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a victory over one of the generals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison, which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this successful expedition, he besieged and took Munychia, and defeated Cassander at Thermopyla His reception at Athens after these victories was attended with the most servile flattery; and the Athenians were not ashamed to raise altars to him as to a god, and consult his oracles. This raised the jealousy of the successors of Alexander; and Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus united to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hostile armies met at Ipsus, A. A. C. 301: Antigonus was killed in the battle; and Demetrius, after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. The Athenians, who had lately adored him as a god, refused to admit him into their city; but he soon after ravaged the territory of Lysimachus, and reconeiled himself to Seleucus, to whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now labored under tyranny, and Demetrius relieved it a second time, and pardoned the inhabitants. The loss of his possessions in Asia recalled him from Greece, and he established himself on the throne of Macedonia. Here he was continually at war with the neighbouring states, and the superior power of his adversaries obliged him to leave his kingdom, after he had sat on the throne for seven years. He passed into Asia, and attacked some of the provinces of Lysimachus with various success; but famine and pestilence having destroyed the greatest part of his army, he applied to Seleucus for assistance. He, at first, met with a kind reception, but hostilities were again soon begun; and, though he gained some advantages over his son-in-law, he was at last forsaken by his troops, and taken prisoner. Though Seleucus kept him in confinement, he maintained him like a prince, and he passed his time in hunting, and in other laborious exercises. His son Antigonus offered Seleucus all his possessions, and even his person, to procure his father's liberty, but in vain, and Demetrius died in the fifty-fourth year of his age, after a confinement of three years, A. A. C. 286. His remains were given to Antigonus, and honored with a splendid funeral at Corinth, and thence conveyed to Demetrias.

DEMETRIUS I., king of Syria, surnamed Soter, or Saviour, was son of Seleucus Philopater. Being a hostage at Rome, when his father died, his uncle, Antiochus Epiphanes, usurped the kingdom, and was succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. Demetrius at last procured his liberty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to Syria, where the troops received him as their lawful sovereign. He put to death Eupator and Lysias, but, endeavouring to establish himself on his throne by cruelty and oppression, Alexander Bala, the pretended son of Antiochus Epiphanes, claimed the crown, and defeated Demetrius in a Dattle, A. A. C. 150.

DEMETRIUS, the disciple of Apollonius Tyanæus, a cynic philosopher of the age of Caligula. The emperor wished to gain him to his interest by a large present; but Demetrius refused it with indignation, and said, If Caligula wishes to bribe

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DEMETRIUS PHALEREUS, a celebrated orator and peripatetic philosopher, was the scholar of Theophrastus. He acquired so much authority at Athens, that he governed the city for ten years; and he ruled with so much wisdom and virtue, that thirty-six statues were erected in honor of him. Being obnoxious, however, to the aristocratical party, they procured an order for his death; but, he escaped into Egypt, and was protected by Ptolemy Lagus. On the death of that prince he was banished by his successor. None of the works of this celebrated philosopher are extant, except his Rhetoric, which is usually printed among the Rhetores Selecti.

DEMETRIUS, Czar of Russia, commonly called the false Demetrius, was, according to most authors, a native of Jaroslaw, and a novice in a monastery, where he was instructed by an old monk to personate Demetrius, son of the czar John Basilovitz, who had been murdered by Boris Gudenov, in 1597. The youth, according to his instructions, went under the name of Demetrius, and pretended to have escaped from his murderers into Lithuania, where he was taken into the service of a nobleman named Wicnovitski, to whom he told his story, and who espoused his cause. When Boris heard of this rival, he sent assassins to despatch him; but his patron being warned of it conveyed him to Mnieski, palatine of Sandomir, who promised to assist him in his design on the Russian throne, provided he would embrace the Roman Catholic religion, which he readily consented to, and was married to the palatine's daughter. Assisted by the Poles, Demetrius, in 1604, marched into Russia, at the head of a small army, and was soon joined by a number of Russians and Cossacs. He defeated an army sent against him, and an insurrection took place in his favor. On the death of Boris, the people strangled his son and placed Demetrius on the throne; but his partiality to the Poles and contempt of the Greek religion occasioned an insurrection, and he was murdered in 1606, after a short reign of about eleven months. Mr. Archdeacon Coxe, contrary to the generality of writers, considers him to have been the true prince Demetrius.

DEMI ATTICI, in ancient history, boroughs or large villages of Attica. The Athenian tribes were distributed into Demi. Homer, in his catalogue, distinguishes the Athenians by the appel

on Demos. And when Theseus prevailed on them to quit the country of Attica, and settle at Athens, they still continued to frequent the Demi, and to perform their religious ceremonies there.

DEMI-CANNON, n. s. From demi, balf, and cannon. An ancient piece of artillery, carrying a thirty-six pound ball.

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Showgas, water-rugs, and demi-wolves, are 'cleped
All by the name of dogs. Shakspeare. Macbeth.
DEMOCRACY, n. s.
Fr. democratic;
DEMOCRAT,
Spanish democracia,
DEMOCRATIC, n. s.
from Gr. δημοκρατία

A

He took his leave of them, whose eyes bade him (δημος the people, and κρατεω to govern). farewell with tears, making temples to him as to a demi- government by the people at large. A democrat

god.

Be gods, or angels, demi-gods. Transported demi-gods stood round, And men grew heroes at the sound,

Sidney. Milton.

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is an advocate or partizan of democracy. The old word democratic is only more agreeable to the etymology.

Thence to the famous orators repair,
Those ancient, whose resistless eloquence
Wielded at will that fierce democratic,

Shook the arsenal and fulmined over Greece.

Milton. They are still within the line of vulgarity, and are democratical enemies to truth.

Browne's Vulgar Errours. While many of the servants, by industry and virtue, arrive at riches and esteem, then the nature of the government inclines to a democracy. Temple.

The majority, having the whole power of the community, may employ all that power in making laws, and executing those laws; and there the form of the government is a perfect democracy. Locke.

As the government of England has a mixture of democratical in it, so the right is partly in the people. Arbuthnot.

DEMOCRITUS, one of the greatest philosophers of antiquity, was born in Abdera, in Thrace, about the 80th Olympiad, or A. A. C. 466. His father, says Valerius Maximus, was able to entertain the army of Xerxes; and Diogenes Laertius adds, that the king, in return, presented him with some Magi and Chaldeans. From these he received the first part of is education; and, whilst yet a boy, learned theology and astronomy. He next applied to Leucippus, and learned from him the systems of atoms and a vacuum. His father dying, he and his two brothers divided the estate. Democritus made

choice of that part which consisted of money, as being, though the least share, the most convenient for travelling; and it is said, that his por£20,000 sterling. He now went to visit the tion amounted to 100 talents, which is nearly priests of Egypt, from whom he learned geometry: and it is said, that he penetrated even into India and Ethiopia, to confer with the Gymnosophists. In these travels he wasted his substance, so that on his return he was maintained by his brother; notwithstanding which, he procured the highest honors of his country,

which he governed with unlimited sway and consummate wisdom. The magistrates of Abdera made him a present of 500 talents, and erected statues to him, even in his lifetime; but, being naturally more inclined to contemplation than delighted with public honors and employments, he withdrew into solitude and retirement. He incessantly laughed at human life, as a continued farce, which made the inhabitants of Abdera think he was mad, on which they sent for Hippocrates to cure him; but that celebrated physician told the Abderians, that those who esteemed themselves the most healthy were the most distempered. Democritus died, according to Diogenes Laertius, aged 100, A. A.C. 361. He was the author of many books, which are lost; and from these Epicurus borrowed his philosophy.

DEMOIVRE (Abraham), an eminent French mathematician, F.R.S. London, was a native of Vitri, in Champagne, and driven from his native country, as a Protestant, by the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He settled in London as a teacher of mathematics, and was particularly celebrated for his skill and accuracy as a calculator, for which he is referred to by Pope:

Sure as Demoivre, without rule or line. He died in 1754, at the age of eighty-six. His works are, Miscellanea Analytica, 4to.; The Doctrine of Chances, or a Method of Calculating the Probabilities of Events at Play, 4to.; and a work on Annuities; besides papers in the Transactions of the Royal Society. DEMO'LISH, v. a. Fr. demolir; from DEMO'LISHER, n. s. Lat. demolari, i. e. de DEMOLITION. Sand molior (moles, a mass). To destroy a building; hence to destroy generally.

Notwithstanding which, it is now demolished, and all this glory lyeth in the dust, buried in its own ruins; there being nothing standing but a few broken walls, which seem to mourn their own approaching funerals. Fuller. Worthies of Devon.

I expected the fabrick of my book would long since have been demolished, and laid even with the ground. Tillotson.

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DEMONA, VAL, a province of Sicily, which occupies the north-east portion of the island, extending from the strait of Messina to Catania, and having the Val de Mazzara to the west, and Val de Noto to the south. Its greatest width is sixty-five miles, the length 112. To it belong the Lipari and other islands. The population is about 521,000. It is mountainous and woody, being fertile only on the banks of the rivers. The chief productions are silk, hemp, flax, olives, lemons, oranges, figs, and currants; but sulphur abounds in the neighbourhood of Mount Etna. The atmosphere is here cool and humid. The capital is Messina; the other chief towns are Melazzo, Cefalu, and Taormina.

DEMONOCRACY, n. s. Δαίμων and κρατέω. The power of the devil.

DÉMONOLATRY, *. §. Δαίμων and λατρεια. The worship of the devil.

DEMONO'LOGY, n. s. Δαίμων and λόγος. Discourse of the nature of devils. Thus king James entitled his book concerning witches. DEMON'STRATE, v. a. DEMON'STRABLE, adj. DEMON'STRABLY, adv. DEMONSTRATION, n. s. DEMON'STRATIVE, adj. DEMON'STRATIVELY, adv. DEMONSTRATOR, n. s. DEMONSTRATORY, adj.

Fr. demonstrer; Span. demostrar, dimostrare; from Lat. demonstrare, (de, and monstro, to show. Το prove with certainty; to exhibit

facts demonstrable is that which may be proved or exhibited demonstration, the highest degree of proof; indubitable evidence: demonstrative, having the power of indubitable proof, or of clear expression. Demonstratory, having a tendency to demonstrate. The other derivatives seem plain.

An argument necessary and demonstrative, is such as, being proposed unto any man, and understood, the man cannot choose but inwardly yield. Hooker.

What appeareth to be true by strong and invincible demonstration, such as wherein it is not by any way possible to be deceived, thereunto the mind doth necessarily yield.

Id.

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death of Alexander, Demosthenes was publicly recalled from his exile, and a galley was sent to fetch him from Agina. His return was attended with much splendor, and all the citizens crowded at the Piræus to see him land. But his triumph and popularity were short. Antipater and Craterus were near Athens, and demanded all the orators to be delivered up into their hands. Demosthenes fled to the temple of Neptune, in Calauria; and when he saw no hopes of safety, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried in a quill, and expired on the day that the Thesmophoria were celebrated, A. A. C. 322. The Athenians raised a brazen statue to his honor, with an inscription, of which the following is a

translation:

Si tibi par menti robur, vir magne, fuisset,
Græcia non Macedæ succubuisset hero.

Demosthenes has been deservedly called the
prince of orators, and has often been compared
with Cicero, whose magnificent eloquence has
scarcely the effect of the powerful simplicity of
his master, as he was accustomed to style him.
Indeed, no orator had ever a finer field than De-
mosthenes, in his Olynthiacs and Philippics,
For to the
which are his capital orations.
greatness of the subject, and to that integrity
and public spirit which breathe in them, they
owe the largest portion of their merit.

DEMOTICA, or DIMOTUC, a town of European Turkey, in the province of Romania; situated near the Maritsch, where a Greek archbishop resides, and the Christians have two churches. This town was the abode of Charles II. for some years. It is twelve miles south of Adrianople.

As for business, the world yet knows nothing of his (the Duke of Grafton) talents or resolution; unless a wayward, wavering inconsistency be a mark of genius, and caprice a demonstration of spirit. Junius's Letters. DEMONSTRATION. See LOGIC. DEMOSTHENES, the famous Athenian erator, was born at Athens, A. A. C. 381. He lost his father at seven years of age, and was placed under the conduct of guardians, who plundered his property and neglected his education. Demosthenes soon repaired this loss by his extraordinary abilities. He became the disciple of Isæus and Plato, and studied the orations of Isocrates. At the age of seventeen he gave a proof of his eloquence and abilities against his guardians, from whom he recovered the greatest part of his estate. His rising talents were, however, impeded by various natural defects, but which he overcame by dint of resolution and unwearied attention. He declaimed by the seashore, that he might be used to the noise of a tumultuous assembly, and with pebbles in his mouth, that he might correct a defect in his speech. He confined himself in a subterraneous cave, to devote himself more closely to study; and, to check all inclination to appear in public, he shaved one half of his head. In this solitary retirement, by the help of a glimmering lamp, he composed the greatest part of those orations which have since been the admiration of all ages, though his contemporaries and rivals inveighed against them, and observed that they smelt of oil. His abilities, as an orator, raised him to consequence at Athens, and he soon influenced all the decisions of the government. In this capacity he roused his countrymen from their ra, delay. To doubt of: as a neuter verb, to delay

indolence, and animated them against the encroachments of Philip of Macedon, In the battle of Cheronæa, his eloquence, however, could not supply the want of courage, and he saved his life by flight. After the death of Philip, he declared himself warmly against his son Alexander. When the Macedonians demanded of the Athenians their orators, Demosthenes reminded his countrymen of the fable of the sheep which delivered up their dogs to the wolves. By the prevalence of party, however, he was forced to retire to Trazene and Ægina, where, it is said, he lived effeminately. When Antipater made war against Greece, after the

DEMPSTER OF COURT, the name formerly given, in Scotland, to the common executioner, or hangman.

DEMULCENT, adj. Lat. demuiceo, from de, and mulceo to soften. Softening; mollifying;

assuasive.

mild and demulcent in the highest degree; but, being full of aerial particles, are flatulent, when dissolved by digestion.

Pease, being deprived of any aromatick parts, are

Arbuthnot.

DEMULCENTS, among physicians, medicines
good against acrimonious humors. Such are
the roots of marshmallows, white lilies, liquorice,
and viper-grass, the five emollient herbs, &c.
DEMU'R, v. a. & n. & n. s. Fr. demeurer ;
DEMURRER,
Lat. demorari;
DEMUR RAGE.
from de, and mo-

a process; to pause; doubt. A demurrer is de-
fined in the extract from Burns. Demurrage is
them in port.
an allowance to masters of ships for delaying

Upon this rub the English ambassadors thought fit to demur, and so sent into England to receive directions from the lords of the council. Hayward.

The latter I demur; for in their looks
Much reason, and in their actions, oft appears.
Milton.

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After a demure travel of regard, I tell them I know my place, as I would they should do theirs. Shakspeare.

Put on a sober habit, Talk with respect, and swear but now and then, Wear prayer-books in my pocket, look demurely. Id. Hark, how the drums demurely wake the sleepers ! Id.

Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes,
And still conclusion, shall acquire no honour,
Demuring upon me.

Come, pensive nun, devout and pure,
Sober, stedfast, and demure.

Id.

Milton.

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poor

and cheeks obeyed to that pretty demureness, which
the more one marked, the more one would judge the
Sidney.
soul apt to believe.
Silent when glad; affectionate though shy;
And now his look was most demurely sad;
And now he laughed aloud, yet none knew why.
Beattie.

DEMY, in heraldry, an epithet for any charge borne half, as or a demy-lion rampant; gules, name Mallory.

DEN. Sax. den; Belg. denne; Teut. den; Ital. tanna. A cavern; a low place. As the termination of a local name, says Gibson's Camden, it may signify either a valley or a woody place; for the Saxon den imports both.

And Jhesus seide to him, foxis han dennes, and briddis of hevene han nestis: but manne sone hath not where he schal reste his hed. Wielif. Matt. 1. This is the wandering wood, this Errour's den, A monster vile whom God and man does hate; Therefore I read beware. Spenser. Faerie Queene.

They here dispersed, some in the air, some on the earth, some in the waters, some amongst the minerals, dens, and caves under the earth.

Hooker.

What, shall they seek the lion in his den, And fright him there? Shakspeare

Whose attempt

At first against mankind so well had thrived In Adam's overthrow; and led their march From hell's deep-vaulted den to dwell in light.

Milton.

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Then one vast fire, air, earth, and stream embraced,

Which as 'twere beneath the mighty noises; While the whole rampart blazed like Etna, when The restless Titan hickups in his den.

Byron.

DENARIUS, in antiquity, the chief silver coin among the Romans, worth, in our money, about 7 d. at 5s. 2d. per ounce, or 83d. when bullion is high-priced. It was about the size of a six-pence, but much thicker, and had the emperor's head on the one side; the figures on the reverse were various. In our translation of the New Testament, the denarius is called a penny. See Matt. xxii. 19.

DENA'Y, n. s. A word formed between deny aud nay. Denial; refusal.

To her in haste, give her this jewel: say, My love can give no place, bide no denay. Shakspeare. DENBIGH or DENBIGHSHIRE, a maritime county of North-Wales, bounded on the north by the Irish Sea, on the east by Flintshire, Cheshire, and Salop, on the south by Merionethshire and Montgomery, on the west by Carnarvon. Its extreme length is forty miles, and its breadth about twenty-three miles. It contains about 410,000 acres of land, almost the whole of which is in cultivation. It is divided into the six hundreds of Bromfield, Chirk, Isaled, Isdulas, Ruthin, and Yale; containing one borough town, Denbigh; three market-towns, Ruthin, Wrexham, and Llanrwst; and fifty-seven parishes.

L.

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