Old Castile, and born in 1775. Having twice before served in the army, as a private dragoon, he first distinguished himself on the invasion of Spain by Buonaparte in 1808, when placing himself at the head of a party of four or five of his neighbours, he commenced killing the French couriers, seizing their horses, arms, &c. After the massacre committed by the French army at Madrid, Martin openly defied and harassed them in various directions; and besetting the roads, seized their convoys, and exceedingly harassed their small parties. He and his twelve principal comrades are said to have slaughtered 600 Frenchmen in three months. He at first neither gave nor expected quarter; but when at the head of about fifty men, abandoned this mode of warfare, but continued to signalise himself by great personal efforts. In one affair, being opposed to the commander of an enemy's party, the Empecinado received a sword-thrust through his arm into his side; when, enraged by the pain, he seized his adversary by the neck, dragged him from his horse, and fell with him to the ground, keeping himself uppermost. The struggle was violent, until both were disarmed, when, as the Frenchman refused to surrender, the Em It was a contention in publick. Id. Cymbeline. This nobility, or difference from the vulgar, was not to the succession of virtue. Raleigh. pecinado holding him down with one hand, in the beginning given to the succession of blood, but snatched up a stone with the other and dashed his brains out. In September, 1809, Martin commanded 170 men, mounted, and placed them under the orders of the junta of Guadalaxara. He afterwards received the rank of a brigadier general of cavalry, but very unwillingly exchanged his peasant's dress for uniform. When the duke of Wellington entered Madrid in triumph, Diez attended him, and received his commands to join the army in the neighbourhood of Tortosa, at the head of 4850 men. After the peace he addressed a letter to king Ferdinand, dated February 13th, 1815, and evincing considerable powers of mind. It was published in 1823, in The Military Exploits of D. Juan Martin Diez, the Empecinado, who first commanded, and then organised the System of Guerilla Warfare in Spain.' Yet he could write, it is said, no more than his name. On the establishment of the present wretched system of government in Spain the Empecinado became obnoxious to the ruling powers, and, notwithstanding all his former services, was seized on a charge of conspiracy, tried, and executed at Ruedtz, the 19th of August, 1825. DIFF, the name of an instrument in music among the Arabs, serving chiefly to beat time to the voice; it is a hoop, sometimes with pieces of brass fixed to it to make a gingling, over which a piece of parchment is distended. It is beat with the fingers, and is the true tympanum of the ancients. DIFFARREATION, in Roman antiquity, a ceremony whereby the divorce of their priests was solemnised. The word comes from the preposition dis, used in composition for division, and farreatio, a ceremony with wheat, of far, wheat. Diffarreation was properly the dissolving of marriages contracted by confarreation, which were those of the pontifices or priests. Festus says, it was performed with a wheaten cake. Vigenere will have confarreation and A man of judgment shall sometimes hear ignorant men differ, and know well within himself that those which so differ mean one thing, and yet they them selves never agree. Bacon. If the pipe be a little wet on the inside, it will make Opiniators naturally differ Butler. Such protuberant and concave parts of a surface may remit the light so differingly, as to vary a colour. Boyle. that there should be such differences among them about Nothing could have fallen out more unlukcily than that which they pretend to be the only means of ending differences. Tillotson. those articulating motions; whereas several combinaMost are apt to seek all the differences of letters in tions of letters are framed by the very same motions of those organs which are commonly observed, and are differenced by other concurrent causes. Holder. The difference that distinguished man from man : He claimed no title from descent of blood; But that, which made him noble, made him good. Though it be useful to discern every variety that is to be found in nature, yet it is not convenient to consider every difference that is in things, and divide them into distinct classes under every such difference. Locke. Grass differenceth a civil and well cultivated region from a barren and desolate wilderness. Ray. and no In things purely speculative, as these are, ingredients of our faith, it is free to differ from one another in our opinions and sentiments. Burnet's Theory. The world's a wood, in which all lose their way, Though by a different path each goes astray. Buckingham. There are certain measures to be kept, which may leave a tendency rather to gain than to irritate those who differ with you in their sentiments. Addison's Freeholder. He may consider how differently he is affected by the same thought, which presents itself in a great writer, from what he is when he finds it delivered by an ordinary genius. Id. By different methods different men excel; But where is he that can do all things well? Churchill. Plutarch, discoursing of the effects of the air on the minds of men, observes, that the inhabitants of the Piræum possessed very different tempers from those of the higher town in Athens, which was distant about four miles from the former: but I believe no one attributes the difference of manners in Wapping and St. James's to a difference of air or climate. Hume. The difference of natural tempers seems to be chiefly owing to the different degrees of influence the Mason. several passions have upon the mind. The powers of the letters, when they were applied to a new language, must have been vague and unsettled, and therefore different hands would exhibit the same sound by different combinations. Johnson. Preface to Dictionary. Differential method, is applied to the doctrine of infinitesimals, or infinitely small quantities, called the arithmetick of fluxions. It consists in descending from whole quantities to their infinitely small differences, and comparing together these infinitely small differences, of what kind soever they be and from thence it takes the name of the differential calculus, or analysis of infinitesimals. Harris. DIFFERENCE, in heraldry, a term given to the figures added to coats of arms, serving to distinguish one family from another; and to show how distant younger branches are from the elder or principal branch. DIFFERENCE, in logic, an essential attribute belonging to some species, and not found in the genus; being the idea that defines the species. Thus, body and spirit are the two species of substance, which, in their ideas include something more than is included in the idea of substance. In body, for instance, is found impenetrability, and extension; in spirit, a power of thinking and reasoning; so that the difference of body is impenetrable extension, and the difference of spirit is cogitation. DIFFERENCE, in mathematics, is the remainder, when one number or quantity is subtracted from another. DIFFERENTIAL, in the higher geometry, is an infinitely small quantity, or a particle of quantity so small as to be less than any assignable one. It is called a differential, or differential quantity, because frequently considered as the difference of two quantities; and, as such, is the foundation of the differential calculus. Sir Isaac Newton, and the English, call it a moment, as being considered as the momentary increase of quantity. See CALCULUS. Men should consider, that raising difficulties concerning the mysteries in religion, cannot make them more wise, learned, or virtuous. Swift. him out of countenance. It is very difficult to praise a man without putting Addison. If, therefore, we would have the benefit of seeing our language more generally known among mankind, we should endeavour to remove all the difficulties, But I am sorry to observe, that of late years those however small, that discourage the learning of it. difficulties, instead of being diminished, have been augmented. Franklin. are of such a kind, that it is difficult to imagine by what casuistry the jury could have been reconciled to their verdict. Sir S. Romilly. Some of the cases which occurred about this time Nothing so difficult as a beginning For In poesy, unless perhaps the end; oftentimes when Pegasus seems winning The race, he sprains a wing, and down we tend, Like Lucifer, when hurled from heaven for sinning. Byron. The generality of mankind, either out of laziness, or diffidence of their being able to judge right in points that are not very clear, are apt rather to take things upon trust, than to give themselves the trouble to examine whether they be true or no. Buckingham. Be silent always when you doubt your sense; And speak, though sure, with seeming diffidence. Pope. Distress makes the humble heart diffident. Clarissa. Pliny speaks of the Seres, the same people with the Chinese, as being very shy and diffident in their manner of dealing. Arbuthnot. My memory of past errors makes me diffident for the future. Hume on the Human Understanding. DIFFI'ND, v. a. Lat. diffindo. To cleave in two; to split. Lat. diffissio. The act DIFFI'SSION, n. s. of cleaving or splitting. DIFFLATION, n. s. of scattering with a blast of wind. · Lat. difflare. The act DIFFLUENCE, or Lat. diffluo; dis, diDIFFLUENCY, n. s. versely, and fluo, to DIFFLUENT, adj. fcw; Gr. βλοω. flow diversely. The flowing away on all sides, as a fluid. Το Ice is water congealed by the frigidity of the air, whereby it acquireth no new form, but rather a consistence or determination of its diffluency; and admitteth not its essence, but condition of fluidity. Browne's Vulgar Errours. DIFFORM, adj. From Lat. forma. ConDIFFORMITY, n. s. trary to uniform; having parts of different structure; dissimilar; unlike; as a difform flower, of which the leaves are unlike each other. While they murmur against the present disposure of things, they desire in them a difformity from the primitive rule, and the idea of that mind that formed all things best. Browne's Vulgar Errours. Whereas all bodies act either by communication of their natures, or by the impressions and signatures of their motions, the diffusion of species visible seemeth to participate more of the former operation, and the species audible of the latter. Bacon's Natural History. Wisdom had ordained Good out of evil to create; instead Milton. A sheet of very well sleeked marble paper did not cast distinct colours upon the wall, nor throw its light with an equal diffusion; but threw its beams, unstained and bright, to this and that part of the wall. Boyle on Colours. A chief renowned in war, Whose race shall bear aloft the Latian name, And through the conquered world diffuse our fame. Dryden. The stars, no longer overlaid with weight, Exert their heads from underneath the mass, And upward shoot, and kindle as they pass, And with diffusive light adorn their heavenly place. Id. No man is of so general and diffusive a lust, as to prosecute his amours all the world over. South. They are not agreed among themselves where infallibility is seated; whether in the pope alone, or a council alone, or in both together, or in the diffusive body of Christians. Tillotson. All liquid bodies are diffusive; for their parts being in motion, have no connexion, but glide and fall off any way. Burnet's Theory of the Earth. The fault that I find with a modern legend is its diffusiveness; you have sometimes the whole side of a medal overrun with it. Addison on Medals. DIG, v. a. & v. n. Saxon, dic; Dan. dyger; Belg. dyken; from dick, a ditch. To pierce and turn over the earth; to cultivate ground; to form by digging; to pierce; to obtain any thing by this operation. As a neuter verb, to work with the spade. They long for death, but it cometh not; and dig for it more than for hid treasures. Job iii. 21. If I digged up thy forefathers' graves, And hung their rotten coffins up in chains, It would not slake mine irc. Shakspeare. DIGAMMA, a letter of the Greek language retained in the Æolic dialects. Dr. Jones observes that such letters were formerly aspirates, as they derived their origin from the strong gutturals, which the Greeks borrowed from the oriental tongues; and hence he traces the origin of the Eolic digamma. It is the tendency of every guttural, says this writer, when become habitual, to soften down in the rapidity of utterance into a mere aspirate. The digamma, he contends, did not belong, as Dr. Bentley and others supposed, to the Æolic dialect only, but to all the dialects of Greece in their more ancient mode of pronunciation; and he observes, in opposition to the opinion of the learned, who say that the digamma at first prevailed, and was afterwards succeeded by the aspirate, that the gutturals at first prevailed, which were softened into mere aspirates, and that these were again changed for a more easy and agreeable letter, which being simply a labial, was diversified by different people into y, w, v, p, b or f. Dr. Marsh would have it called, the Pelasgic digamma. "The connexion,' says he, 'between the Pelasgi and the Æolic dialect has been fully established. Indeed, it might properly be called the Pelasgic dialect: for it was used by the Pelasgi, before the name of Æolic existed. The principal migrations of the Pelasgi, both to Italy, and to the islands in the Egean sea, took place from Thessaly, as we have already seen, during the reign of Deucalion. They carried, therefore, their dialect to Italy, and to the islands in the Ægean before that dialect had acquired the appellation of Æolic. The character, therefore, which distinguishes the Eolic dialect, might properly be called the Pelasgic digamma.'- Horo Pelasga, p. 50. sea, This, however, the learned bishop of Salisbury disputes. By the Eolians,' the Digamma, as he states, 'was anciently called Vau, or Wau, the name which is given to the sixth letter in the Hebrew, Syriac, and Samaritan Alphabets, and to the letter corresponding to it in the Arabic and Ethiopic Alphabets. The term Digamma has little or no relation to its power, and must have been given to it after the knowledge of its origin was lost. The Greek grammarians, comparing it with the third letter of their alphabet, called it a double gamma; but it was in fact a double Vau. Its new name must have followed its new figure, which was probably given it to distinguish the consonant power of the letter from the vowel.'-Letter to the Bishop of Dur ham. 1815. conse However this may be, Homer has so frequently used it, as to give it with some writers the name of the Homeric digamma. His object was clearly to avoid every hiatus of vowels: but when lished the use of this letter with the transcribers, the introduction of aspirates had insensibly aboits existence could only be traced in a few ancient inscriptions. To remove the harshness thus often apparent in this great poet, the commentators interposed the final or the particles v', ', r', altering, with respect to the first, the case of words sometimes and quently the sense. 'Numberless passages," says Dr. Valpy, ' remained in their naked deformity, and exercised the conjectural_sagacity of grammarians and commentators. Thus in the verse in the opening of the Iliad; Howwv avroue dè ¿λúpia TeυXEKÚVEσov;' aware of the inharmonious effect of the concurrence of the two ε, they cut off the former. The quantity of the the A, and others asserted that e was lengthened latter created another difficulty. Some doubled before the liquid. But there were passages, to which even these and similar expedients were inapplicable. A successful effort was made by the great Bentley to remove these embarrassments. The restoration of the digamma has at length vindicated the poet, and displayed the harmonious beauties of his original versification.' Dr. V. furnishes us with the following Table of words in admit the digamma in the initial vowel. Homer, which either constantly, or generally, ἐλεὺς, ἕλικες, to break, whov, εἴδω, ἑλίκωπες, ἑλίσσω, εἴκελος, εἴκοσι, ἐλπὶς, ἔλπω, εἴκω,to resemble,έλω, ἅλωμι, ἄναξ, ἁνδάνω, εἷλαρ, ἕλωρ, ἀραιός, άρδω, ἄρη, ἄστυ, αὐσταλεός. E The form of the digamma in the first instance was that of a gamma reversed; then that of a gamma; afterwards it was written in the shape of a double gamma F, whence it derives its name; and hence it has been written r as Taßio for Faßiol, relev for Fedev, Tevтo for Fevro, Eol. for Evro, Dor. for Aro, from w, &c. Claudius ordered that it should be written, or F reversed, but that form seems to have ceased after it was used in the inscription on the tomb of that emperor TERMINAJIT.' It has often been expressed by B, and sometimes by K, M, II, P, ø, X. See letter F. DI'GAMY, n. s. Gr. diyapia. Second marriage; marriage to a second wife after the death of the first: as bigamy, having two wives at once. I had a purpose to make a particular digest, or re- compilement to the laws of mine own nation. We conceive, indeed, that a perfect good concoction, or digestion, or maturation of some metals, will produce gold. Id. Those medicines that purge by stool are, at the first, not digestible by the stomach, and therefore move immediately downwards to the guts. Id. A chilifactory menstruum, or a digestive preparation, drawn from species or individuals, whose stomachs peculiarly dissolve lapideous bodies. Browne's Vulgar Errours. It is not good to devour the favours of God too greedily: but to take them in, that we may digest them. Bp. Hall. Contemplations. The earth and sun were in that very state; the one active, piercing, and digestive, by its heat; the other passive, receptive, and stored with materials for such a production. Dr. Champny only proves, that archbishop Cranmer was twice married; which is not denied: but brings nothing to prove that such bigamy, or digamy rather, deprives a bishop of the lawful use of his power of ordaining. Bishop Ferne. DIGBY, a town of Nova Scotia, on the south-senate, east side of Annapolis Bay, eighteen miles southwest of Annapolis, and fifty-three north by east of Yarmouth. It is one of the most considerable of the new settlements of Nova Scotia. DIGBY (Sir Kenelm), an illustrious author and statesman of the seventeenth century, was descended of an ancient English family. His father, Everard, was beheaded under king James, I. for being engaged in the gunpowder plot. King Charles I. made the son a gentleman of the bed-chamber, commissioner of the navy, and governor of the Trinity House. He granted him letters of reprisals against the Venetians, by virtue of which he took several prizes, with a small fleet. He fought the Venetians near the port of Scanderoon, and bravely made his way through them with his booty. He also translated various authors into English; and his Treatise on the Nature of Bodies and the Immortality of the Soul, discovers great penetration and knowledge. In the beginning of the civil wars, he exerted himself vigorously in the king's cause; but was afterwards imprisoned, by order of the parliament, in Winchester-house, and had leave to depart thence in 1643. He afterwards compounded for his estate, but was ordered to leave the nation; when he went to France, and was set on two Hale. The digestion of the counsels in Sweden is made in consisting of forty counsellors, who are generally the greatest men. Temple. Rice is of excellent use for all illnesses of the stomach, a great restorer of health, and a great digester. Id. When men comfort themselves with philosophy, it is not because they have got two or three sentences, but because they have digested those sentences, and made them their own; so upon the matter, philosophy is nothing but discretion. Selden. Every morsel to a satisfied hunger, is only a new labour to a tired digestion. South. Did chymick chance the furnaces prepare, People that are bilious and fat, are great eaters and ill digesters. Laws in the digest shew that the themselves to trade. Blackmore. rather than lean, Arbuthnot. Romans applied Id. On Coins. Wiseman. I dressed it with digestives. ter, is by surgeons called digestion. Sharp's Surgery. Chosen friends, with sense refined, Learning digested well. Thomson. Britain has not yet well digested the loss of its dominion over us; and has still at times some flattering hopes of recovering it. Franklin. |