at high water brings up large vessels. It has a good harbour, built in 1248, by Ubbo, duke of Friesland. The town is very well built, and fortified by ramparts and bastions. It is ten miles north-east of Lewarden, and thirty-three west of Deltzyl. Population 3100. The trade is in salt, cheese, and butter. DOCTOR, n.s. & v. a. Doc'TORAL, adj. Doc'TORALLY, adv. Doc'TORATE, n. S. DOC'TORSHIP.

Fr. docteur; Sp. and Port. dotor; Ital. dottore; Lat. doctor, from doceo, to teach. See DoCILE. He who teaches in any faculty; hence, one who has taken a high degree in the learned professions, and is an able or skilful man, generally. The verb is a low word derived from the noun. Doctorate and doctorship are the degree

or rank of a doctor.

From a scholar he became a fellow, and then the president of the college, after he had received all the graces and degrees, the proctorship and the doctor ship. Clarendon.

Then subtle doctors scriptures made their pride, Casuists, like cocks, struck out each other's eyes. Denham.

To 'pothecaries let the learned prescribe, That men may die without a double bribe; Let them but under their superiors kill, When doctors first have signed the bloody bill. Dryden.

He that can cure by recreation, and make pleasure the vehicle of health, is a doctor at it in good earnest Collier.

In truth, nine parts in ten of those who recovered, owed their lives to the strength of nature and a good constitution, while such one happened to be the doctor. Swift.

I thank you, my dear Lord, for your congratulations on my advancement to the doctorate; though I doubt

it will seem a little incongruous in me to combat the scarlet whore in her own vestments. Bp. Hurd.

Doctor, Aidaσkados, in the Greek church, is a particular officer appointed to interpret part of the Scriptures: he who interprets the gospels is called doctor of the gospels; he who interprets St. Paul's epistles doctor of the apostle; he who interprets the psalms doctor of the psalter.

DOCTOR is also an appellation adjoined to several specific epithets, expressing the merit of some of the schoolmen: thus, Alexander Hales is called the irrefragable doctor; Thomas Aquinas, the angelic doctor; St. Bonaventure, the seraphic doctor; John Duns Scotus, the subtle doctor;

Raimond Lully, the illuminated doctor; Roger Bacon, the admirable doctor, &c.

DOCTOR OF THE CHURCH, a title given to certain fathers whose doctrines and opinions have been the most generally followed and authorised. Of these there are four of the Greek church, and three of the Latin. The first are St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Gregory Nazianzen, and St. Chrysostom. The latter are St. Jerome, St. Augustine, and Gregory the Great. In the Roman breviary there is a particular office for the doctors. It only differs from that of the confessors, by the anthem of the Magnificat, and the lessons.

DOCTOR OF THE LAW, a title of honor among the Jews. The investiture of this order was performed by putting a key and table book in their hands; which is what some authors imagine our Saviour alluded to, when, speaking of the doctors of the law (Luke xi. 52), he says, 'Woe unto you doctors of the law, for you have taken away the key of knowledge: you entered not in yourselves, and them that were entering you hindered.'

The establishment of the doctorate, such as now in use among us, is ordinarily attributed to Irnerius, who himself drew up the formulary. The first ceremony of this kind was performed at Bologna, in the person of Bulgarus, who began to profess the Roman law, and on that occasion was solemnly promoted to the doctorate, i. e. installed juris utriusque doctor. But the custom was soon transferred from the faculty of law to that of theology; the first instance whereof was given in the university of Paris, where Peter Lombard and Gilbert de la Portree, the two chief divines of those days, were created doctors in theology, sacræ theologiæ doctores. Spelman takes the title of doctor not to have commenced till after the publication of Lombard's sentences, about 1140, and affirms, that such as explained that work to their scholars were the first that had the appellation of doctors. Others go much. higher, and hold Bede to have been the first doctor at Cambridge, and John de Beverly at Oxford, which last died A. D. 721. But Spelman will not allow doctor to have been the name of any title or degree in England, till the reign of king John, about 1207. By stat. 37, Hen. VIII. c. 17, sect. 4, a doctor of the civil law may exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction, though a layman.

To pass D.D. at Oxford, it is necessary for the candidate to have been four years bachelor of divinity. For LL.D. he must have been LL.B. five years,' after which he may be adseven years in the university; to commence mitted doctor. Otherwise, in three years after taking the degree of M. A, he may take the degree of LL.B., and in four years more that o. LL. D., which method and time are likewise required to obtain the degree of M.D. At Cambridge, to take the degree of D. D., it is requisite that the candidate have been seven years B. D., though in several of the colleges the taking of the bachelor's degree is dispensed with, and they may go out per saltum. To commence LL. D. the candidate must have been five years LL. B., or seven M. A. To pass M. D. he must have been five years B. D., or seven years M. A.

pointed minister of Hanwell, in Oxfordshire; whence he removed to Fenny Compton, and to Cannons Ashby, in Northamptonshire. In 1624 he was presented to the living of Fawsley, in the same county, where he died in 1645. He wrote, 1. An Exposition of the Commandments, 4to., which work procured him the name of the Decalogist; 2. An Exposition of the Book of Proverbs, 4to.

DOCTRINE, n. s. Fr.doctrine; Ital. Doc'TRINAL, adj. & n.s. Span. and Port. Doc'TRINALLY, adv. dottrina; Lat. doc trina, from doceo, doctus, to teach. See DOCILE. Principles or propositions taught; the act of teaching: doctrinal has been formerly used synonymously. As an adjective it signifies relating to, or containing doctrine; and doctrinally is the corresponding adverb.

Whiche thingis we speken also not in wise wordis of manny's wisdom, but in the doctrine of the spyryt, and maken a liknesse of spyritual thingis to goostli Wiclif. 1 Cor. ii.

men.

He said unto them in his doctrine.

Mark iv. To make new articles of faith and doctrine, no man thinketh it lawful: new laws of government, what church or commonwealth is there which maketh not, either at one time or other? Hooker.

What special property or quality is that, which, being no where found but in sermons, maketh them effectual to save souls, and leaveth all other doctrinal means besides destitute of vital efficacy?

Id.

Humility is a virtue all preach, none practise, and yet every body is content to hear. The master thinks it good doctrine for his servant, the laity for the clergy, and the clergy for the laity. Selden.

Not such as assent to every word in scripture, can be said in doctrinals to deny Christ. South.

Scripture accommodates itself to common opinions, and employs the usual forms of speech, without delivering any thing doctrinally concerning these points. Ray.

Ye are the sons of clergy, who bring all their doctrines fairly to the light, and invite men with freedom Atterbury.

to examine them.

DODART (Denis), a regent of the faculty of medicine at Paris, was born in that city in 1634. He had an exquisite taste for music and painting, was in high esteem at court as a physician, and a member of the Academy of Sciences. He wrote Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire de Plantes; and a curious work, entitled Medicina Statica Gallica. He died in 1707. His son, Claude John Baptiste Dodart, became physician to Louis XV., and died in 1730.

DODARTÍA, in botany, a genus of the angiospermia order, and didynamia class of plants; natural order fortieth, personata: CAL. quinqueCOR. under lip twice as long as the upper: CAPS. bilocular and globose. Species two,

dentated:

natives of Palestine.

DODBROOK, a market town and parish of Devonshire, fifteen miles south-west from Dartmouth, and 207 W.S. W. from London. It is noted as being the first place where white ale was brewed, of which the rector claims tythe; but in lieu thereof receives 10d. from each innkeeper. Market, third Wednesday in every month.

DODD (Charles), a Roman catholic priest, at Harvington in Worcestershire, where he died in 1745. He wrote The Church History of England, 3 vols. folio, printed at Brussels, from 1737 to 1742.

DODD, (Dr. William), an unfortunate English divine, born in 1729. He was sent in 1745, at the age of sixteen, to the university of Cambridge. In 1749 or 1750 he took the degree of B. A. with considerable honor. Leaving the university, he married in 1751; was ordained a deacon the same year; priest in 1753, and soon became a celebrated preacher. His first preferment was the lectureship of West-Ham. In 1754 he was also chosen lecturer of St. Olave's, Hart-Street; and in 1757 took the degree of M. A. at Cambridge. On the establishment of the Magdalen Hospital in 1758, he was a strenuous supporter of that charity, and soon after beof bishop Squire, he, in 1663, obtained a precame preacher at the chapel. By the patronage bend of Brecon, and, by the interest of some city friends, was appointed one of the king's chap

lains; soon after which he had the care of the education of the earl of Chesterfield. In 1766 he went to Cambridge and took the degree of LL.D. Impatient for further advancement, he adopted measures which eventually terminated in his ruin. On the living of St. George, Hanover Square, becoming vacant, he wrote an anonymous letter to the lord chancellor's lady, offering 3000 guineas if by her assistance he was promoted to it. This being traced to him, complaint was immediately made to the king, and Dr. Dodd was dismissed with disgrace from his office of chaplain. From this period he lived neglected, if not despised; and his extravagance still con

COR. verticillated and reflexed: STAM. placed in the tube: CAPS. unilocular and oblong. Species one only, a native of Virginia, with leaves like a lettuce, but bearing beautiful flowers somewhat resembling a cowslip.

DODGE, v. n. Dr. Johnson says from a corruption of dog, but more probably from Teut. ducken, dongen, to conceal. To deal craftily; shift place so as to hide; treat capriciously. [Pharaoh] never prays for himself, but carelessly wills Moses and Aaron to pray for him; never yields God his whole demand, but higgleth and dodgeth, like some hard chapman that would get a release with the cheapest.

Bp. Hall. Contemplations.

I would not buy them for a dodkin.

Lily's Grammar Construed. DO'DMAN, n. s. The name of a fish. Fish that cast their shell are the lobster, the crab, the craw-fish, the hodmandod or dodman, and the tortoise. Bacon.

DODO, in ornithology. See DIDUS. DODONA, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, or, as some say, in Thessaly. There was in its neighbourhood a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and temple of the god were first built by Deucalion, after the general deluge. It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all Greece; and according to the traditions of the Egyptians, mentioned by Herodotus, it was founded in consequence of an oracular message by a dove. Two black doves, he says, took their flight from the city of Thebes in Egypt; one of which flew to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where with a human voice they acquainted the inhabitants that Jupiter had consecrated the ground, which in future would give oracles. The extensive grove which surrounded Jupiter's temple was endowed with the gift of prophecy; and oracles were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, and the doves which inhabited the place. This fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the doves is explained by Herodotus, who says, that some Phoenicians carried away two priestesses from Egypt, one of whom went to fix her residence at Dodona. The fable might also have been founded on the double meaning of the word TEλEL, which signifies doves in most parts of Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots it

implies old women. In ancient times the oracles were delivered by the murmuring of a neighbouring fountain; but the custom was afterwards changed. Large kettles were suspended in the air near a brazen statue, which held a lash in its hand. When the wind blew strong, the statue was agitated, and struck against one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to all the rest, and raised the clattering and discordant din, which continued for a while, and from which the artifice of the priests drew the predictions. The ship Argo was built with wood of the oaks of Dodona, and some of the beams, it is said, gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warned them against the approach of calamity. Within the forest of Dodona there was a miraculous stream, and a fountain of cool water, which had the power of lighting a torch as soon as it touched it. This fountain was totally dry at noon-day, and was restored to its full course at midnight, from which time till the following noon it began to decrease, and at the usual hour was again deprived of its waters. The oracles of Dodona were generally delivered by women. No traces of this town have been discovered in modern times; but in Mount Tomarus, there is a forest of vast extent, spreading far to the westward, which seems to answer to the site. In the higher parts, where the oak does not thrive, there are immense ranges of pines and firs. Dr. Holland, one of the latest travellers in Albania, when describing the city of Ioannina, enters into the long controverted point of the site of Dodona, which he endeavours to fix between Thesprotia and Molossia. Strabo distinctly says, that it belonged at first to the Thesprotians, and afterwards to the Molossians. And we are not aware of its having been assigned by any writers of the same era to these two different nations at the same time. It is singular that Dr. Holland should have overlooked one proof of the opinion supported by him, as it occurs in the very passage of Eschylus, to which he refers in the note to p. 143. Eschylus speaks of lo going to the Molossian plains and the temple of Thesprotian Jove.

ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἦλθες πρὸσ Μολοσσὰ γάπεδα,
τὴν αἰπύνωτόν τ' ἀμθὶ Δωδώνην, ἵνα
μαντεῖα θακός τ' ἐστὶ Θεσπρωτοῦ Διὸς,
τέρας τ' ἄπιστον, αἱ προσήγοροι δρύες.
Prom, 854-857.

DODONAUS, DODONIAN, in antiquity, an epithet given to Jupiter, because he was worshipped in a temple built in the forest of Dodona. Dodonides were the priestesses who gave oracles at this temple.

DODSLEY (Robert), an eminent bookseller, and ingenious writer, born at Mansfield in Nottinghamshire in 1703. He was originally a livery servant, but his natural genius, and early passion for reading, soon elevated him to a superior station. He wrote an elegant satirical farce called The Toy Shop, which was acted with great applause in 1735, and which recommended him to the patronage of Pope. The following year he produced the King and Miller of Mansfield. The profits of these two farces enabled him to commence bookseller, and his own merit procured him eminence in that pro

fession. He wrote some other dramatic pieces, and published a collection of his works in one vol. 8vo., under the modest title of Trifles; which was followed by Public Virtue, a poem, in 4to.; he also collected several volumes of well-chosen Miscellaneous Poems and Fugitive Pieces, whose brevity would otherwise have endangered their being totally lost to posterity. He was also the original publisher of the Annual Register, of which Burke was the editor; and he first projected the English Dictionary of Dr. Johnson. He died in 1764.

DODWELL (Henry), a learned controversial writer, born at Dublin in the year 1641. He wrote a great number of tracts; but bishop Burnet and others accuse him of doing injury to Christianity, by his indiscreet love of paradoxes and novelties, and thus exposing himself to the scoffs of unbelievers. His pamphlet, On the Immortality of the Soul, gave rise to the wellknown controversy between Mr. Collins and Dr. Clark on that subject. He died in 1711.

DOE, n. s. From Sax. da; Dan. daa; Lat. dama. A she deer; the female of a buck.

Then but forbear your food a little while, While, like a doe, I go to find my fawn, And give it food. Shakspeare. As You Like It. Bucks have horns, does none.

Bacon's Natural History. The fearful doe

And flying stag amidst the greyhounds go.

DOFREFIELD, or DOFRINE, the highest peak of the mountains which divide Norway from Sweden. King Christian V. rode over it in 1686, while his attendants only ventured to go on foot. He was saluted with nine pieces of cannon by general Webe; and erected a pyramid on the peak, in memory of the exploit. DOG, n. s. & v.0. ) Fr. dogue; Dutch DOG-BANE, n. s. dogghe; Teut. dagghe, DOG-BERRY, according to Minsheu, 'DOG-BOLT, from Belg. ducken, to DOG-BRIAR, shut up, because dogs DOG-CHEAP, are shut up in the dayDOG-DAYS, time, or from Gr. dakoç, DOG-DRAW, a biter. See the article. DOG-FISH, A name of contempt DOG-FISHER, for man. As a verb it DOG-FLY, signifies to watch or DOGGED, adj. hunt as a dog does. DogDOGGEDLY, adv. bane, dog-berry, dogDOGGEDNESS, n. s. briar, dog-rose, and dogDOGCISI, adj. wood are plants; dogDOG-HEARTED, adj. bolt is a coarse fellow, DOG-HOLE, n. s. as Dr. Johnson thinks, DOG-KENNEL, from the coarser part of DOG-LOUSE, flour having been called dog-bolt; dog-cheap, cheap as the food of dogs; dog-days begin DOG-TEETH, when the dog-star rises DOG-TRICK, and sits with the sun; a DOG-TROT, dog-draw is, says Cowell, DOG-WEARY, a manifest deprehension DOG-WOOD, of an offender against DOG'S-MEAT. venison in the forest, when he is found drawing after a deer by the scent of a hound which he leads in his hand. Dog-fish is another name for the shark; dogfisher another and small, but voracious fish ; dogfly a voracious fly. Dogged and doggish is morose, ill-tempered, surly; and doggedly and doggedness the corresponding adverb and substantive; dog-hearted is doggish; dog-hole a mean hole or habitation, sometimes not equalling that of the dog, or a dog-kennel: dog-louse a louse that is frequently found on the dog dogsleep, pretended sleep: dog-star, Sirius, the star that gives name to the dog-days, once reckoned unhealthy dog-teeth are those teeth next the grinders, which resemble the dog's dog-trick is a mischievous or ill turn: dog-trot a gentle trot, like that of a dog: dog-weary, excessively weary: dogs'-meat, a refuse, offal.

DOG-ROSE,

DOG-SLEEP,

DOG-STAR,