both liquors, which forms three doses for a human subject. Double this quantity is proper for a horse or cow. Twothirds of the quantity is sufficient for a large dog, half for a middling-sized, and one-third for a small dog. Three doses are sufficient, given each subsequent morning, fasting; the quantity directed being that which forms these three doses. As it sometimes produces strong effects on dogs, it may be proper to begin with a small dose; but in the case of dogs we hold it always prudent to increase the dose till effects are evident, by the sickness, panting, and uneasiness of the dog. In the human subject, where this remedy appears equally efficacious, we have never witnessed any unpleasant or active effects, neither are such observed in cattle of any kind: but candor obliges us to add, that in a considerable

proportion of these, other means were used, as the actual or potential cautery: but in all the animals other means were purposely omitted. That this remedy, therefore, has a preventive quality, is unquestionable, and now perfectly established; for there was not the smallest doubt of the animals mentioned either having been bitten, or of the dog being mad who bit them, as great pains were in every instance taken to ascertain these points. To prevent canine madness, Pliny recommends worming of dogs; and from his time to the present it has had, most deservedly, says Daniel, its advocates. He tells us, that he has had various opportunities of proving the usefulness of this practice, and recommends its general introduction. Blaine, on the contrary, asserts that the practice of worming is wholly useless, and founded in error; and that the existence of any thing like a worm under the tongue is incontestably proved to be false; and that what has been taken for it, is merely a deep ligature of the skin, placed there to restrain the tongue in its motions. He also observes, that the pendulous state of the tongue in what is termed dumb madness, with the existence of a partial paralysis of the under jaw, by which they could not bite, having happened to dogs previously wormed, has made the inability to be attributed to this source, but which is wholly an accidental circumstance; and happens equally to the wormed and unwormed dog.

Mange. This is a very frequent disease in dogs, and is an affection of the skin, either caught by contagion, or generated by the animal. The scabby mange breaks out in blotches along the back and neck, and is common to Newfoundland dogs, terriers, pointers, and spaniels, and is the most contagious. The cure should be begun by removing the first exciting cause, if removable, such as filth or poverty; or, as more generally the contrary (for both will equally produce it), too full living. Then an application should be made to the parts, consisting of sulphur and sal ammoniac: tar-lime-water will also assist. When there is much heat and itching, bleed and purge. Mercurials sometimes assist, but they should be used with caution; dogs do not bear them well.

Worms. Dogs suffer very much from worms, which, as in most animals, so in them, are of several kinds: but the effects produced are nearly similar. In dogs having the worms the coat generally stares; the appetite is ravenous, though the animal frequently does not thrive the breath smells, and the stools are singular, sometimes loose and flimsy, at others hard and dry; but the most evil they produce is occasional fits, or sometimes a continued state of convulsion, in which the animal lingers some time, and then dies; the fits they produce are sometimes of the violent kind, at others they exhibit a more stupid character, the dog being senseless, and going round continually. The cure consists, while in this state, in active purgatives joined with opium, and the warm bath; any rough substance given internally, acts as a verinifuge to prevent the recurrence. The worming of whelps is performed with a lancet, to slit the thin skin which immediately covers the worm; a small awl is then to be introduced under the centre of the worm to

raise it up; the farther end of the worm will, with very little force, make its appearance, and with a cloth taking hold of that end, the other will be drawn out easily; care should be taken' that the whole of the worm comes away without breaking, and it rarely breaks unless cut into by the lancet, or wounded by the awl.

DOGS' SKINS, dressed with the hair on, are used in muffs, made into a kind of buskins for persons in the gout and for other purposes. Dressed without the hair, they are used for ladies' gloves, and the linings of masks, being thought to make the skin peculiarly white and smooth. The French import many of these skins from Scotland, under a small duty. Here, when tanned, they serve for upper leathers for neat pumps. Dogs' skins dressed are exported under a small, and imported under a high duty. The French import from Denmark large quantities of dogs' hair, both white and black. The last is esteemed the best, and is worked up in the black list of a particular kind of woollen cloth.

DOGS, ISLE OF, a small tract of low land in the county of Middlesex, opposite to Greenwich; where Togodumnus, brother of Caractacus, is said to have been killed in a battle with the Romans, A. D. 46. The Isle of Dogs is said to have derived its name from being the depôt of the spaniels and greyhounds of Edward III.; and to have been chosen for this purpose because it lay contiguous to his sports of woodcock shooting, and coursing the red deer, in Waltham and the other royal forests in Essex. It is well known that, for the more convenient enjoyment of these sports, he generally resided, in the sporting season, at Greenwich.

One of the largest canals ever attempted in England has been cut, nearly one mile and a quarter in length, 142 feet wide at top, and twentyfour feet deep, across the Isle of Dogs, for shortening the passage of vessels to and from the pool, and to avoid the long circuit by Greenwich and Deptford. When the locks and other works of this canal were nearly finished, an unforeseen accident, by the blowing up of the coffer and preventer dams, just as the entrance-locks were completed, on the 24th of July 1805, prevented this canal from being opened until the 9th of December, when the Duchess of York West Indiaman, of 500 tons burden, passed through it, in presence of the lord mayor and corporation of London. Several large sums of public money having been granted out of the consolidated fund, in aid of this project, for the repayment of them, vessels passing through this canal of 200 tons or upwards paid, for three years after its completion, 2d. per ton; those from 200 to 100 tons, 14d. per ton; from 100 to 50 tons, 1d. per ton; 50 to 20 tons, 5s. each, and boats and craft 1s. each. The noble Docks adjoining, we have described in the article of that name, which see.

DOG-BANE, in botany. See APOCYNUM.
DOG-BERRY-TREE. Sec CORNUS.
DOG-DAYS. See CANICULA.

DOGE, n. s. Ital. dodge. The title of the chief magistrate of Venice and Genoa.

Doria has a statue at the entrance of the doge's palace, with the title of deliverer of the commonweglth. Addison.

DOGE OF VENICE was formerly the chief of the council, and the mouth of the republic; yet the Venetians did not go into mourning at his death, as not being their sovereign, but only their first minister. At Venice he was elected for life; at Genoa, only for two years; he was addressed under the title of serenity, which was esteemed superior to that of highness. In fact, the doge of Venice was only the shadow of a prince; all the authority being reserved to the republic. Anciently, indeed, the doges were sovereigns; but, for a considerable time past, all the prerogatives reserved to the quality of doge were these: he gave audience to ambassadors; but did not give them any answer from himself, in matters of any importance; only he was allowed to answer as he pleased to the compliments they made to the seignory. The doge, as being first magistrate, was head of all the councils; and the credentials which the senate furnished its ministers in foreign courts, were written in his name; but a secretary of state signed and sealed them with the arms of the republic. The ambassadors directed their despatches to the doge : yet he was not allowed to open them but in presence of the counsellors. The money was struck in the doge's name, but not with his stamp or arms. All the magistrates rose and saluted the doge when he came into council: but the doge rose to none but foreign ambassadors. He nominated to all the benefices in the church of St. Mark; he was protector of the monastery of the Virgin, and bestowed certain petty offices of ushers of the household, called commanders of the palace. His family was not under the jurisdiction of the master of the ceremonies; and his children had staff-officers, and gondoliers in livery. But his grandeur was tempered with various circumstances, which rendered it burdensome. He could not go out of Venice without leave of the council; and if he did he was liable to receive affronts, without being entitled to demand satisfaction. His children and brothers were excluded from all the chief offices of state. They could not receive any benefice from the court of Rome; but were allowed to accept of the cardinalate, as being no benefice, nor including any jurisdiction. The doge could not divest himself of his dignity, for his ease; and, after his death, his conduct was examined by three inquisitors and five correctors, who sifted it with great severity.

DOG-FISH. See SQUALUS.

DOGGER, in sea-language, a strong vessel with two masts, used by the Dutch, &c., for fishing in the German sea, and on the Dogger-bank. On the main-mast are set two square-sails; on the mizen-mast a gaff-sail, and above that a top-sail. Also a bow-sprit with a sprit-sail, and two er three jibs.

DOGGER-BANK, in geography, a very extensive sand-bank in the German Ocean, between the coast of England and Germany. It stretches south-east and north-west, beginning about twelve leagues from Flamborough-head, and extending nearly seventy-two leagues towards the coast of Jutland. Between the Dogger and the Well-bank, to the south, are the silver pits of the Marinus, which supply London with cod; a fish which loves the deep water near the banks.

The hand and head were never lost of those Who dealt in doggerel, or who pined in prose. Dryden's Juvenal. It is a dispute among the critics, whether burlesque poetry runs best in heroic verse, like that of the Dispensary; or in doggerel, like that of Hudibras. Addison's Spectator.

The vilest doggerel Grub-street sends Will pass for yours with foes and friends. Swift. DOGGET (Thomas), an Irish comedian, was a native of Dublin. He played comic characters at Drury-lane with applause, and finally became joint manager of that house. He died at Eltham in Kent in 1721, leaving a sum to provide a coat and badge to be rowed for by six watermen, yearly on the 1st of August, the day of the accession of George I. He wrote a comedy called the Country Wake, afterwards altered to Flora, or Hob in the Well.

DOGGERS, in the English alum-works, a name given by the workmen to a sort of stone found in the same mines with the true alum rock, and containing some alum, though not near so much as the right kind. The county of York, which abounds greatly with the true alum rock, affords also a very considerable quantity of these doggers; and in some places they approach so much to the nature of the true rock, that they are wrought to advantage.

DOG'MA, n. 5.

DOGMATIC, adj.

DOGMATICAL, adj.

Fr. dogme; Lat. dogma; Gr. doyua, from dedoyuai, per. pass. of δοκεω, to judge. Fixed DOG'MATIST, principle or docDOG'MATIZE, V. N. trine; see the exDOG'MATIZER, n. s. tract from Ayliffe: dogmatic and dogmatical mean authoritative; positive; in the manner of a teacher. Dogmatism and dogmaticalness, positiveness of opinion; over-bearing manner. To dogmatise, tc lay down propositions or opinions positively.

DOGMATICALLY, adv.

DOGMATICALNESS, n. s.
DOG'MATISM,

Such opinions, being not entered into the confessions of our church, are not properly chargeable either on Papists or Protestants, but on particular dogmatizers of both parties.

Hammond.

I could describe the vanity of bold opinion, which the dogmatists themselves demonstrate in all the controversies they are engaged in. Glanville's Scepsis.

The dim and bounded intellect of man seldom prosperously adventures to be dogmatical about things

I shall not presume to interpose dogmatically in a controversy, which I look never to see decided. South.

Our poet was a stoic philosopher, and all his moral sentences are drawn from the dogmas of that sect.

Dryden. Learning gives us a discovery of our ignorance, and keeps us from being peremptory and dogmatical in our determinations. Collier on Pride.

Critics write in a positive dogmatick way, without either language, genius, or imagination. Spectator. One of these authors is indeed so grave, sententious, dogmatical a rogue, that there is no enduring him. Swift.

Dogma, in canon law, is that determination which consists in, and has a relation to, some casuistical point of doctrine, or some doctrinal part of the christian faith. Ayl.fe's Parergon.

A dogmatist in religion is not a great way off from a bigot, and is in high danger of growing up to be a bloody persecutor. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

Nothing can be more unphilosophical than to be positive or dogmatical on any subject; and even if excessive scepticism could be maintained, it would not be more destructive to all just reasoning and inquiry.

Hume.

DOGMATISTS, a sect of ancient physicians, of which Hippocrates was the founder. They are also called logici, logicians, from their using the rules of logic in medical subjects. They laid down definitions and divisions; reducing diseases to certain genera, and those genera to species, and furnishing remedies for them all; supposing principles, drawing conclusions, and applying those principles and conclusions to particular diseases under consideration; in which sense, the dogmatists stand contradistinguished from empirics and methodists.

DOG-RIBBED INDIANS, a nation of North Americans, who inhabit round Lake Edland, in the north-west part of North America. They are often at war with the Arathapescow Indians. Both these tribes are among the most savage of the human race. They trade with the Hudson Bay Company's settlements.

DOG-STAR. See SIRIUS.

DOGS-TOOTH. See ERYTHRONIUM.
DOG-WOOD. See CORNUS.

DOG-WOOD OF JAMAICA, a species of erythrina
DOG-WOOD TREE. See PISCIPIA.

DOIAGOI, an island of Asiatic Russia, in the Frozen Sea, at the entrance of Vagatskoi, or Waygat's Straits. Long. 57° 14' E., lat. 70° 5' N.

DOI'LY, n. s. A species of woollen stuff, so called, I suppose, says Dr. Johnson, from the name of the first maker.

We should be as weary of one set of acquaintance, though never so good, as we are of one suit, though never so fine: a fool and a doily stuff, would now and then find days of grace, and be worn for variety. Congreve's Way of the World,

DOIT, n. s. small piece of money. When they will not give a doit to relieve a lam beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead Indian. Shakspeare. Tempest.

Dut. duyt; Erse. doyght. A

In Anna's wars a soldier, poor and old,
Had dearly earned a little purse of gold;
Tired with a tedious march, one luckless night
He slept, poor dog! and lost it to a doit.

Pope.

DOIT was the ancient Scottish penny piece; of which twelve were equal to a penny sterling. It was a small copper coin, as thin as a silver penny and not much larger. Doits were extremely numerous in Scotland before the Union, and were current for several years after it. Two of them were equal to the bodle, six to the baubee, and eight to the acheson. Some of them, struck in the reigns of Charles I. and II., with C. R. or C. R." on the one side, and the thistle on the other, are still to be found in the cabinets of antiquaries.

DOL, a town of France, in Brittany, department of the Ille and Vilaine. Population 3300. It is thirty-four miles north-west of Rennes, and 232 west of Paris.

DOLBEN (John), an English prelate, born at Stanwick, in Northamptonshire, in 1625. Was educated at Westminster School, and at Christ Church, Oxford. In the civil wars he served as an officer in the royal army, and rose to the rank of major. Returning on the decline of the king's affairs to college, he took his degrees and entered into orders. At the Restoration he obtained a

canonry of Christ Church, and the deanery of Westminster. He was promoted in 1666 to the see of Rochester, and from thence in 1683 he removed to York, where he died of the small pox in 1686. Some of his sermons are still extant.

DOLCE (Charles, or Carlino), a celebrated historical and portrait painter, born at Florence in 1616. He was the disciple of Vignali, and was particularly fond of representing pious subjects, though he sometimes painted portraits. His works are easily distinguished by the peculiar delicacy with which he perfected all his compositions, by a pleasing tint of color, and by a judicious management of the chiaro scuro. performance was remarkably slow; and it is reported that his brain was fatally affected by seeing Lucas Jordana despatch more business in four or five hours than he could have done in as many months. He died in 1686.

His

DOLE, n. s. From deal; Sax. dælan, The act of distribution or dealing. The thing dealt. It was your presurmise,

That in the dole of blows your son might drop. Shakspeare.

At her general dole,

Each receives his ancient soul. Cleaveland. DOLE, n. s. Old Fr. dole, seems DOLE'FUL, adj. to be the origin of the DOLE FULLY, adv. first class of these DOLE FULNESS, n.s. words; and Lat. dolor DOLE'SOME, adj. of the second. The DOLE'SOMELY, adv. substantive roots sig DOLE'SOMENESS, n. s. nify, in both, grief; DO'LOR, n. s. sorrow; and hence its DOLORIFIC, adj. causes, pain; deprivaDO'LOROUS, adj. tion; and its expresDo'LOROUSLY, adv. sion, lamentation, com

plaint.

Our sometime sister, now our queen, Have wc, as 'twere, with a defeated joy, With mirth in funeral, and with dirge in marriage, In equal scale weighing delight and dole, Taken to wife.

Shakspeare. Hamlet. I've words too few to take my leave of you, When the tongue's office should be prodigal, To breathe the' abundant dolour of the heart. Id. You take me in too dolourous a sense: I spake t' you for your comfort.

Id. A mind fixed and bent upon somewhat that is good, doth avert the dolours of death. Bacon.

They might hope to change Torment with ease, and soonest recompense Dole with delight. Milton's Paradise Lost.

No light, but rather darkness visible,
Served only to discover sights of woe,
Regions of sorrow; doleful shades, where peace
And rest can never dwell.

Yet to that hideous place not so confined
By rigour unconniving, but that oft
Leaving my dolorous prison I enjoy
Large liberty.

Id.

[d.