soils of this and the adjoining one. Those which belong to this are the following:-A very extensive tract, from Morley south, along the borders of Nottinghamshire, to the extreme boundaries of the county on the edge of Yorkshire north, consists of numerous strata of bind, clunch, shale, and other argillaceous strata, enclosing and separating seams of coal and coaly impressions of vegetables. These strata, on exposure to the air, rain, and frosts, perish and fall to different kinds of clay or loam. The very extensive coal district, branching out of Derbyshire, north and south, into Yorkshire and a small part of Nottinghamshire, has been not unaptly denominated the Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coal Field. Mr. Farey, with his usual attention to interesting detail, has given an alphabetical list of about 500 collieries which are, or have been, worked in Derbyshire and in the bordering parts of the seven adjacent counties. Of these it appears nearly one-half are in Derbyshire.-The gravel of which these coal districts are chiefly composed, produces a clayey soil, which is indiscriminately strewed over the county, but chiefly in patches about Derby and parts bordering on Staffordshire. These patches of land are again intermixed with other patches of red marl strata, occupying the largest portion of the southern districts. The yellow limestone strata are to be found chiefly, if not entirely, in some few parts bordering on Nottinghamshire, a little above and below Bolsover, in this county. It occupies nearly 21,600 acres. The coalmeasures, or strata, already mentioned, occupy altogether 190,000 acres. The gritstone and shale strata occupy, with the exceptions yet to be mentioned, a tract of land about 160,500 acres, extending rather diagonally from Duffield south to the borders of Lancashire north; and in breadth in the widest part, from about Chapelen-le-Frith to near Dove on the borders of Yorkshire. The mineral limestone and toadstone strata occupy an unshapen mass of land, extending from Wirksworth to Castleton, being about 51,500 acres. Along the same tract of country, but more to the Staffordshire side, is also a limestone stratum, making a surface of about 40,500 acres. This limestone appears to have undergone an amazing degree of shrinking; and hence there are vast shake-holes and caverns, some of them of a tremendous and frightful depth, in various parts These natural caverns are in number about twenty-seven. It will be proper to enumerate one or two of them in this place. Bagshaw's Cavern, or the Crystallised Cavern, in Mule-Spinner Mine, is a little south-west of Bradwell, and is 400 yards in length. Elden Hole, surrounded with a stone wall, a little north of Peak Forest Town, is a very deep hole, connecting with a vast lateral cavern below. The opening or chasm in the rock is about five yards long and three broad. The top of it is somewhat higher than the surface of the earth, with a very jagged and uneven mouth, opening into a chasm, steep, black, and full of horror. This chasm has more than once been descended. It was formerly represented as altogether unfathomable, and teeming, at a certain depth, with such noxious air, that no animal could respire it with-out inevitable destruction. Cotton affirmed, more than a century ago, that he let down 884 yards of line, of which the last eighty yards were wet, without finding a bottom; and it has been confidently asserted, that a poor man, who was once lowered in a basket to the depth of 200 yards, on being drawn up died in a state of delirium. We cannot give a better description of the actual depth and dimensions of this singular cavern, than the following of Mr. Lloyd's, as contained in vol. xiii. of the Philosophical Transactions Abridged. Mr. Lloyd having seen several accounts of the unfathomable depth of Elden Hole, in Derbyshire, and being in that neighbourhood, he was inclined to make some enquiries about that noted place, of the adjoining inhabitants; who informed him that about fourteen or fifteen years before, the owner of the pasture in which this chasm is situated, having lost several cattle, had agreed with two men to fill it up; but finding no visible effects of their labor, after having spent some days in throwing down many loads of stones, they ventured to be let down into it, to see if their undertaking was practicable;, when, on finding at the bottom a vast large cavern, they desisted from their work, as it would have been almost impossible to have procured a sufficient quantity of stones to have filled it up. On enquiry of one of these men whether there were any damps at the bottom, and being assured in the negative, Mr. L. procured two ropes of forty fathoms nearly in length, and eight men to let him down. For the first twenty yards Mr. L. was let down, he could assist himself with his hands and feet, as it was a kind of confined slope; but after that the rock jetted out into large irregular pieces, on all the three sides next him; and on that account he met with some difficulty in passing,. for about the space of ten yards more; at which depth the rope was moved at least five or six yards from the perpendicular. Thence down, the breadth was about three yards, and the length at least five or six, through craggy irregular slits of rock, which were rather dirty, and covered with a kind of moss, and pretty wet, till he came within about twelve or fourteen yards of the bottom, and then the rock opened on the east side, and he swung till he descended to the floor of the cave, where he perceived there was light enough came from the mouth of the pit, though at the distance of sixty-two perpendicular yards, to read any print. When at the bottom, he perceived that the cavern consisted of two parts; the first being a cave, in shape not much unlike that of an oven; and the latter, a vast dome of the form of the inside of a glass-house; with a small arched passage from the one to the other, through which a slope of loose stones, that have been thrown in from time to time, extends from the wall at the west side of the first dome, to almost the bottom of the second cave or dome, with such an angle, that the farther end of the cave is lower by twenty-five yards than the place where he first landed. The diameter of this cavern may be nearly fifty yards: the top he could not trace with the eye; but he had reason to believe it extended to a vast height; for when nearly at the top of one of the incrusted rocks, at the height of about twenty yards, he could find no closure of the dome, though he then saw much farther than when he stood at the bottom. The curiosities to be met with in the small cavern are not worth mentioning; indeed he did not meet there with any stalactitical incrustations whatever; but the wall consisted of rude and irregular fragments of rock. But among the singularities in the second cavern, he observed the following; climbing up a few loose stones on the south side, he descended again through a small slit into a little cave, four yards long and irregular, as to height not exceeding two yards; and the whole lined with a kind of sparkling stalactites, of a fine deep yellow color, with some small stalactitical drops hanging from the roof. Facing the first entrance is a most noble column, of the same kind of incrustation, above thirty yards high and, proceeding on to the north, he came to a large stone, covered with the like matter; and under it was a hole two yards deep, lined with the same; whence sprung a rock consisting of vast solid round masses, like the former in color, though not, in figure, on which he easily ascended to the height of twenty yards, and got some fine pieces of stalactites, pendent from the cragged sides which joined this rock. After this, proceeding forward, he came to another pile of incrustations, different from the two former, and much rougher; and which was not tinged with such a yellow, but rather with a brown color; and at the top of this also is a small cavern, into which he went. The last thing he took notice of was the vast drops of stalactites, hanging like icicles from every part of the vault; some of which were as large as a man's body, and at least four or five feet long. The greatest part of the walls of the large cavern was lined with incrustations, and they were of three kinds: the first being the deep yellow stalactites; the second being a thin coating, like a kind of light stone-colored varnish on the surface of the limestone, and which glittered exceedingly by the light of the candles; and the third being a sort of rough efflorescence, every minute shoot resembling a kind of rose-flower. Having satisfied his curiosity with a view of this astonishing vault, he began to return. Fastening the rope to his body, he gave the signal to be drawn up; which he found to be a much more difficult and dangerous task than the descent, owing to his weight drawing the rope into clefts, between the fragments of the rock, which made it stick; and to his body jarring against the sides, which he could not possibly prevent with his hands. Another circumstance also increased the danger, which was, the rope loosening the stones over head, whose fall he every instant dreaded. After writing the above, Mr. L. was informed there was formerly the mouth of a second shaft in the floor of the great cavern, somewhere under the great heap of stones; and that it was covered up by the miners, at the time when so many loads were thrown in from the top. It is reported to have gone down a vast depth farther, and to have had water at the bottom; but he did not perceive any remaining appearance of such 6 opening himself, nor did the miners, who went down with him, say any thing about it. Golconda is also a very large cavern, near Hopton. Poole's Hole, about half a mile S.S.W. of Buxton, is a very long cavern. The entrance is extremely narrow; but at the end of about twenty or thirty yards a spacious and lofty cavern opens, from the roof and sides of which water, continually dropping, congeals into large pillars and masses on the floor. Further up the cavern is a large suspended icicle or stalactite, denominated The Flitch of Bacon. Beyond this the cavern again becomes contracted; but a little further on it again expands, into a greater height and width, and continues so till we reach what is called Mary Queen of Scots' Pillar, a name given to a large massy column of stalactites, on account of its having been visited by that much injured princess during her stay at Buxton, when she wrote on a pane of glass at the hall : Buxton, whose fame thy baths shall ever tell, Which I, perhaps, shall see no more, farewell! The cavern extends beyond this pillar about 100 yards, and is, from its mouth to this place, about 669 yards. Peak's Hole, near Castleton, is also a remarkable cavern, in which are several lakes or springs of water. Besides these horrid caverns there are numerous water-shallows or holes in the rocks, into which streams of water fall and disappear: in all about twenty. Both Mr. Lloyd and the traditions of this neighbourhood, mention the appearance of water at the bottom of the several shafts. It has been conjectured that this is the continuation of a subterranean river; indeed of that very stream which runs out of the mouth of the ocean at Castleton. Among the wonders of the Peak is Tide's or Weeden's Well, constituting one of the class which ebb and flow like the sea. That it does ebb and flow is certain; but it is at very unequal periods, sometimes not in a day or two, and sometimes twice in an hour. The basin of the spring is about a yard deep, and the same in length and breadth. When it flow, the water rises with a bubbling noise, as if the air, which was pent up within the cavities of the rock, was forcing itself a passage, and driving the water before it. It is occasionally used as a restorative. But the great medicinal wonder of Derbyshire is Buxton Wells, the waters of which, beside their medicinal use, have this singularity, that within five feet of one of the hot springs there arises a cold one; as, indeed, in several other places in England, and other countries. These springs possess a less degree of warmth than those at Bath. The water is sulphureous, with a small quantity of saline particles, but it is not in the least impregnated with a sulphureous acid, hence they are very palatable in comparison with other medicinal waters. See BUXTON. Mr. Pennant observes, with his usual elegance : With joy and gratitude I this moment reflect on the efficacious qualities of the waters; I recollect with rapture the return of spirits, the flight of pain, and the re-animation of my long. long crippled rheumatic limbs.' About twelve miles south-east of Buxton, in one of the most romantic situations of the whole kingdom, is Matlock. Here too is a medicinal bath of great value, the warm springs of which were first discovered about the year 1698. Near this place there is a petrifying spring; and the whole surrounding country is uncommonly interesting and romantic. In many respects Matlock, as a watering-place, is preferable to Buxton. Here are less bustle, noise, and dissipation. having dwelt at some length on the soil, &c., of this county, there is less occasion and still less room to detail its other natural productions. These chiefly consist of lead, antimony, millstones, grind-stones, marble, alabaster, alum, pitcoal, and iron, which constitute, of course the great bases of its trade. In addition, there are silk and cotton mills at Derby and Ashbourne; respectable marble works at Ashford; and considerable woollen manufactories in various parts. Malt is also made in this county in considerable quantity. It sends to parliament two members for the county, and two for the town of Derby. There is a singular custom in this county of strewing the churches on the anniversary of the dedication of the church, or on midsummer eve, with rushes. The ancient custom of hanging up garlands of roses in the churches, with a pair of gloves cut out of white paper, which had been carried before the corpses of unmarried women at their funerals, also prevails in the neighbourhood of the Peak; and the county wakes are generally observed on the Sunday following the day of the dedication of the church or chapel, or on the saint's day after whom it is named. Druidical circles, tumuli of earth and stones, rocking-stones, rock-basins, and rude military works, attest the ancient British customs. The principal Roman remains are, an altar preserved in Haddon-Hall; some inscribed pigs of lead lately transferred to the British Museum; and the silver plate found in Risley-Park. Several Roman roads passed through the county; and stations may be traced in several places. Sir Richard Arkwright, Brindley, Samuel Richardson, Anthony Blackwall, Flamsteed the astronomer royal, and bishop Halifax, are among the 'worthies' it has produced. The gentlemen's seats, though not numerous, are nowhere exceeded in individual splendor and romantic situation. See CHATSWORTH. . DERBY, the county town of Derbyshire, is seated on the Derwent, over which it has a handsome stone bridge. A small brook runs through it under nine stone bridges. It is large, populous, and well built; containing five churches, of which All Saints is the chief, the tower of which is 173 feet in height, the upper part being richly ornamented. The interior is particularly light, elegant, and spacious. The roof is supported by five columns on each side; the windows are large and handsome, and the symmetry and proportions of the whole building have a very pleasing effect. In ancient writings this church is called All-Hallows, which name it still retains among the common people. It was originally a free collegiate chapel, and besides the master or rector, who was the dean of Lincoln, had seven prebendaries. The county hall, county gaol, infir mary, an elegant assembly room, and a theatre, are the other principal buildings. The county hall is a handsome stone building, erected in the year 1730. In 1734 a machine was erected here by Sir Thomas Lombe, for the manufacturing of silk, the model of which he brought from Italy at the risk of his life. It was the first of its kind erected in England; and its operations are to wind, double, and twist the silk, so as to render it fit for weaving. It has employed many hands in the town. When Sir Thomas's patent expired, in 1732, parliament was so sensible of the value and importance of the machine that they granted him a further recompense of £14,000, for the hazard and expense he had incurred in introducing and erecting it, upon condition that he should allow an exact model of it to be taken. This model is deposited in the Tower of London. Derby has a considerable manufactory of silk, cotton, and fine worsted stockings; and a fabric of porcelain equal, if not superior, in quality to any in the kingdom. Several hands are employed in the lapidary and jewellery branches; and the work of this kind, executed here, is in high estimation. Derbyshire spar and marble, as well as foreign marble, are also wrought here into various ornamental articles. The malting trade is extensively carried on in this town. It is governed by a mayor, nine aldermen, &c. The aldermen are appointed for life, unless removed for ill behaviour. The recorder is chosen by the corporation, who can remove him at pleasure. The common-clerk is coroner and clerk of the peace, and is likewise chosen by the corporation; but both these officers must be approved of by his majesty. This town sends two members to parliament, who are elected by the corporation, freemen, and sworn burgesses; the mayor is the returning officer. A court of record is held here every second Tuesday, besides the quarter sessions, and a half-yearly court-leet. The Derby General Infirmary is an excellent institution, situated near the London road, in a healthful, airy, and dry situation, abounding with good water. The building is constructed of a beautiful hard white stone, of a handsome, yet simple elevation, of three stories, containing a light central hall, with a double stair-case. Here the iron dome, the wide stone gallery, and the very large stone stair-case resting upon the perforated floor of the hall, which covers part of the basement story, excite admiration from their well known strength and solidity. This infirmary possesses a degree of perfection unknown to similar establishments; for instance, in the construction of two light and spacious rooms, one for each sex, called day, or convalescent rooms, where persons recovering, instead of being confined to the same room day and night, as has been the usual practice, may eat their meals and pass the day. Here is also a fever house, where relief is administered, in case of infectious diseases. The entrance to this is directly opposite to the front, and has no internal connexion with the infirmary. Besides the convalescent rooms, and the fever house, superior accommodations are provided for patients laboring under acute diseases in general; these consist of four small wards, containing one, two, three, and four beds respectively, with a water-closet, nurse's bed-room, and scullery This arrangement enables the medical men to separate the diseases from each other, as may best suit their natures; and the wards being parted off from the body of the house by folding doors, silence is obtained, and too much light excluded (essential in some cases), rendering this part of the establishment more convenient, perhaps, on the whole than many private houses. Another contrivance is, that ventilation shall be copious, and the warmth regulated at pleasure: and with respect to water-closets, to prevent the draft from the house being reversed, a mode of construction has been invented which does away every objection. A small steam engine is used to pump water, wash, &c. A statue of Esculapius, indicating the object of this useful institution, is placed upon the centre of the dome. The building is calculated to hold upwards of 100 patients. Three physicians, four surgeons, and a house apothecary, have been appointed to the institution since it was opened for relief of in and out patients in June 1810. The ordnance depôt is situated near the infirmary, and was erected, according to a plan of Mr. Wyatt's, in 1805. It consists of an armory in the centre, calculated to contain 15,000 stand of arms. Above this is a room of the same proportions, containing accoutrements for the use of the army. On the north and south sides are two magazines, capable of containing 1200 barrels of ammunition. Four dwellings are situated in the angles of the exterior wall; two of which are barracks, and the other two are the residences of officers in the civil department. Derby, as the centre of the literature of the county, and the scene of many of its improve ments, has given birth to, and still boasts, many excellent literary institutions and libraries. The Derby Philosophical Society, the object of which is, the promotion of scientific knowledge by occasional meetings and conversation, and by the circulation of books, was founded by Dr. Darwin, who spent the last twenty years of his life in this neighbourhood. The first meeting, in the year 1788, was at Dr. Darwin's house; and he retained the chair of this society till his decease. It boasts a considerable number of members, and is in possession of an extensive and valuable library. Another flourishing institution made its appearance here in the year 1808, under the title of the Derby Literary and Philosophical Society. The objects of this association are, the pursuit of literary and scientific enquiries, and the improvement of its members in the power of gaining and of communicating knowledge.' The means by which these objects are attempted to be accomplished are the production and discussion of papers, or essays, which may be written on any subject connected with literature or science, excluding only the practical departments of medicine and surgery, party politics and religion. It is a fundamental law of this society, that each member shall furnish an essay in his turn, and no instance has hitherto occurred in which this rule has been violated. The meetings are held monthly from September to April inclusively, one paper being read, and another discussed, on each evening. These are the principal institutions, but there are eight or ten others in the town, and one exclusively devoted to the cultivation of French literature. Derby has a market on Wednesday and Friday. It is situated in a fine plain, opening as it advances southward into a beautiful and highly cultivated country. It is thirty-six miles north of Coventry, and 126 north-west by west of London. DERBY, a town of the United States, in Orleans county, Vermont, on the north line of the state, and on the east shore of lake Memphremagog. DERBY, a town of New Haven county, Connecticut, on the point of land formed by the confluence of Naugatuck and Housatonick rivers. This town was settled in 1665, under New Haven jurisdiction, and has an academy. DERBY, a town of Pennsylvania, in Chester county, seven miles from Chester, and five from Philadelphia. It is situated or Derby Creek, which falls into Delaware River, near Chester. DERBY, WEST, a township of England, in the county of Lancaster, four miles from Liverpool, and containing about 3000 inhabitants. To DERE, v. a. Sax. deɲian. To hurt. DEREHAM, or MARKET DEREHAM, a market town of Norfolk, sixteen miles north from Norwich, and 100 N. N. E. from London. This is a clean and well paved place, and stands on a small rivulet which supplies it with water. The church is a very ancient structure, and the steeple is open to the body like that of a cathedral: it contains four chapels, one of which, St. Edmunds, contains an antique chest, taken out of the ruins of Beckenham Castle, in which are deposited the records of the church. The font, erected in 1468, is a fine specimen of ancient sculpture, being richly carved. In the churchyard stands a square tower containing a peal of bells. In this church the poet Cowper was buried in 1800. Here are also three respectable meeting-houses. This town has sustained considerable damage by fires; first in the year 1581, when nearly the whole town was destroyed; and again in 1679. The market is on Friday, well stocked with provisions, and the greatest pig market in the county. Lat. derelictus, DERELICT, n. s. & adj. }de and relinquo, DERELICTION, n. s. linquo, to leave. Terms first applied to property voluntarily relinquished or forsaken: hence to any other abandonment or forsaking; to emptiness; and figuratively to the mind. There is no other thing to be looked for, but the effects of God's most just displeasure, the withdrawing of grace, dereliction in this world, and in the world to come confusion. Hooker. Derelict lands, suddenly left by the sea, belong to the king: but if the sea shrink back so slowly that the gain be by little and little, it shall go to the owner of the lands adjoining. 2 Comm. 261, quoted by Jacobs. They easily prevailed, so as to seize upon the must vacant, unoccupied, and derelict minds of his [lord Chatham's] friends. Burke. DERIV'E, v. a. & v. n. DERIVATIVE, n. s. & adj. (Lat. derivare, to draw water, from de and rivus; Heb. DERELICTS imply, also, such lands as the sea, by receding from them, leaves dry and fit for cultivation. If they are left by a gradual recess of the sea, they are adjudged to belong to the owner, a stream, Hence to draw or trace from a of the adjoining lands; but when an island is formed in the sea, or a large quantity of new land appears, such derelict lands belong to the king. ĎERHAM (Dr. William), a celebrated English divine, born in 1657. In 1682 he was presented to the vicarage of Wargrave in Berkshire, and, in 1689, to the rectory of Upminster, Essex. Applying himself with great eagerness to natural and experimental philosophy, he soon became a distinguished member of the Royal Society, whose Philosophical Transactions contain a great variety of curious and valuable pieces, the fruits of his industry. In his younger years he published his Artificial Clock-maker, which has been often reprinted: and in 1711, 12, and 14, he delivered the Boyle's Lectures, which he afterwards digested under the well-known titles of Physico-Theology and Astro-Theology; or a Defence of the being of a God from a Survey of the Works of Creation and of the Heavens. He next published Christo-Theology, a demonstration of the divine authority of the Christian religion. He died at Upminster in 1735, and left a valuable collection of curiosities, particularly specimens of English birds and O'er all the dome they quaff, they feast; Derizice taunts were spread from guest to guest, And each in jovial mood his mate addressed. Pope. Are we grieved with the scorn and aerision of the profane? Thus was the blessed Jesus despised and rejected of men. Rogers. Some, that adore Newton for his fluxions, deride him for his religion. Berkley. I know that expectation, when her wings are once expanded, easily reaches heights which performance Dever will attain; and when she has mounted the summit of perfection, derides her follower, who dies in the pursuit. Johnson. Plan of Dictionary. source; and as a neuter verb to come from; to owe origin to. Derivable is traceable, to or from; hence deducible in argument. Derivation, literally, a drainage of water, and a drawing out, or displaying words or ideas from their original sources; the drawing out a peccant humor of the body; and the thing drawn out, or derived. Derivative is used as a substantive in this last sense. Is from her knight divorced in despayre, Christ having Adam's nature as we have, but in corrupt, deriveth not nature, but incorruption, and that immediately from his own person, unto all that belong unto him. Hooker. I am, my lord, as well derived as he, As well possest. For honour, Shakspeare. By which I knew the time, Milton. As it is a derivative perfection, so it is a distinct kind of perfection from that which is in God. Hale. They endeavour to derive the varieties of colors from the various proportion of the direct progress or motion of these globules to their circumvolution, or motion about their own centre. Boyle. The word Honestus originally and strictly signifies no more than creditable, and is but a derivative from Honor, which signifies credit or honour. South. Such a one makes a man not only a partaker of other men's sins, but also a deriver of the whole intire guilt of them to himself. Id. Men derive their ideas of duration from their reflection on the train of ideas they observe to succeed one another in their own understandings. Locke. Most of them are the genuine derivations of the Glanville. hypothesis they claim to. Among other derivatives I have been careful to insert and elucidate the anomalous plurals of nouns and preterites of verbs. Johnson. Preface to Dictionary.` Here is the fountain of truth, why do you follow the streams derived from it by the sophistry, or polluted by the passions of man? Bishop Watson. The mind that is immortal-it derives No colour from the fleeting things without; But is absorbed in sufferance or in joy, Born from the knowledge of its own desert. Byron. DERNIE'R, adj. Last. Is a French word used only in the following phrase. |