courage; when one of his warriors evinced" the earth seemed to tremble under him as a want of firmness in his action, he slew him he walked along." with one blow of his tomahawk, and during the day his voice could be heard above the din of arms, exclaiming in his native tongue, "be strong, be strong."

Dunmore remaining, concluded a treaty † with the Indians. Upon this occasion Cornstalk, in a long speech, charged the whites with having provoked the war. His tones of After the battle, General Lewis having bu- thunder resounded over a camp of twelve ried the dead of his own troops and made acres. Logan, the Cayuga chief, assented to provision for the wounded, erected a small the treaty, but still indignant at the murder fort at Point Pleasant and leaving a garrison of his family, refused to attend with the other there, marched to overtake Lord Dunmore, chiefs at the camp. He sent his speech in a who, with a thousand men, lay entrenched wampum-belt by an interpreter. "I appeal near the Shawnee towns on the banks of the to any white man to say, if ever he entered Scioto. The Indians having sued to him for Logan's cabin hungry and he gave him not peace, his lordship having determined to make meat; if ever he came cold and naked and a treaty with them, sent orders to Lewis he clothed him not. During the course of to halt, (or according to others,) to return to the last long and bloody war, Logan remainPoint Pleasant. Lewis, however, suspecting ed idle in his cabin an advocate for peace. the governor's good faith, and finding himself Such was my love for the whites that my threatened by a superior force of Indians who countrymen pointed as they passed and said, hovered in his rear, disregarding Dunmore's Logan, is the friend of the white men.' I order, advanced to within three miles of the had even thought to have lived with you but Governor's camp. His lordship, accompa- for the injuries of one man. Col. Cresap nied by the Indian chief, White-Eyes, now the last Spring in cold blood and unprovoked visited the camp of Lewis and he (according murdered all the relations of Logan not even to some relations) with difficulty restrained sparing my women and children. There his men from killing the Governor and his runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of Indian companion. General Lewis now, to any living creature. This called on me for his great chagrin, received orders to return revenge. I have sought it; I have killed home with his division. This order was re- many: I have fully glutted my vengeance. luctantly obeyed. General Andrew Lewis For my country I rejoice at the beams of resided on the Roanoke, in the county of peace. But do not harbor a thought that Botetourt. He was one of six sons of John mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt Lewis, the early pioneer of Augusta county. fear. He will not turn on his heel to save In Braddock's war, he was in a company, in his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? which were all his brothers, the eldest, Sam- Not one." uel Lewis, being the captain of it. This company displayed great courage at Braddock's defeat. Major Andrew Lewis was made prisoner at Grant's defeat, where he exhibited extraordinary prudence and courage. He was twice wounded at the capture of Fort Necessity and was subsequently a Logan's family had indeed been massacred by a party meritorious officer during the revolutionary of whites in retaliation for some Indian murders, but the Gen. Lewis was upwards of six feet charge against Cresap appears to have been unfounded. Mr. Jefferson gave implicit credit to the authenticity of high, of uncommon strength and agility, and this speech. See Appendix to Notes on Virginia. Dodof a form of exact symmetry. His counte-dridge, in Kercheval, is of the same opinion. Jacob, in nance was stern and invincible, his deport- the same work, insinuates that the speech was a counterfeit and insists that if genuine, it was false in its statement reserved and distant. He was a com-ments, and that Cresap was as humane as brave and had missioner with Dr. Thomas Walker on behalf no hand in the death of Logan's family, and adds that in the of Virginia, at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, in New York, [1768.] It was then that the governor of New York remarked of him, that

war.

Howe's Historical Collections of Virginia, pp. 361, 366, 204, 205. Dr. Campbell's Memoir in Appendix.

† According to Col. A. Lewis of Montgomery, there was no treaty effected till the following Spring. See Memoir in Appendix.

of the speech in part, closely resembles a Scriptural expression in St. Matthew, c. 25, v. 35-36. Logan was a halfbreed. He died a sot.

original speech Cresap was not named. The first sentence

CHAPTER XXXIII.

1774-1776.

ful home on the bank of the Yadkin river, in North Carolina, "to wander through the wilderness of America in quest of the country of Kentucky." In this exploration of the unknown regions of Western Virginia, he Suspicions entertained against Dunmore; Daniel Boone; was accompanied by five companions. June Kentucky; Second Virginia Convention; Patrick Hen- 7th, reaching Red river, they beheld from an ry's Speech; Thomas Jefferson; Dunmore removes the eminence an extensive prospect of "the beauGunpowder from the Magazine; Disturbances at Wil-tiful level of Kentucky." Encamping they liamsburg; Henry recovers compensation for the Pow- began to hunt and reconnoitre the country. der; Mecklenburg North Carolina Declaration of Inde- Innumerable buffalo browsed on the leaves pendence. Further commotions at Williamsburg; Dunof the cane, or pastured on the herbage of more retires aboard the Fowey; Washington appointed Commander-in-Chief; Convention meets at Richmond; the plains, or lingered on the borders of the Duninore's predatory war; Affair of the Great Bridge; salt "lick." [December 22nd.] Boone and a Norfolk Burnt; Indignity offered Henry; He retires comrade, John Stuart, rambling in the magfrom the Army; Pendleton; Miscellaneous affairs; Dec-nificence of forests yet unscarred by the axe, laration of Independence; Wythe; Richard Henry Lee; were surprised by a party of Indians and Francis Lightfoot Lee.

captured. Meeting this catastrophe with a resolute mien of indifference, they contrived to effect their escape in the night. Returning to their camp they found it plundered and deserted. The fate of its occupants could not be doubted. A brother of Boone, with another hardy adventurer, shortly after

overtook the two forlorn survivors. Stuart

not long afterwards was slain by the savages; the companion of Boone's brother, by wolves. The two brothers remained in a howling wilderness untrod by the white man, surround

Suspicions were not wanting that the frontier had been embroiled in this Indian war by the machinations of Dunmore, and that his ultimate object was to secure an alliance with the savages, to aid England in the expected contest with the colonies. These suspicions were strengthened by his equivocal conduct during the campaign. He was also suspected of fomenting the boundary altercations between Pennsylvania and Virginia on the North-Western frontier with the same sinister views. It is probable, however, that his lordship in this particular was prompted rather by motives of personal interest than of political manœuvre. And the assembly upon his return to Williamsburg, gave him a vote of thanks for his good conduct of the war, a compliment however which it was afterwards doubted whether he had merited. horses and ammunition, leaving me alone, To say the least, his motives in that campaign without bread, salt or sugar, or even a horse are involved in uncertainty. There is a curious coincidence between the administration

*

of Dunmore and that of Sir William Berkeley, in relation to Indian war and in other particulars.

[May, 1769.] Daniel Boone resigning domestic happiness, left his family and peace

ed by perils and far from the reach of succor. With unshaken fortitude they continued to hunt, and erected a rude cabin to shelter.

them from the storms of winter. When

threatened by the approach of savages, the brothers lay during the night concealed in swamps. [May 1st, 1770.] Says Boone," my brother returned home for a new recruit of

or a dog." In one of his solitary excursions made at this time, after wandering during the whole day through scenes teeming with natural charms that dispelled every gloomy thought, "just at the close of day the gentle gales ceased; a profound calm ensued; not a breath shook the tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a commanding ridge and looking around with astonishing delight, beheld the ample plains and beauteous tracts below. On one hand I surveyed the famous the purpose of making enquiry concerning some lands, the Chio, rolling in silent dignity and marking title of which was derived from his grandfather. Murray the Western boundary of Kentucky, with invisited some of the old seats on the lower James, and makes conceivable grandeur. At a vast distance mention of them in his pleasing and sensible "Travels in the United States." I beheld the mountains lift their venerable

* Dunmore's agent, Conolly, was "locating" large tracts of new lands on the borders of the Ohio. See Jacob's account in Kercheval's History of the Valley. Murray, a grandson of governor Dunmore and Queen's page, visited the United States some years ago, partly, it was said, for

brows and penetrate the clouds. All things The second Virginia Convention, met in were still. I kindled a fire near a fountain the church of St. John's, in Richmond, on of sweet water and feasted on the loin of a Monday, the 20th of March, 1775. The probuck, which I had killed a few hours before. ceedings of Congress were approved. PatThe shades of night soon overspread the rick Henry introduced resolutions for puthemisphere and the earth seemed to gasp ting the colony in a state of defence against after the hovering moisture. At a distance the encroachments of Great Britain. Many I frequently heard the hideous yells of sava- of the members of the convention recoiled ges. My excursion had fatigued my body in horror from this startling proposition, and and amused my mind. I laid me down to it was strenuously resisted even by some of sleep and awoke not till the sun had chased the warmest patriots, as Bland, Harrison, away the night." "No populous city, with Pendleton and Nicholas. They held such a all its varieties of commerce and stately step premature, till the result of the last pestructures, could afford so much pleasure to tition to the king should be more fully known. my mind as the beauties of nature I found in Henry's resolutions were however carried. this country." [July 7th, 1770.] Boone, re- Washington voted for them. It was on this joined by his brother, explored the country occasion that Henry made the celebrated to the borders of the Cumberland river. speech, in which he exclaimed: "We must [March, 1771.] Daniel Boone returned to his fight; I repeat it sir, we must fight!* An home on the Yadkin, sold his possessions appeal to arms and the God of Hosts, is all there, and started with his own and five other that is left us." Measures were taken to families to return and settle in Kentucky, the promote the culture of wool, cotton, flax and "Bloody Ground.” On the route he was hemp, and to encourage domestic manufacre-inforced by a party of forty men. [Octo- tures and the members of the convention ber 10th.] In a skirmish with a party of In- agreed to make use of home-made fabrics, dians, six of Boone's men were slain-among and recommended the practice to the people. them his eldest son. This happened in view The former delegates to Congress, were reof the Cumberland mountains-those huge elected, with the substitution, however, of piles, the aspect of whose cliffs" is so wild Mr. Jefferson in lieu of Peyton Randolph, in and horrid that it is impossible to behold case of his non-attendance. Mr. Randolph them without horror." Until June 6th, 1774, being speaker of the house of burgesses, did Boone remained with his family on the bor- not attend that congress and Mr. Jefferson ders of the Clinch river, when at the request took his place. of Governor Dunmore, he went to assist in Thomas Jefferson was born at Shadwell, convoying a party of surveyors to the falls of in the county of Albemarle, [April 2nd, 1743.] the Ohio. He was next employed by Dun- According to a family tradition, his paternal more in the command of three garrisons dur- ancestors came from Wales. His granding the campaign against the Shawnees. father lived at Osborne's, on the James river, [March, 1775.] At the solicitation of a num- in the county of Chesterfield. Peter (father ber of gentlemen of North Carolina, Boone, of Thomas) settled at Shadwell, in the counat the treaty of Wataga, purchased from the ty of Albemarle. He was born February Cherokees the lands on the South side of 29th, 1708, and intermarried, [1739,] with Kentucky river. After this he undertook to Jane Randolph of the age of 19, daughter of mark out a road in the best passage from the Isham Randolph, of Dungeness, in Goochsettlement through the wilderness to Ken- land county. The Randolphs, (says Mr. Jeftucky. During this work, he and his men ferson,) "trace their pedigree far back in were twice attacked by the Indians. Early England and Scotland, to which let every in 1775, he erected a fort at Boonsborough, one ascribe the faith and merit he chooses." near the Kentucky river. In June, he re- Peter Jefferson's early education had been turned to his family on the Clinch, and re

moved them to Boonsborough. His wife and * The expression, "We must fight," was used four months daughter were supposed to be the first white previously, by Major Hawley of Massachusetts, in a letter women that ever stood upon the banks of to Mr. John Adams, which he shewed to Mr. Henry, while 2. Sparks' Writhe Kentucky river. Boonsborough was long they were together in the first congress. tings of Washington, p. 405, citing Tudor's Life of Otis, an outpost of civilization. p. 256.

much neglected, but being a man of strong that he heard the debate on Patrick Henry's parts, he read much and so improved himself, Resolutions. that he was chosen, with Joshua Fry, profes

*

[1767.] Jefferson entered into the pracsor of mathematics in William and Mary Col- tice of the law in the General Court and lege, to continue the boundary line (between continued in it until the Revolution closed Virginia and North Carolina) which had been the courts of justice. [1769.] He became begun by Colonel Byrd, and was afterwards a member of the Assembly for the county of employed with the same Mr. Fry, to make Albemarle and so continued active, ardent the first regular map of Virginia that was and patriotic until its meetings were susever made, that of Captain Smith being only pended by the war. He made an unsuccessa conjectural sketch. Peter Jefferson was ful effort in that body for the emancipation the third or fourth settler, about the year 1737, of the slaves in Virginia. [January 1st, in Goochland county, since known as Albe- 1772.] He married Martha, widow of Bamarle. Dying [August 17th, 1757,] he left thurst Skelton, and daughter of John Wayles, a widow (who survived till 1776) with six a lawyer. She was then only 23 years of age, daughters and two sons, of which Thomas Her father dying, [May, 1773,] left three was the elder. He inherited the lands on daughters. The portion that fell to Martha which he was born and lived. He was pla- was about equal to Mr. Jefferson's patrimoced at an English school when five years of ny. [1773.] Mr. Jefferson contributed to age, and when nine at a Latin school, where the formation of Committees of Corresponhe continued till his father's death. His dence between the Colonial Legislatures. teacher, Rev. Mr. Douglas, taught him the [1774.] He was elected member of the Conrudiments of Latin and Greek and the French. vention, appointed to meet at Williamsburg At his father's death, young Jefferson was on the 1st of August ensuing, for the purput under the care of Rev. Mr. Maury, a good pose of considering the state of the Colony classical scholar, with whom he continued and to elect delegates to Congress. In the two years. In the spring of 1760 he went interval before the meeting of the Convento William and Mary College, where he re- tion, he prepared a draught of instructions mained for two years. Dr. William Small, a for the Virginia delegates in Congress, in native of Scotland, was then professor of which he took the bold ground that the mathematics, a man of engaging manners, British parliament had no right whatever to large views and profound science. He short- exercise any authority over the Colony of ly after filled for a time the chair of Ethicks, Virginia. These instructions being commuRhetoric and Belles Lettres. He formed a nicated through the President, Peyton Ranstrong attachment for young Jefferson and dolph, to the Convention, were generally made him the daily companion of his leisure read and approved by many, though held too hours, and it was his conversation that first bold for the present. But they printed them gave him a bent towards scientific pursuits. in a pamphlet under the title of "A SumSmall returned, [1762,] to Europe. Before mary View of the Rights of British Amerihis departure, he had procured for young ca." t This elaborate production displays a Jefferson, from George Wythe, a reception

as a student of law under his direction and had also introduced him to the familiar acquaintance of Governor Fauquier, who was esteemed by Mr. Jefferson, as the ablest man that had ever filled that office. At Fauquier's table, Jefferson habitually met Dr. Small and Mr. Wythe, and from the conversation of these eminent men, he derived a great deal of instruction. It was in 1765, as has been seen, while a law-student at Williamsburg,

* Albemarle was formed 1744, out of part of Goochland, which had been created [1727] from part of Henrico. Martin's Gazetteer of Va., pp. 112-179.

* Memoirs and Correspondence of Jefferson, vol. 1, pp. '1-3.

To be found in Amer. Archives, (published by Congress,) 4th Series, 1st vol., p. 690. See also 1 Writings of Jefferson, pp. 100-116. The following excerpts are taken from it: "History has informed us, that bodies of men as well as individuals, are susceptible of the spirit of tyranny." "Scarcely have our minds been able to emerge from the astonishment into which one stroke of parliamentary thunder has involved us, before another more heavy and more alarming is fallen on us." The great principles of right and wrong are legible to every reader; to pursue them requires not the aid of many counsellors. The whole art of government consists in the art of being honest; only aim to do your duty and mankind will give you credit where you fail. No longer persevere in sacrificing the rights of one part of the empire to the inordinate desires of another,

66

profound knowledge of the history and con- | should be offered to Capt. Foy, his Secretastitutional rights of the colony. It breathes ry, or to Capt. Collins of the Magdalen, he a fiery spirit of defiance and revolution, and would proclaim freedom to the slaves and the splendor of elevated declamation in some lay the town in ashes. Yet neither Foy nor of its passages is not inferior to Junius. If Collins had received any indignity from the some of its statements are loose and some inhabitants. Rumors of the removal of the of its views erroneous, yet all is bold, acute, gunpowder and the stripping the muskets in luminous and impressive. This pamphlet the magazine. of their locks, and the threats found its way to England, was taken up by of the governor spread through the country. the opposition, interpolated a little by Ed- The excitement was aggravated by news of mund Burke, so as to make it answer oppo- the engagements at Lexington and Concord. sition purposes, and in that form it ran Independent companies now raised the colthrough several editions. Owing to his au- ors of liberty in every county. [April 27th.] thorship of it, Lord Dunmore it is said threat- Seven hundred armed men were assembled ened Mr. Jefferson with a prosecution for at Fredericksburg. Troops were collected treason, and his name was enrolled in a at the Bowling Green and others on their bill of attainder commenced in one of the march from Frederick, Berkeley, Dunmore houses of parliament, but never consumma- and other counties were arrested in their ted. Among the proscribed were Peyton course by information that the affair of the Randolph, John Adams, Samuel Adams, gunpowder was about to be accommodated. John Hancock and Patrick Henry. The Committee of Safety for the county of [1775.] The popular commotions increas- Hanover recommended that reprisals should ed. The heavings of the ocean betokened a be made upon the king's property for the gathering storm. The return, of Dunmore loss of the gunpowder. The volunteers of from his Indian expedition was soon followed Hanover met at Newcastle and were haby violence. In compliance with orders re- rangued by Patrick Henry with such effect, ceived from England, the governor, [20th of that they resolved to recover the powder or April, 1775,] clandestinely, in the night, con- make a reprisal for it. Captain Samuel veyed the powder from the magazine at Wil- Meredith resigned in Mr. Henry's favor and liamsburg, on board the Magdalen man-of- he was invested with the command. Havwar. Anticipating the people's resentment, ing received orders from the Hanover comhe armed his servants and some Shawnee mittee accordant with his own suggestions, hostages, for the protection of his person. Captain Henry marched towards WilliamsMuskets lay on the palace floor, loaded and burg. Ensign Parke Goodall with sixteen primed for the occasion. Peyton Randolph, men was detached into King & Queen counRobert Carter Nicholas and others, with dif- ty to Laneville, (on the Matapony,) the seat ficulty restrained the people from assaulting of Richard Corbin, the king's deputy rethe palace. The common council of Wil- ceiver-general, to demand from him three liamsburg, in an address, requested a resto- hundred and thirty pounds-the estimated ration of the powder. His lordship pretend- value of the powder-and in case of refusal, ed that its removal was owing to intelligence to make him a prisoner. The detachment of a servile insurrection in a neighboring reached Laneville about midnight and a guard county and gave an ambiguous promise to was stationed around the house. At daybreak, return the powder. Alarms repeatedly oc- however, Mrs. Corbin assured Goodall that curred and the patrol of the capital was the king's money was never kept there, but at strengthened. [April 22.] Dunmore sent a Williamsburg, and that Mr. Corbin was then message to the city, that if any violence in that city. The news of Henry's march

spread rapidly; on all sides companies started up and were in motion to join his standard. The royalists were dismayed. Even the patriots at Williamsburg were alarmed,

but deal out to all equal and impartial right. Let no act be passed by any one legislature, which may infringe on the rights and liberties of another." "Accept of every commercial preference it is in our power to give, for such things as we can raise for their use, or they make for ours. But let them not think to exclude us from going to other mar * Burk, vol. 4, p. 13. This volume is a continuation of kets, to dispose of those commodities, which they cannot Burk, by Skelton Jones and Louis Hue Girardin, mainly use, or to supply those wants, which they cannot supply." by the latter. I shall now be frequently indebted to him.