British goods. On the fall of Hamburgh in 1806, it came into the possession of the French, and remained under their domination above seven years. When, at the close of the war, the French defended Hamburgh, Cuxhaven was the scene of some severe fighting. It is sixty miles northwest of Hamburgh, and the light-house is in long. 8° 43′ 1′′ E., lat. 53° 52′ 21′′,N. CUYO, or CUJO, an extensive province of Peru, and a portion of the former vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres, is bounded on the north by Tucuman, on the east by the Pampas deserts, on the south by deserts, and on the west by the Andes. It is mild in climate, and very fertile in grain of all kinds, and pasturage: much wine and brandy are made, and immense herds of cattle range the valleys. CYATHUS, κυαθος, from χύειν, to pour out, was a common measure among the Greeks and Romans, both of the liquid and dry kind. It was equal to an ounce, or the twelfth part of a pint, and was made with a handle like our punch-ladle. The Romans frequently drank as many cyathi as there were muses, i. e. nine; or as many as there were letters in their patron's name. The cyathus of the Greeks is said by Galen and others to have weighed ten drachms; elsewhere he says, that a cyathus contains twelve drachms of oil, thirteen drachms and one scruple of wine, water, or vinegar, and eighteen drachms of honey. Among the Veterinarii, the cyathus contained two ounces. CYAXARES I., son of Phraortes, king of Media and Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom against the Scythians; made war against Alyattes, king of Lydia; and subjected to his power all Asia, beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign of forty years, in the year of Rome 160. CYAXARES II. is supposed by Dr. Prideaux and others to be the same as Darius the Mede, the son of Astyages, king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father's dominions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favored. CYBELE, in Pagan mythology, the daughter of Cœlius and Terra, wife of Saturn, and mother of Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, &c. She is also colled Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c., and by some is reckoned the same with Ceres: but most mythologists make these two distinct goddesses. According to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince, and, as soon as she was born, she was exposed on a mountain. She was preserved by sucking some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her father's court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated, &c. Most of the mythologists mention the amours of Atys and Cybele. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Curetes, Galli, &c., it is said were not admitted to the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation. In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, and fid the air with shrieks and howlings, mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of her favorite Atys. The goddess was generally represented as a robust woman, far advanced in pregnancy, to imitate the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned with rising turrets, or with leaves of oak. She sometimes appears riding in a chariot, drawn by two tame lions: Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir-tree, which is sacred to the goddess. She is also represented with a sceptre in her hand, and with many breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at Eleusis under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue of Claudia was said to have been vindicated, by removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 257 years before the Trojan war, or 1580 years before the Augustan age. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing, every year on the 6th of the kalends of April, the shrine of this goddess in the waters of the river Almon. Many obscenities prevailed in the observation of the festivals; and the priests themselves were the most eager to use indecent expressions, and to show their unbounded licentiousness. CYBELICUM MARMOR, a name given by the ancients to a species of marble dug in the mountain Cybele. It was of an extremely bright white, with broad veins of bluish-black. CYCAS, in botany, a genus of plants of the monccia class, and polygamia order. The fruit is a dry plum, with a bivalved kernel. There is but one species described by Linnæus, viz. the circinalis; but professor Thunberg mentions another, viz. 1. C. caffra, broad broom, or bread tree of the Hottentots. This plant, discovered by professor Thunberg, is described in the Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Scient. Ups. vol. ii. p. 283, tab. V. The pith, or medulla, which abounds in the trunk of this little palm, Mr. Sparrman informs us, is collected and tied up in dressed calf or sheep skins, and then buried in the earth for the space of several weeks, till it becomes sufficiently mellow and tender to be kneaded up with water into a paste, of which they afterwards make small loaves or cakes, and bake them under the ashes. 2. C. circinalis, or sago-tree, which grows spontaneously in the East Indies, and particularly on the coast of Malabar. It runs up with a straight trunk to upwards of forty feet in height, having many circles the whole length, occasioned by the old leaves falling off; for standing in a circular order round the stem, and embracing it with their base, whenever they drop, they leave the marks of their adhesion. The leaves are pinnated, and grow to the length of seven or eight feet. The pinnæ or lobes are long, narrow, entire, of a shining green, all the way of a breadth, lance-shaped at the point, closely crowded together, and stand at right angles on each side the mid-rib, like the teeth of a comb. The flowers are produced in long bunches at the foot-stalks of the leaves, and are succeeded by oval fruit, about the size of large plums, of a red color when ripe, and a sweet flavor. Each contains a hard brown nut, enclosing a white meat which tastes like a chestnut. This is a valuable tree to the inhabitants of India, as it not only furnishes a considerable part of their constant bread, but also supplies them with a large article of trade. See SAGO. We do more commonly use these words, so as to style a lesser space a cycle, and a greater by the name of period; and you may not improperly call the beginning of a large period the epocha thereof. Holder on Time. We thought we should not attempt an unacceptable work, if here we endeavoured to present our gar CYCEON, from KUKαɛ, to mix, a name given deners with a complete cycle of what is requisite to be by the ancient poets and physicians to a mixture of meal and water, and sometimes of other ingredients. These constituted the two kinds of cyceon; the coarser being of the water and meal alone; the richer and more delicate composed of wine, honey, flour, water, and cheese. Homer, in the 11th Iliad, speaks of cyceon made with cheese, and the meal of barley mixed with wine, but without any mention either of honey or water; and Ovid, describing the draught of cyceon given by the old woman of Athens to Ceres, mentions only flour and water. Dioscorides understood the word in both these senses; but extolled it most in the coarse and simple kind: he says, when prepared with water alone, it refrigerates and nourishes greatly. CYCINNIS, a Grecian dance, so called from its supposed inventor, one of the satyrs belonging to Bacchus. It consisted of a combination of grave and gay movements. CYCLADES, in ancient geography, islands so called, as Pliny informs us, from the Cyclus or orb in which they lie; beginning from the promontory Geraestum of Euboea, and lying round the island Delos. Their situation and number is not so generally agreed upon. Strabo says, they were first reckoned twelve, but that many others were added: yet most of them lie to the south of Delos, and but few to the north, so that the middle or centre, ascribed to Delos, is to be taken in a loose, not in a geometrical sense. Strabo recites them, after Artemidorus, as follows: Helena, Ceos, Cynthus, Seriphus, Melos, Siphnus, Cimolus, Prepesinthus, Olearus, Naxos, Paros, Syrus, Myconos, Tenos, Andros, Gyarus; but he excludes from the number, Prepèsinthus, Olearus, and Gyarus. CYCLADES, GREAT. See HEBRIDES, NEW. CYCLAMEN, sowbread, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants: natural order twenty-first, preciæ. COR. verticillated, with the tube very short, and the throat prominent: the BERRY is covered with the capsule. There are but two species, which, however, produce many beautiful varieties. They are low, herbaceous, flowery perennials, of the tuberous rooted kind, with numerous, angular, heartshaped, spotted, marbled leaves; and many fleshy foot-stalks six inches high, carrying monopetalous, five-parted, reflexed flowers, of various colors. CYCLE, n. s. Lat. cyclus ; Kokλos. CYCLOMETRY, n. s. A circle; a round of time; a space in which the same revolutions begin again; a method, or account of a method till the same course begins again; imaginary done throughout every month of the year. Evelyn's Kalendar. CYCLE OF EASTER. See CHRONOLOGY. CYCLE OF THE MOON. See CHRONOLOGY. It is called also the golden number, and the Metonic the time of the council of Nice, when the method cycle, from its inventor Meton the Athenian. At of finding the time for observing the feast of Easter was established, the numbers of the lunar cycle were inserted in the kalendar, which, upon the account of their use, were set in golden letters, and the year of the cycle called the golden number of that year. CYCLE OF THE SUN. See CHRONOLOGY. form of a half moon, used in scraping the scull, CYCLISUS, in surgery, an instrument in the in cases of fractures of that part. CY'CLOID, n. s. Į Κυκλοεΐδης. Α geomeCYCLO'IDAL, adj. Strical curve, of which the genesis may be conceived by imagining a nail in the circumference of a wheel: the line, which the nail describes in the air, while the wheel revolves in a right line, is the cycloid. Relating to a cycloid; as the cycloidal space is the space contained between the cycloid and its substance. A man may frame to himself the notion of a parabola, or a cycloid, from the mathematical definition of those figures. Reid. CYCLOID, or TROCHOID, a mechanical or transcendental curve, which is thus generated :Suppose a circle FEII to roll along the straight line AB, so that all the parts of its circumference be applied to the straight line in succession; the point E, that was in contact with AB at A, will, by a motion thus compounded of a circular and rectilineal motion, describe a certain curve line A, to EDB, which is called a cycloid. The straight line A B is called the base, and the line CD perpendicular to AB, bisecting it at C, and meeting the curve in D, is called the axis of the cycloid. The circle by whose revolution the curve is described is called the generating circle. The following are some of the most remarkable properties of this curve.-1. The base AB is equal to the circumference of the generating circle. 2. The axis CD is equal to the diameter of the generating circle. These two properties are obvious from the definition of the curve. 3. Let the generating circle C K D be described on the axis CD as a diameter, and let GKE be perpendicular to the axis, meeting the circle in K, and the cycloid in E. The straight line EG is arc DK: therefore E is a point in the cycloid EV in x: CYCLOPÆDIA, or Kukλog, a circle, and The tedious and unedifying commentaries on Peter in modern times, has been appropriated, from the CYCLOPE'AN, adj. Vast; inspiring terror; CYCLO PICK, adj. furious; savage. The cyclopean furnace of all wicked fashions, the heart. Bishop Hall. Cyclopick monsters, who daily seem to fight against heaven. Bishop Taylor. CYCLOPS, in fabulous history, the sons of Neptune and Amphitrite: the principal of whom were Polyphemus, Brontes, Steropes, and Pyracmon; but their whole number amounted to above 100. Jupiter threw them into Tartarus as soon as they were born; but they were delivered at the intercession of Tellus, and became the assistants of Vulcan. They were of prodigious stature, and had each only one eye, which was placed in the middle of the forehead. Some mythologists say, that the cyclops signify the vapors raised in the air, which occasion thunder and lightning; on which account they are represented as forging the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Others represent them as the first inhabitants of Sicily, who were cruel, of a gigantic form, and dwelt round mount Etna. CYCLOPTERUS, the sucker, in ichthyology, a genus belonging to the order of amphibia nantes. The head is obtuse, and furnished with saw teeth: there are four rays in the gills, and the belly fins are connected together in an orbicular form. There are ten species. The chief are:-1. C. liparis, or the sea snail, so called from the soft and unctuous texture of its body, resembling that of the land snail. It is almost transparent, and soon dissolves and melts away. It is found in the sea near the mouths of great rivers, and has been seen full of spawn in January. The length is five inches; the color a pale brown, sometimes finely streaked with a darker. Beneath the throat is a round depression of a whitish color like the impression of a seal, surrounded by twelve small pale yellow tubera, by which probably it adheres to the stones like the other species. 2. C. lumpus, the lump fish, cock paddle, or sea owl, grows to the length of nineteen inches, and weighs seven pounds. The shape of the body is like that of the bream, deep and very thick, and it swims edgeways. The back is sharp and elevated: the belly flat, of a bright crimson color. Along the body there run several rows of sharp bony tubercles, and the whole skin is covered with small ones. The pectoral fins are large and broad, almost uniting at their base. Beneath these is the part by which it adheres to the rocks, &c. It consists of an oval aperture, surrounded with a fleshy, muscular, and obtuse soft substance, edged with many small threaded appendages, which concur as so many claspers. The tail and vent fins are purple. This fish is sometimes eaten in England, being stewed like carp: but is both flabby and insipid. A fermented drink, made of serve the different methods of preparing it. This may be divided into three processes:-I. Preparing the fruit. II. Grinding and expressing the juice from it. III. Fermenting and bottling. I. In preparing the fruit, care must be taken both as to its peculiar quality, and its stage of ripeness, or the season at which it is gathered. Few apples are ready for gathering before Michaelmas; though they are sometimes manufactured before that time. For sale-cyder, and keeping-drink, they are allowed to remain on the trees till fully ripe; and in general the middle of October is considered a proper time for gathering the stire apples. The ripeness of the fruit is judged of by its falling from the tree; and Mr. Marshall, as well as Mr. Crocker, thinks that the forcing it away before that time robs it of some of its most valuable properties. The harvesting of fruit,' says the former, is widely different in this respect from the harvesting o grain, which has the entire plant to feed it after the separation from the soil; while fruit, after it is severed from the tree, is cut off from all possibility of a further supply of nourishment, and, although it may have reached its wonted size, some of its more essential particles are undoubtedly left behind in the tree. Fruits which are late in ripening, however, will sometimes hang on the tree until spoiled by frost, and particularly the weak watery fruits. The general practice of beating them down with poles is much disapproved o. by Mr. Marshall, because the fruit must thus be unequally ripe, the apples on the same tree not ripening all at the same time; and thus part o. the richness and flavor of the fruit is entirely lost: besides, if the fermentation is interrupted or rendered complex by a mixture of ripe and unripe fruits, and the liquor is not, at first, sufficiently purged from its feculencies, it will be lifficult to clear it afterwards. To avoid these conveniences, arising from the unequal ripe CYDER, n. s. the juice of apples. A tendency to these diseases is certainly hereditary, though perhaps not the diseases themselves; thus a less quantity of ale, cyder, wine, or spirit, willing of the fruit, the trees ought to be gone over induce the gout and dropsy in those constitutions whose parents have been intemperate in the use of those liquors. Darwin. CYDER, in rural economy, is particularly used for he liquor expressed and prepared by fermentation from the juice of apples. It has been made in this country from a very early period. Henry of Huntingdon, in describing a quarrel that arose at the court of Edward the Confessor, between the two sons of earl Godwin, represents one of them as departing in a rage to Hereford, (still famous for this beverage) where his brother had ordered a royal banquet to be prepared. 'There he seized his brother's attendants, and cutting off their heads and limbs, he placed them in the vessels of wine, mead, ale, pigment, morat, and cyder.' Henry Hunt., vol. vi. p. 367. But the art of preparing it has never been investigated with much attention, nor improved by science: it is prizipally, to this day, in the hands of the growers of the fruit. We shall present the reader with the best practical directions that have been given to the public on the subject, viz. by Messrs. Marshall, Crocker, and Knight. The first of these gentlemen made a tour through the cyder counties with a view to ob first with a hook when the fruit begins to fall naturally, and the trees may be afterwards cleared with the poles when it is all sufficiently ripened, or when the winter is likely to set in. Mr. Marshall observes, that the due degree of maturation of fruit for liquor is a subject about which men differ much in their ideas. The prevailing practice of gathering it into heaps until the ripest begin to rot, is wasting the best of the fruit, and is by no means an accurate criterion. Some shake the fruit, and judge by the rattling of the kernels; others cut through the middle, and judge by their blackness: but none of these appear to be a proper test. It is not the state or the kernels, but of the flesh; not of a few individuals, but of the greater part of the prime fruit, which renders the collective body fit or unfit to be sent to the mill. The most rational test of the ripeness of the fruit is, that of the flesh having acquired such a degree of mellowness, and its texture such a degree of tenderness, as to yield to moderate pressure; thus, when the knuckle or the end of the thumb can with moderate exertion be forced into the pulp of the fruit, it is deemed in a fit state for grinding. Mr. Marshall is of opinion that one of the grand secrets of cyder-making is the skilful sepa ration of the ripe and unripe fruit, before sending it to the mill; and as by various accidents they may be confounded, the most effectual method of distinguishing them is by the hand. He also seems to think that the practice of mixing fruits for liquor is improper, because the finer liquors are made from select fruits; and observes, that it might be better to mix liquors after they are made, than to put together the crude fruits. Mr. Crocker recommends making three distinct gatherings of the crop, and keeping each by itself. The prime cyder will then be made from the first, and the latter gathering and wind-falls make a fair common article. According to Mr. Knight, the merit of cyder will always depend much on the proper mixture, or rather on the proper separation of the fruits. Those whose rinds and pulp are tinged with green or red, without any mixture of yellow, as that color will disappear in the first stages of fermentation, should be carefully kept apart from such as are yellow, or yellow intermixed with red. The latter kinds, which should remain on the trees till ripe enough to fall without being much shaken, are, as we have noticed, alone capable of making fine cyder. Each kind should be collected separately, as noticed above, and kept till it becomes perfectly mellow. For this purpose, in the common practice of the country, they are placed in heaps of ten inches or a foot thick, and exposed to the sun and air, and rain; not being overcovered except in very severe frosts. The strength and flavor of the future liquor are, however, he says, increased by keeping the fruit under cover some time before it is ground; but unless a situation can be afforded it, in which it is exposed to a free current of air, and where it can be spread very thin, it is apt to contract an unpleasant smell, which will much affect the cyder produced from it. Few farms are provided with propor buildings for this purpose on a large scale, and the improvement of the liquor will not nearly pay the expense of erecting thein. It may reasonably be supposed that much water is absorbed by the fruit in a rainy season; but the quantity of juice yielded by any given quantity of fruit will be found to diminish as it becomes more mellow; even in very wet weather, provided it be ground when thoroughly dry. The advantages, therefore, of covering the fruit, will probably be much less than may at first sight be expected. No criterion appears, the writer says, to be known, by which the most proper point of maturity in the fruit can be ascertained with accuracy; but he has good reason to believe that it improves as long as it continues to acquire a deeper shade of yellow. Each heap should be examined prior to its being ground, and any decayed or green fruit carefully taken away. The expense of this will, he observes, be very small, and will be amply repaid by the excellence of the liquor, and the care with which too great a degree of fermentation may be prevented in the process of making it into cyder. In seasons ordinarily favorable half a hogshead of cyder may be expected from the fruit of each tree of an orchard in full bearing. As the number of trees on the acre varies from ten to forty, the quantity of cyder must vary in the same proportion, that is, from five to twenty hogsheads, Pear trees, in equally good bearing, yield fully one-third more liquor: therefore, although the liquor extracted from pears sells at a lower price. than that produced from apples, yet the value by the acre, when the number of trees is equal, is nearly the same. II. Of grinding the fruit, &c.-The cydermakers in Herefordshire generally agree in considering it necessary towards the perfection of the cyder, to grind the rinds and seeds of the fruit, as well as the fleshy part, to a pulp; but Mr. Marshall complains, that the mills are often very imperfectly finished, and little indebted to the operation of the square and chisel. As perfectly smooth rollers, however, would not lay hold of the fruit sufficiently to force it through, it might be proper, he suggests, to grind the fruit first in the mill to a certain degree, and afterwards put it between two smoother rollers to finish the operation. A bag, containing four corn bushels, is the usual quantity with which they charge a middle-sized mill; and this should yield an equal quantity when ground. After the fruit is ground, it generally remains some time before pressing, that the rind and seeds may communicate their virtues to the liquor; and for this reason Mr. Marshall reprobates the practice of pressing the pulp of the fruit whenever the grinding is finished. ordinary cyder mill is exhibited on the right hand of our plate CYDER PRESS, &c., and will be further described at the close of this article. The A difference of opinion exists as to the propriety of pressing the fruit immediately after it is ground. Mr. Knight, an able writer on the apple and pear, contends that it should remain at least twenty-four hours before it is taken to the press. Others recommend two days; but many take it at once from the mill to the press when the grinding is finished. Mr. Crocker thinks both extremes wrong. There is an analogy, he observes between the making of cyder from apples, and wine from grapes; and the method which the wine-maker pursues ought to be followed by the cyder-maker. When the pulp of the grapes has lain some time in the vats, the vintager thrusts his hand into the pulp, and takes some from the middle of the mass; and when he perceives, by the smell, that the luscious sweetness is gone off, and that his nose is affected with a slight piquancy, he immediately carries it to the press, and by a light pressure expresses his prime juice. In like manner, should the cyderist determine the time when his pulp should be carried to the press. If he carry it immediately from the mill to the press, he may lose some small advantage which may be expected from the rind and kernels, and his liquor may be of lower color than he might wish. If he suffer it to remain too long unpressed, he will find to his cost that the acetous fermentation will come on before the vinous is perfected, especially in the early part of the cyder-making season. He will generally find that his pulp is in a fit state for pressing in about twelve or sixteen hours. If he must of necessity keep it in that state longer, he will find a sensible heat therein, which will engender a prema |