tul, despitefully. Wiclif uses despite for dishonor. Wher a pottere of cley hath not power to make of the same gobet oo vessel into onour, a nothir into dispyt? Wiclif. Romayns 9. Pray for them that despitefully use you and persecute you. Matthew v. 44. But out the child he hent Despiteously, and gan a chere to make, As though he would have slain it or he went. Chaucer. Cant. Tales. Full many mischiefs follow cruell wrath; Bitter despight, with rancour's rusty knife; And fretting griefe the enemy of life. Spenser. Faerie Queene. The knight of the red-cross, when him he spied, Spurring so hot with rage despiteous, Can fairly couch his speare. Id. The mortal steel despiteously entailed Deep in their flesh, quite through the iron walls, That a large purple stream adown their giambeux falls. Spenser. The life thou gavest me first, was lost and done; Till with thy warlike sword despite of fate, To my determined time thou gavest new date. Shakspeare. Turning despiteous daughter out of door. Id. Saturn, with his wife Rhea, filed by night; setting the town on fire, to despite Bacchus. Raleigh. Say, would the tender creature, in despite Is shameful to the nations,-most of all, DESPOIL', v. a. ? De and spoil. Fr. deDespoliation, n. s. pouiller, Ital. despogliare; Lat. despoliare. See SPOIL. To rob; strip; divest; deprive; taking of. Despoliation is the act of stripping, or plundering. A groom gan despoil Of puissant arms, and laid in 'easy bed. Spenser. You are nobly born, Despoiled of your honour in your life. Shakspeare. He waits, with hellish rancour imminent, To intercept thy way, or send thee back Despoiled of innocence, of faith, of bliss. Milton. He, pale as death, despoiled of his array, Into the queen's apartment takes his way. Dryden. Even now thy aid, The learned leeches in despair depart, Others depress their own minds, despond at the first difficulty; and conclude, that making any progress in knowledge, farther than serves their ordinary business, is above their capacities. Locke. It is well known, both from ancient and modern experience, that the very boldest atheists, out of their debauches and company, when they chance to be surprised with solitude or sickness, are the most suspicious, timorous, and despondent wretches in the world. Bentley. Aim at perfection in every thing, though in most things it is unattainable; however, they who aim at it, and persevere, will come much nearer to it, than those whose laziness and despondency make them give it up as unattainable. Chesterfield. DESPONSATE, v. a. Lat. desponso. To DESPONSATION, n. s. betroth; to affiance; to unite by reciprocal promises of marriage; the act of betrothing. DES'POT, n. s. DESPOT'IC, adj. DESPOTICAL, adj. DESPOT'ICALNESS, n. s. DESPOTISM, Fr. despot, from Gr. δεσποτης (δεος fear and OLED to make.) An absolute prince; a ty rant: despotic is, absolute in power; arbitrary : despotism, despoticalness, the power of a despot. In all its directions of the interior faculties, reason conveyed its suggestions with clearness, and enjoined them with power: it had the passions in perfect subjection; though its command over them was but persuasive and political, yet it had the force of coactive, and despotical. South. We see in a neighbouring government the ill conAddison. sequences of having a despotic prince. Can despots compass aught that hails their sway? Or call with truth one span of earth their own, Save that wherein at last they crumble, bone by bone! Byron. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. DESPOT Originally signified the same with herus, a master. Nicephorus having ordered his son, Stauracius, to be crowned, the son, out of respect, would only take the name AЕCПOтнC, leaving to his father that of BACIAEYC. The following emperors, however, preferred AECIIOTHC to BACIAEYC; particularly Constantine XII., Michael Ducas, Romanus Diogenes, Nicephorus Botoniates, the Comneni, and some others. In imitation of the princes, the princesses likewise assumed the title of ΔΕΣΠΟΙΝΑ. It was the emperor Alexius Angelus that created the dignity of despot, and made it the first after that of emperor, or Au gustus, above those of Sebastocrator and Cæsar. The despots were usually the emperor's sons or sons-in-law, and their colleagues, or co-partners, in the empire, as well as their presumptive heirs. Those who were sons of the emperors had more privileges and authority than those who were only sons-in-law. Codin, p. 38, describes the habit and ornaments of the despot. See the notes of Father Goar on that author. Under the successors of Constantine the Great, the title Despot of Sparta was given to the emperor's son or brother, who had the city of Sparta or Lacedemon by way of appendage. DESQUAMATION, n. s. Lat. from squama. The act of scaling foul bones. A surgical term. DESSAU, or DESSAW, a strong town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, the capital of the principality of Anhalt. It was first fortified by prince Leopold in 1341, and has one Lutheran and two Calvinist churches, besides a Catholic and Jewish chapel. Inhabitants about 10,000, of which the Jews form one-tenth. Dessau, the surrounding district, contains 53,500 inhabitants: its chief products are corn and flax: it has also considerable pastures. The people manufacture cloths, hats, and stockings. It is seated on the Mulda, a branch of the Elbe, twenty-eight miles south-east of Magdeburg, thirty-seven north of Leipsic, forty-eight southwest of Potsdam, and sixty north-west of Dresden. One of the most remarkable objects here is a dyke at the side of the Elbe, nearly five miles long, from ten to eleven feet high, and sixty feet thick at the base. Long. 12° 17' 1' E., lat. 51° 50′ 6" N. DESSALINES (John James), brother of the brave Toussaint l'Ouverture, of St. Domingo, was born in slavery, and first emerged with him to notice in the active part they both took in the commotions excited in St. Domingo in 1791. Dessalines particularly distinguished himself by bis defence of Crete le Perrot against the French general, Leclerc. When Toussaint was obliged to make peace with the French, Dessalines was included in the treaty, though he by no means approved it; and what followed, but too well confirmed his suspicions of the French. Toussaint was treacherously seized, and carried to France, where he died. Dessalines was now unanimously elected commander-in-chief of the forces, which rose upon Rochambeau, who had succeeded Leclerc, and who treated the black inhabitants of St. Domingo with no less cruelty than his predecessor. He, at once, attacked Rochambeau with the main body of his army, near Cape François, the capital of the island, and defeated him with great slaughter, compelling him to retreat into the town, and finally to surrender to the English. Dessalines now exerted himself to provide for the future security, and concerted a variety of measures for the internal regulation, of the island. He first caused a proclamation of independence to be issued on the 29th of November, 1803, in which the colony was solemnly declared to be for ever separated from France. His next step was to abolish the name of St. Domingo, and substitute in its place the original appellation of Hayti. He was subsequently chosen governor of Hayti during his life, with authority to appoint his successor; and on the 8th of October, 1804, proclaimed emperor. This dignity, the acceptance of which forms the only conspicuous act of folly in his course, he only enjoyed about two years. In October, 1806, Christophe, the second emperor, headed a successful conspiracy against him, and murdered him, by surprise, in his palace. DESSAULT (Peter Joseph), an eminent French surgeon, born at Magny Vernois, near Macon, in 1744. He received the early part of his education among the Jesuits, with a view to the priesthood, which profession he afterwards declined, and became a student in the military hospital of Besort. When about twenty years of age, he removed to Paris, where the greater part of his time was spent at the anatomical theatres and hospitals; and, in the winter of 1766 he commenced teacher of anatomy. His fame soon spreading, he was in a short time attended by 300 pupils; and, in 1776, was admitted a member of the corporation of surgeons. In 1782 he was appointed surgeon-major to the hospital of Charity. At this time Dessault was considered as one of the first surgeons in Paris; and having succeeded to the next vacancy at the Hotel Dieu, he was entrusted with almost the whole surgical department of that hospital, after the death of Moreau. A clinical school of surgery, on a liberal and extensive plan, was here instituted by him, which attracted a concourse of students, not only from all corners of France, but from foreign countries, and his lectures were frequently attended by 600 students; so that it may be said, the greater part of the surgeons in the French army derived the knowledge of their profession from his school. In 1791 he commenced his Journal de Chirurgerie, a work of considerable reputation. In the midst, however, of his useful and important labors, the prevailing parties of this turbulent period took offence at him as standing neutral; and in 1792, after being twice examined, he was seized, while delivering a lecture, and confined in the Luxembourg prison, where he remained three days; but his usefulness restored him to his former situation. Upon the establishment of the school of health, he was made clinical professor for external maladies; and he was particularly instrumental in the conversion of the Eveché into an hospital for surgical operations. So deeply, however, was he affected by the horrid scenes which were exhibited in May, 1795, that he was seized with a fever, accompanied with delirium, and died on the 1st of June, aged fiftyone. DESSERT, n. s. Fr. desserte. The last course at an entertainment; the fruit or sweetmeats set on the table after the meat. To give thee all thy due, thou hast the art To make a supper with a fine dessert. Dryden. When your first course was well served up in plate. At your dessert bright pewter comes too late, King. And here, assembled cross-legged round their trays, Small social parties just begun to dine; Above them their dessert grew on its vine, The orange and pomegranate nodding e'er, Dropped in their laps, scarce plucked, their mellow Buren store. Wherefore cease we then? Say they who counsel war: we are decreed, They'll find i' th' physiognomies And swallowed it instead o' th' pill. Hudibras. There is a great variety of apprehensions and fancies of men, in the destination and application of things to several ends and uses. Hale. All altars flame; before each altar lies, The infernal judge's dreadful power May heaven around this destined heaa, The choicest of its curses shed. Prior. Id. Some against hostile drones the hive defend, Others with sweets the waxen cells distend; Each in the toil his destined office bears, And in the little bulk a mighty soul appears. Gay. DESTITUTE, adj. › Fr. destitué; Span. DESTITUTION, n. s. destituydo; Ital. destituto, from Lat. destituo, (de and statuo), to forsake. Forsaken; abandoned; taking of; friendless, low. He will regard the prayer of the destitute, and not despise their prayer. Psalm cii. 17. That destitution in food and cloathing is such an impediment, as, till it be removed, suffereth not the mind of man to admit any other care. Hooker. The order of paying the debts of contract or restitution is set down by the civil laws of a kingdom; in destitution or want of such rules, we are to observe the necessity of the creditor, the time of the delay, and the special obligations of friendship. Take the destined way Taylor. Shakspeare. Triumph, to be styled great conquerors, Patrons of mankind, gods, and sons of gods! Destroyers rightlier called, and slayers of men. Milton. The wise Providence has placed a certain antipathy between some animals and many insects, whereby they delight in their destruction, though they use them not as food; as the peacock destroys snakes and adders; the weazel, mice and rats; spiders, flies; and some sorts of flies destroy spiders. Hale. Do we not see that slothful, intemperate, and incontinent persons destroy their bodies with diseases, their reputations with disgrace, and their faculties with want? Bentley. Yet, guiltless too, this bright destroyer lives; At random wounds, nor knows the wound she gives. Pope. Armies, though always the supporters and tools of absolute power, for the time being, are always the destroyers of it, too; by frequently changing the hands in which they think proper to lodge it. Chesterfield. When Nero perished by the justest doom Which ever the destroyer yet destroyed, Amidst the roar of liberated Rome, Of nations freed, and the world overjoyed, Some hands unseen strewed flowers upon his tomb. Byron. Lat. destructio, from destruo. See DESTROY. The -act or consumma tion of destroying; hence,killing,murder. Destructible it In ports and roads remote, Destructive fires among whole fleets we send. Dryden. is equally destructive to that temper which is necessary to the preservation of life. Excess of cold, as well as heat, pains us; because Locke. makes our most refined diversions destructive of all He will put an end to so absurd a practice, which politeness. Addison. What remains but to breathe out Moses's wish? O that men were not so destructively foolish! Decay of Piety. DESULTORIOUS. DES'ULTORY, adj. ? Latin desultorius. Vaulting or leaping to and fro. See above. Unsettled; without method in thought or action; wavering. 'Tis not for a desultory thought to atone for a lewd course of live: nor for any thing but the superinducing of a virtuous habit upon a vicious one, to qualify an effectual conversion. L'Estrange. Let but the least trifle cross his way, and his desultorious fancy presently takes the scent, leaves the unfinished and half-mangled notion, and skips away in pursuit of the new game, Norris. Take my desultory thoughts in their native order, as they rise in my mind, without being reduced to rules, and marshalled according to art. Felton on the Classics. DETACHMENTS are sometimes formed of entire squadrons and battalions; but more generally of a number of men picked out from several regiments or companies equally, to be employed as the general may see proper; whether on an attack, or to scour the country. A detachment of 2000 or 3000 men is a command for a brigadier general: 800 for a colonel: 400 or 500 for a lieutenant-colonel. A captain never marches on a detachment with less than fifty men, a lieutenant, an ensign, and two serjeants. A lieutenant is allowed thirty, and a serjeant; and a seajeant ten or twelve men. DETAIL, v. a. & n. s. Fr. detailler. From de and TELL, which see. To relate in particulars, or with minuteness. They will perceive the mistakes of these philosophers, and be able to answer their arguments, without Cheyne. my being obliged to detail them. I was unable to treat this part of my subject more in detail, without becoming dry and tedious. Pope. His train of reasoning is ingenious and whimsical; but I am not at leisure to give you a detail. DETAIN', v. a. Franklin. Fr. detiner; Span. detener, from Lat. detinere, de and teneo; Gr. Tɛivw, to stretch. To hold or keep back; to restrain; to keep in custody. See DETINue. Let us detain thee until we shall have made ready Judges, xiii. 13. a kid. Judge of the obligation that lies upon all sorts o injurious persons; the sacrilegious, the detainers of DESU'ME, v.a. Lat. desumo. To take from tithes, and cheaters of men's inheritances. any thing; to borrow. This pebble doth suppose, as pre-existent to it, the more simple matter out of which it is desumed, the heat and influence of the sun, and the due preparation of the matter. Hale. They have left us relations suitable to those of Elian and Pliny, whence they desumed their narrations. Browne. DETACH', v. a. Fr. detacher, from dis Lat. DETACHMENT. Sand ATTACH, which see. To separate; disengage: hence to select and send out a body of military: a detachment is applied to the body so sent out. Mean while the Squire was on his way, Hudibras. Id. Had Orpheus sung it in the nether sphere, DETECT, v. a. Lat. detectus, from dete- crime, or scheme; to discover generally. There's no true lover in the forest; else sighing every minute, and groaning every hour, would detect the lazy foot of time as well as a clock. Shakspeare. Should I come to her with any detection in my hand, I could drive her then from the ward of her family. Id. Though should I hold my peace, yet thou Wouldst easily detect what I conceal. Milton. Detection of the incoherence of loose discourses was wholly owing to the syllogistical form. Locke. The utmost infinite ramifications and inosculations of all the several sorts of vessels may easily be detected by glasses. Ray. Not only the sea, but rivers and rains also, are instrumental to the detection of amber, and other fossils, by washing away the earth and dirt that concealed them. Woodward. DETENTION, n. s. From DETAIN, which see. The act of keeping back, or withholding; restraint; custody. How goes the world, that I am thus encountered With clamorous claims of debt, of broken bonds, And the detention of long-since due debts, Against my honour? Shakspeare. This worketh by detention of the spirits, and constipation of the tangible parts. Bacon. DETENTS, in a clock are those stops which, by being lifted up or let fall down, lock and unlock the clock in striking. DETENT-WHEEL, or HOOP-WHEEL, in a clock, a wheel which has a hoop almost round it, wherein there is a vacancy, at which the clock locks. DETER', v. a. ર Lat. deterreo, from de DETER'MENT, n. s. S and terreo, to frighten; Gr. Tpew, to tremble. To discourage by terror; to affright from. I never yet the tragick strain assayed, Waller, Beauty or unbecomingness are of more force to draw or deter imitation, than any discourses which can be made to them. Locke. The ladies may not be deterred from corresponding with me by this method. Addison. Death is not sufficient to deter men who make it their glory to despise it; but if every man who fought a duel were to stand in the pillory, it would quickly lessen the number of these imaginary men of honor. Id. Get a habit of doing right, whatever pain it costs you; let no difficulties deter you in the way of virtue; and account every thing else despicable, in comparison of this. Johnson. I do not give you to posterity as a pattern to imitate, but as an example to deter. Junius. DETERGE', v. n. Į Fr. deterger; Lat. deDETERGENT, adj. Stergere, de and tergo. To cleanse, applied particularly to the cleansing of sores. Detergent, having the quality of cleansing. The food ought to be nourishing and detergent. Arbuthnot. Sea salt preserves bodies through which it passeth, from corruption; and it detergeth the vessels, and keeps the fluids from putrefaction. Id. Consider the part and habit of body, and add or diminish your simples as you design to deterge or inWiseman. carn. DETERIORATION, n. s. From Lat. deterior. The act of making, or state of growing worse. When the deterioration of a commodity, seized by an officer, arises from the fault of the keeper, he is answerable for the same. Dr. A. Rees. DETERMINE, v. a. & v. n. Fr. determiner; Span. determinar; Ital. and Lat. determinare, from de and terminus; Gr. Tεpμa, a bound. To mark or fix a bound; hence to conclude; settle; adjust generally; and to choose or influence choice. As a neuter verb, to conclude; settle an opinion; decide and resolve. Determinate and determine seem synonymous as verbs active, but the former is obsolete. And maad of oon al the kynde of men to enhabite on all the face of the erthe, determynynge tymes ordeyned and teermys of the dwellyng of hem. Wiclif. Dedis. xvii. Jonathan knew that it was determined of his father to slay David. 1 Sam. xx. 33. In those errors they are so determinately settled, that they pay unto falsity the whole sum of whatsoever love is owing unto God's truth. Hooker. Now, noble peers, the cause why we are met I' the progress of this business, The proper acts of the intellect are intellection, deliberation, and determination, or decision. Hale's Origin of Mankind. Whether all plants have seeds, were more easily determinable, it we could conclude concerning hartstongue, ferne, and some others. Browne's Vulgar Errours. Like men disused in a long peace, more determinate to do, than skilful how to do. Sidney. Think thus with yourselves, that you have not the making of things true or false; but that the truth and existence of things is already fixed and settled, and that the principles of religion are already either determinately true or false, before you think of them. Tillotson. Revolutions of state, many times, make way for new institutions and forms, and often determine in either setting up some tyranny at home, or bringing in some conquest from abroad. Temple. A man may suspend the act of his choice from being determined for or against the thing proposed, till he has examined it. Lacke. Demonstrations in numbers, if they are not more evident and exact than in extension, yet they are |