581

lies, and no one could have made a more munificent use of such emoluments, than he did in carrying out his grand schemes of the discovery and colonization of Virginia.

gion of Cape Hatteras, one of a long series of life, VIRGINIA.* Raleigh was shortly af
of narrow, low, sandy islands, which seem ter returned to parliament from the county of
like breast-works to defend the main land Devon and about the same period knighted.
from the fury of the ocean. The English The Queen granted him also a patent to li-
took possession of the country in the Queen's cense the vending of wines throughout the
name. The valleys were wooded with tall kingdom. Such a monopoly was part of the
cedars, overrun with vines hung in rich fes- arbitrary system of that day. Nor was Sir
toons, the grapes clustering in profusion on Walter unconscious of its injustice, for when
the ground and trailing in the sea. For two some years afterwards a spirit of resistance
days no inhabitant was seen; on the third a to it showed itself in the House of Commons,
canoe with three men approached. One of and a member was warmly inveighing against
them was readily persuaded to come aboard, it, Sir Walter was observed to blush. Yet
when some presents gained his confidence. he voted for the abolition of such monopo-
Going away he began to fish, and having load-
ed his canoe returned, and dividing his cargo
into two parts, signified that one was for the
ship, the other for the pinnace. On the next
day they received a visit from some canoes, [1585.] He fitted out a fleet of seven ves-
in which were forty or fifty men, amongst sels for that country, and entrusted the com-
whom was Granganameo, the King's brother. mand of it to his relative, Sir Richard Gren-
The King, Wingina, himself lay at his chief ville. This gallant officer had, like the cele-
town, six miles distant, confined by severe brated Cervantes, shared in the famous battle
wounds received in a recent battle. Here of Lepanto, and after distinguishing himself
the English were hospitably entertained by by his conduct during the Irish rebellion,
the wife of Granganameo. She was small, had become a conspicuous member of par-
pretty and bashful, clothed in a leathern man- liament. Grenville was accompanied by
tle with the fur turned in; her long black hair Thomas Candish, or Cavendish, afterwards
was restrained by a band of white coral; renowned as a circumnavigator of the globe—
strings of pearl hung from her ears and reach- Thomas Hariot, a friend of Raleigh and a pro-
ed to her waist. The disposition of the na- found mathematician, and John With, an ar-
tives seemed gentle, their manners easy; pres-tist, whose pencil supplied materials for the
ents and traffic soon conciliated their good illustration of the works of De Bry and Bev-
will. The country was called Wingandacoa; erley. On the 26th of June, the fleet anchor-
the soil was found rich; the air mild and sa- ed at Wococon, but the navigation there being
lubrious; the forests abounded with a variety found too perilous, they proceeded through
of "sweet-smelling trees" and oaks superior Ocracock inlet to the island of Roanoke,
in size to those of England. Fruits, melons, (at the mouth of Albemarle Sound,) which
nuts and esculent roots were observed; the they selected as the seat of the Colony. The
woods were stocked with game and the wa- colonists one hundred and eight in number
ters with innumerable fish and wild fowl. were landed. Manteo, who had returned with
After having examined as much of the inte- them, had already been sent from Wococon,
rior as their time would permit, Amidas and to announce their arrival to his king, Win-
Barlow sailed homeward, accompanied by gina. Grenville, accompanied by Lane, Ha-
two of the natives, Manteo and Wanchese. riot, Cavendish and others, explored the coast
Queen Elizabeth, charmed with the glowing for eighty miles southward, to the town of
descriptions of the new country, which the Secotan, in the present county of Craven,
enthusiastic adventurers gave her on their
return, named it, in allusion to her own state

a fine genius, vindicates his native State, against what he
conceived to be the unjust and arrogant claims of Virginia.
His argument would have lost none of its force by the omis-
sion of the splenetic and invidious remarks in which he
indulges. There is no real ground of jealousy between
these two States. The recollections of Sir Walter Raleigh's
Colony belong equally to both.

Walter Raleigh: Edit. in Greenbank's Periodical Lib.
*Stith's History of Virginia, 11. Tytler's Life of Sir

Bancroft's History of the United States, 1 cap. 1, 2, 3.
Beverley's History of Virginia, B. 1, p. 2. Smith's His-
tory of Virginia, B. 1, p. 79-85. Early History of Rhode
Island, 179-181.

Mazzei's account of the early settlement of Virginia in the commencement of his Recherches sur les Etats-Unis abounds in errors. Yet this work was written expressly for the purpose of correcting the errors of other writers.

North Carolina. During this excursion, the and habits of the natives. Hariot had accuIndians at a village called Aquascogoc, stole rately observed the soil and productions of a silver cup. A boat being despatched to the country, an account of which he afterreclaim it, the astonished inhabitants fled to wards published.* He, Lane, and some other the woods, and the English, regardless at of the Colonists had learned from the Inonce of the dictates of prudence and human- dians the use of a narcotic plant, called by ity, burnt the town and destroyed the stand- them Uppowoc, by the Europeans, tobacco. ing corn. Grenville in a short time re-em- The natives smoked it; sprinkled the dust of barked for England with a valuable cargo of it on their fishing weirs, to make them fortuskins and furs, and on his voyage captured a nate; burnt it in sacrifices to appease the anrich Spanish prize. ger of the gods, and scattered it in the air and Lane now extended his discoveries to the on the water, to allay the fury of the temNorthward, as far as the town of Chesapeakes, pest. Lane carried back some tobacco to on Elizabeth river, near where Norfolk now England, supposed to be the first ever introstands, and about one hundred and thirty duced into that kingdom.† Sir Walter Ramiles from the island of Roanoke. The leigh by his example soon rendered the use Chowan river was also explored, and a voyage of this seductive leaf fashionable at court. was made up the Roanoke, then known as His tobacco-box and pipes were long prethe Moratoc. Lane, although a good soldier, served in England by the curiosity of antiseems to have wanted some of the qualities quaries. It is related that he made a wager indispensable in the founder of a new plan- with the Queen, that he could calculate the tation. The Indians grew more hostile, con- weight of the smoke evaporated from a pipespiracies were entered into for the destruc- full of tobacco. This he easily won, by first tion of the whites, and the rash and bloody weighing the tobacco and then the ashes, measures employed to defeat their machina- when the queen agreed, that the difference tions, only aggravated the mischief. The must have gone off in smoke. Upon paying colonists, filled with alarm, became impatient the guineas, Elizabeth gaily remarked, that to escape from a scene of so many privations "she had heard of many workers in the fire, and so much danger. In this critical junc- that had turned their gold into smoke, but ture, Sir Francis Drake arrived with a fleet that Sir Walter was the first that had turned of twenty-three sail. This celebrated navi- his smoke into gold." Another anecdote is, gator, returning from a long cruise, in part that a country servant of Raleigh's bringing privateering, in part exploring, anchored near him a tankard of ale and nutmeg into his Roanoke, to enquire into the welfare of the plantation of his friend, Sir Walter Raleigh. Drake furnished Lane with vessels and supplies amply sufficient to complete the discovery of the country and to ensure a safe return home, should that alternative be found necessary. A violent storm raging for four days, dispersed and shattered Drake's fleet and destroyed the vessels that had been assigned to Lane. The tempest at length subsiding, Drake generously offered Lane another ship, with supplies. But the governor, acquiescing in the unanimous desire of the colonists, requested permission for them all to embark in the fleet and return to England. The request was granted, and thus ended the Within a fortnight after, Sir Richard Grenfirst actual settlement of the English in Ame-ville, with three relief vessels, fitted out prin

rica.

study, as he was intently reading and smoking, was so alarmed at seeing clouds of smoke issuing from his master's mouth, that he ran down stairs, crying out that Sir Walter was on fire.

Sir Walter Raleigh never visited Virginia, although it has been so represented by several writers. Had he in person undertaken the plantation of the Colony, it would probably have been managed with more prudence and crowned with better success.

Drake's fleet had hardly lost sight of the coast before a vessel arrived at Roanoke with supplies for the Colony. Finding it abandoned she sailed for England.

* "A True Report of the New-foundland of Virginia." The name of the author is properly Heriot, but Hariot is

During the year which the Colony had passed at Roanoke, With had made drawings more commonly used. from nature illustrative of the appearance

+ See Mrs. Thompson's Life of Raleigh, in Appendix.

The con

cipally by Raleigh, arrived off Virginia. Gren- | Elizabeth in her council of war.
ville unwilling that the English should lose juncture was most unpropitious to the inter-
possession of the country, left fifteen men on ests of the infant Colony. Raleigh never-
the island of Roanoke with provisions for
two years.

*

theless found time even in this portentous crisis of public affairs to despatch White with No disappointment could abate the in- supplies in two vessels. But the company, domitable resolution of Raleigh. During the running after prizes, encountered privateers, ensuing year, 1587, he sent out a new expe- and after a bloody engagement, White's vesdition of three vessels, to establish a Colony, sels were so disabled and plundered as to be which he chartered by the name of "The obliged to put back to England, whilst it was Governor and assistants of the city of Ra- impossible to refit, owing to the urgency of leigh in Virginia." John White was sent more important matters. out as Governor with twelve counsellors, and But even after the destruction of the Arthey were directed to establish themselves mada, Sir Walter Raleigh found it impractiat the town of Chesapeakes, on Elizabeth cable to prosecute any further his favorite deRiver. Arriving at Roanoke near the end of sign of establishing a Colony in Virginia. July, White found the Colony deserted, hu- [1589.] He formed a company of merchants man bones scattered on the beach, the fort and adventurers and assigned to it his prorased, and deer couching in the ruinous prietary rights. In this company were cabins, or feeding on the vegetation which Thomas Smith a wealthy London merchant, had overgrown the floor and crept up the afterwards knighted, and Richard Hakluyt, walls. Dean of Westminster, and the compiler of Raleigh's judicious order, instructing White a celebrated collection of voyages. Raleigh, to plant the Colony on the banks of Eliza- at the time of making this assignment, gave beth river, was not carried into effect, owing a hundred pounds for propagating Christianto the refusal of Ferdinando, the naval offi- ity among the natives of Virginia. After excer, to assist in exploring the country for that periencing a long series of vexations, difficulpurpose. An English sailor being slain by ties and disappointments, he had expended the savages, a party was despatched to avenge forty thousand pounds in efforts for planting his death, and by mistake unfortunately killed a Colony in America. At length disengaged several of a friendly tribe. Manteo, by Ra- from this enterprise, he indulged his martial leigh's direction, was christened and created genius, and bent all his energies against the Lord of Roanoke and Dassamonpeake. On colossal ambition of Spain, who now aspired the 18th of August, the governor's daughter, to overshadow the world. Eleanor, wife to Ananias Dare, one of the More than another year was suffered to council, gave birth to a daughter, the first elapse, before White returned to search for christian child born in the country, and hence the long neglected Colony. He had now named Virginia. Dissensions now arose been absent from it for three years, and felt among the settlers, and although they were the solicitude not only of a governor, but also not in want of stores, some demanded per- of a parent. Upon his departure from Roamission to go home; others violently op- noke, it had been concerted between him and posed; at last, however, all joined in request- the settlers, that if they should abandon that ing the governor to sail for England and re- island for another seat, they should carve the turn with supplies. To this he reluctantly name of the place to which they should reconsented, and leaving Roanoke on the 27th move, on some conspicuous object, and if of August, 1587, where he left eighty-nine they went away in distress, a cross should be men, seventeen women and eleven children, carved above the name. Upon his arrival at he arrived in England on the 5th of Novem- Roanoke, White found not one of the Colober. He found the kingdom wholly engross-nists;-the houses had been dismantled and ed in taking measures of defence against the threatened invasion of the Spanish Armada. Raleigh, Grenville, and Lane, were assisting

* Stith, 23. Tytler's Raleigh, 23. Oldy's Raleigh, 74. Bancroft's Hist. U. S. 1., cap. 3.

"Le Colonel Richard Bland dans sa dissertation pleine de sens et d'erudition, sur les droits des Colonies, imprimée en Virginie en 1766, dit que Raleigh renonça à ses droits et ne parle d'aucune exception." Recherches sur les Etats-Unis, (by Mazzei,) v. 1., p. 9.

a fort erected; goods had been buried in the earth and in part disinterred and scattered ;on a post within the fort the word CROATAN was carved without, however, a cross above it.

the military art; Serves in the Low countries; Repairs
to Scotland; Returns to Willoughby; Studies and exer-
cises;
adventures in France; Embarks for Italy; Thrown
into the sea; His escape; Joins the Austrians in the
war with the Turks; His gallantry; Combat with three
Turks; Made prisoner at Rottenton; His sufferings and
escape; Voyages and Travels; Returns to England.

New England. Gosnold returned to England in a short passage of five weeks. In these early voyages, the heroism of the navigators is the more admirable, when we advert to the extremely small burthen of their vessels and the imperfection of nautical science at that day.

The weather proving stormy, seven of the company were lost by the capsizing of a boat, the stock of provisions grew short, and no [1602.] Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, further search was then made for the unfor- deviating from the oblique route by the Catunate Colonists. None of them ever was naries and the West Indies, made a direct found, and whether they perished by famine voyage in a small bark across the Atlantic, or by the Indian tomahawk, was left a subject and in seven weeks reached Massachusetts of mournful conjecture. The site of the Col- Bay. It was on this occasion, that Englishony was unfortunate, being difficult of access men for the first time landed on the soil of and near the stormy Cape Hatteras, whose very name is synonymous with danger and shipwreck. Thus after many nobly planned but unhappily conducted expeditions, and enormous expense of life and treasure, the first plantation of Virginia became extinct. [1591.] Sir Richard Grenville fell in a bloody action with a Spanish fleet near the Azores. Mortally wounded, he was removed on board one of the enemy's ships and in two days died. In the hour of his death, he said in the Spanish language to those around him:-"Here I, Richard Grenville, die with the Colony." a joyous and quiet mind, for that I have ended He was born at Willoughby in Lincolnmy life as a true soldier ought to do, fighting shire, England, in 1579, being descended, on for his country, queen, religion and honor, his father's side, from an ancient family of my soul willingly departing from this body, Crudley, in Lancashire, on his mother's, from leaving behind the lasting fame of having behaved as every valiant soldier is in his duty bound to do."* This gallant knight was next to his kinsman, Sir Walter Raleigh, the principal person concerned in the first settlement of Virginia.t

CHAPTER II.

1591-1604.

Gosnold's Voyage to New England; Early Life and Adventures of Captain John Smith; Born at Willoughby;

[1606.] Measures were taken in England for planting another Colony, But preliminary to a relation of the settlement of Virginia proper, it is necessary to give some history of Captain John Smith, "the father of

the Rickands at Great Heck, in Yorkshire.* He was educated at the free schools of Alford and Louth. At the age of thirteen, his mind being bent upon bold adventures, he sold his satchel, books and all he had, intending to go privately to sea. His father's death occurring just then, prevented the execution of that scheme. Having before lost his mother, he was now left an orphan with a competent estate, which, however, being too young to receive, he little regarded. At fifteen he was bound apprentice to Thomas Sendall of Linn, "the greatest merchant of all those parts." But in a little time, disgusted with the mo

At thirteen years of age undertakes to go to sea; At fif-notony of that life, he quit it and accompateen apprentice to a merchant; Visits France; Studies

* Camden, quoted by Barrow in his Life of Sir Francis Drake, 169. The dying words of Grenville may recall to mind those of Campbell's Lochiel :

"And leaving in death no blot on my name,
Look proudly to heaven from a death-bed of fame."

+ Stith's Hist. of Va., 29. Tytler's Raleigh, 18.

nied a son of Lord Willoughby to France. There he began to learn the military art, and afterwards served some years in the Low countries. Thence he embarked for Scotland, with letters recommending him to the notice

* Smith's Hist. of Va. 1., 1-54. "The Trve Travells, Adventures and Observations of Captaine Iohn Smith." Hillard's Life of Smith in Sparks' American Biography.

of King James VI. After suffering illness mont with five hundred sequins and a box of and shipwreck, Smith reached Scotland; but jewels, his share of the prize. In Italy he finding himself without money or means ne- met with Lord Willoughby and his brother, cessary to make himself a courtier, he return- both recently wounded in a duel. At Rome ed to his native place, Willoughby. There, he saw the Pope, and surveyed the wonders indulging a romantic taste, he built for him- of the imperial city. Embarking at Venice, self a lodge in a neighboring forest, where he crossed over to the wild regions of Albahe studied military history and tactics, and nia and Dalmatia. Visiting next Gratz, in amused his leisure with hunting and horse- Styria, he met there the archduke Ferdinand, manship. In this retreat he was visited by and joining a German regiment, engaged in an Italian gentleman in the service of the the war with the Turks. At the siege of OlymEarl of Lincoln, who persuaded him to re- pack and of Stowle Wessenburg, in 1601, turn into the world, and he now repaired Smith distinguished himself as a volunteer once more to the Low countries. Having in the artillery service. For his good conmade himself master of horsemanship and duct he was put in command of two hunthe use of arms, Smith resolved to try his for- dred and fifty horse under Count Meldritch. tune against the Turks. Proceeding to St. In the Battle of Girke he had a horse killed Valery, in France, his trunks were plundered under him, and was badly wounded. At the by some French gallants, and he was forced siege of Regal he encountered and slew in to sell his cloak to pay his passage. Wan- a tournament three several Turkish champidering in France he experienced extraordi- ons, Turbashaw, Grualgo, and Bonny Mulnary vicissitudes of fortune. Walking one gro. For these exploits he was honored day in a forest, worn out with distress and with a triumphal procession, in which the fatigue, he fell prostrate on the ground by the side of a fountain, scarcely hoping ever to rise again. Found in this condition by a humane farmer, his necessities were relieved and he was enabled to pursue his journey. At another time he met in a grove one of the Frenchmen who had robbed him. Without a word on either side they drew their swords and fought. The Frenchman soon fell, but confessing his guilt, Smith, though hurt in the rencontre, spared his life.

three Turks' heads were borne on lances. A horse richly caparisoned was presented to him with a cimeter and belt worth three hundred ducats, and he was promoted to the rank of Major. In the bloody battle of Rottenton he was wounded and made prisoner. With such of the prisoners as escaped massacre, he was sold into slavery at Axiopolis and fell into the hands of the Bashaw Bogall, who sent him by way of Adrianople to Constantinople, a present to his youthful misAided by the liberality of a former ac-tress, Charatza Tragabigzanda. Captivated quaintance, "the Earl of Ployer," he went to with her prisoner, she treated him tenderly, Marseilles and embarked in a vessel crowded and to prevent his being sold again, sent him with pilgrims bound for Rome. On the voy- to remain for a time with her brother, the age, the weather proving stormy, the pil- Tymour Bashaw of Nalbritz, in Tartary. He grims, with bitter imprecations against Queen occupied a stone castle near the sea of Azof. Elizabeth and Smith, cast him as a heretic Immediately on Smith's arrival his head was into the sea, in order to propitiate Heaven. shaved, an iron collar rivetted on his neck, He saved himself by swimming to the islet of and he was clothed in hair-cloth. Here long St. Mary, (opposite Nice, in Savoy,) which he suffered cruel bondage. At length one he found inhabited only by a few cattle and day while threshing in a barn, the Bashaw goats. On the next day he was taken up by having cruelly beaten and reviled him, he a French ship, the Captain of which proving turned and slew him on the spot with the to be a friend of "the Earl of Ployer," en- threshing bat, then put on his clothes, hid tertained him kindly. With him Smith vis- his body in the straw, filled a sack with corn, ited Alexandria in Egypt, Scanderoon, the closed the doors, mounted the Bashaw's horse Archipelago, and coast of Greece. During and rode off. After wandering for some days the cruise, a Venetian argosy was captured he fell in with a highway, and observing that after a desperate action, in which Smith dis- the roads leading towards Russia were indiplayed signal courage. He landed in Pied-cated by a cross, he followed that sign, and