tered Damascus, passed the Euphrates and Tigris, and defeated Darius in the plains of Arbella, as that prince was advancing against him at the head of a still more numerous army than that of the Issus. Babylon opened its gates to him. In 330, he forced the pass of Suza, took that town, Persepolis, and Pasagarda, where was the tomb of Cyrus. In 329 he turned towards the North, and entered Ecbatana, extended his conquests to the Caspian Sea, punished Bessus, the vile assassin of Darius, penetrated into Scythia, and defeated the Scythians. It was in this campaign that he disgraced so many trophies by the murder of Parmenio. In 328 he forced the passage of the Oxus, received 16,000 recruits from Maeedon, and subjected the neighbouring nations. It was in this year that he killed Clitus with his own hand, and required the Macedonians to worship him, which they refused to do. In 327 he passed the Indus, defeated Porus in a pitched battle, took him prisoner, and treated him as a king. He intended to pass the Ganges, but his army refused. He sailed on the Indus in 326, with 800 ships. On reaching the ocean, he sent Nearchus, with a fleet, to coast the Indian Sea as far as the Euphrates. In 325 he spent sixty days in crossing the Desert of Gedrosia, entered Kermann, returned to Pasagarda, Persepolis, and Suza, and married Statira, the daughter of Darius. In 324 he again marched towards the north, passed to Eebatana, and ended his career at Babylon, where he was poisoned. "His mode of warfare was methodical; it merits the highest praise; none of his convoys were intercepted; his armies constantly kept increasing; the moment when they were weakest, was when he commenced operations at the Granicus. By the time he arrived at the Indus, his numbers were tripled, without reckoning the corps commanded by the governors of the conquered provinces, which were composed of invalided or wearied Macedonians, recruits sent from Greece, or drawn from the Greek troops in the service of the Satraps, or, finally, of foreigners raised among the natives in the country. Alexander merits the glory he has enjoyed for so many ages among all nations. suppose he had been defeated on the Issus, where the army of Darius was drawn up in order of battle on his line of retreat,with its left to the mountains, and its right to the sea; whilst the Macedonians had their right towards the mountains, their left towards the sea, and the pass of Cilicia behind them. Or suppose he had been beaten at Arbella, with the Tigris, the Euphrates, VOL. XIV. But and the deserts in his rear, without fortresses, and at a distance of nine hundred leagues from Macedon! Or suppose he had been vanquished by Porus when driven from the Indus !" It will be observed, that, mingled with the general lesson of those dazzling and romantic triumphs, there is the particular defence of the commentator. Napoleon had been charged with rashness as a principle. He here labours to prove that this rashness is but another name for rapidity, for the command of circumstances, for the sure seizure of that success which always escapes the tardy, the timid, and the cold. His review of Hannibal's career is urged by the same intention. "In the year 218, before the Christian era, Hannibal left Carthage, passed the Ebro and the Pyrenees, which mountains were previously unknown to the Carthaginian arms; crossed the Rhone and the farther Alps, and, in his first campaign, established himself in the midst of the Cisalpine Gauls, who, constantly hostile to the Roman people, sometimes victors over them, but more frequently vanquished, had never been subjected to their sway. In this march of four hundred leagues he spent five months; he left no garrison nor depots in his rear; kept up no communication with Spain or Carthage, with which latter place he had no intercourse until after the battle of Thrasymene, when he communicated by the Adriatic. A more vast, comprehensive scheme, was never executed by man. Alexander's expedition was much less daring and difficult, and had a much greater chance of success. This offensive war was nevertheless methodical-the Cisalpine people of Milan and Boulogne became Carthaginians to Hannibal. Had he left fortresses or depôts in his rear, he must have weakened his army, and hazarded the success of his operations; he would have been vulnerable at all points. In 217 he passed the Appenines, beat the Roman army in the plains of Thrasymene, converged about Rome, and occupied the lower coasts of the Adriatic, whence he communicated with Carthage. In the year 216, eighty thousand Romans attacked him, and he defeated them at the field of Cannæ. Had he marched six days afterwards, he would have entered Rome, and Carthage would have been the mistress of the world! The effect of this great victory was, however, immense. Capua opened its gates; all the Greek colonies, and a great number of towns of Lower Italy, espoused the victorious side, Ꮓ Napoleon. and abandoned the cause of Rome. Hannibal's principle was to keep all his troops in junction; to have no garrison but in a single place, which he reserved to himself; to hold his hostages, his great machines, his prisoners of distinction, and his sick, depending on the fidelity of his allies for his communications. He maintained himself sixteen years in Italy, without receiving any succours from Carthage; and he only evacuated Italy by order of his government, to fly to the defence of his country. Fortune betrayed him at Zama, and Carthage ceased to exist. But had he been vanquished at Trebbia, Thrasymene, or Cannæ, what greater disasters could have happened than those which followed the battle of Zama? Although defeated at the gates of his capital, he could not save his army from utter destruction." Napoleon's avowed tactique was to rush forwards; to take the enemy in the moment of hesitation; to overawe the heavy armies chained to their lines and fortresses, by the impetuous presence of a force that fell upon them like the whirlwind or the thunder, unexpected and irresistible. The Toujours en avant was his motto; and he shews that it was the motto of all the masters of war. He defends himself and them from the charge of fool-hardiness; proves that they risked much, but it was to gain all. he "Cæsar was forty-one years of age when he commanded in his first campaign, in the year 58, before the Christian era, 140 years after Hannibal. The people of Helvetia had left their country to settle on the shores of the ocean, to the number of 300,000; they had ninety thousand men in arms, and were crossing Burgundy. The people of Autun called Cæsar to their assistance. He left Vienne, a fortress of the Ronan province, marched up the Rhone, passed the Saone at Chalons, came up with the army of the Helvetians a day's march from Autun, and defeated them in a long disputed battle. After forcing them to return to their mountains, he repassed the Saone, took possession of Besancon, and crossed the Jura to fight the army of Ariovistus, which he met a few marches from the Rhine, defeated it, and forced it to re-enter Germany. this battle he was ninety leagues from Vienne; at the battle with the Helvetians, seventy leagues. In this campaign he constantly kept the six legions which composed his army joined in a single corps: He left the care of his communications to his allies, having always a month's provisions in a fortress, where, At CAug. gazines, and hospitals. 1 "During the winter of 57, the Belgians raised an army of 300,000 men, which they placed under the command of Galba, King of Soissons. Cæsar, having reRhemi, his allies, hastened to encamp on ceived intelligence of this event from the forcing his camp, passed the Aisne to adthe Aisne. Galba, having no hopes of vance on Rheims; but Cæsar frustrated banded; all the towns of this line sub this manœuvre, and the Belgians dismitted in succession. The people of Haithe vicinity of Mauberge, before he had nault surprised him on the Sombre, in time to draw up in line; out of eight legions which he then had, six were engaged in raising the intrenchments of the camp, and two were still in the rear with the baggage. Fortune was so adverse to him on this day, that a body of cavalry from Treves deserted him, and spread a report of the destruction of the Roman army wherever they went ; he was, however, victorious. push, on Nantes and Vannes, detaching "In the year 56, he advanced, at one mandy and Acquitain. The nearest point corps of considerable strength into Norof his depots at that time was Toulouse, from which place he was distant 130 leagues, and separated by mountains, great rivers, and forests. "In the year 55, he carried the war to Zutphen, in the interior of Holland, where 400,000 barbarians were passing the Rhine to take possession of the lands of the Gauls; he defeated them, killing the greater part, and driving the others to a considerable distance. He then repassed the Rhine at Cologne, crossed Gaul, embarked at Boulogne, and made a descent in England. "In the year 54, he once more crossed the Channel, with five legions, conquered the banks of the Thames, took hostages, and returned into Gaul before the equinox. In autumn, having received intelligence that his lieutenant Sabinus had been slaughtered near Treves, with fifteen cohorts, and that Quintus Cicero was besieged in his camp at Tongres, he assembled 8000 or 9000 men, commenced his march, defeated Ambiorix, who advanced to meet him, and relieved Cicero. "In the year 53, he suppressed the revolt of the people of Sens, Chartres, Treves, and Liege, and passed the Rhine a second time. "The Gauls were already in agitation; the insurrection burst forth on every side. 1823. Napoleon. During the winter of 52, the whole po- man yoke was odious to the people of "During this great contest, the whole of Cæsar's army was in his camp; he left no point vulnerable. He availed himself of his victory to regain the affections of the people of Autun, amongst whom he passed the winter, although he made successive expeditions, at a hundred leagues distant from each other, with different troops. At length, in the year 51, he laid siege to Cahors, where the last of the Gallic army perished. The Gauls became Roman provinces, the tribute from which added to the wealth of Rome eight millions of money annually. "In Cæsar's campaigns of the civil the space between the Ebro and the "In the year 48, he crossed the Adri- "A few days after, Cæsar went in pursuit of him to Alexandria, where he was besieged in the palace and amphitheatre by the populace of that great city, and At length, after the army of Achillas. rine months of danger and continual battles, the loss of any one of which would have been fatal to him, he triumphed over the Egyptians. "In the meantime, Scipio, Labienus, and King Juba, ruled in Africa, with fourteen legions, the remains of Pompey's party; they had numerous squadrons, and scoured the sea. At Utica, Cato breathed the hatred he felt into every bosom. Cæsar embarked with a few troops, reached Adrumetum, sustained reverses in several engagements, but being at length joined by his whole army, defeated Scipio, Labienus, and King Juba on the plains of Thapsus. Cato, Scipio, and Ju Napoleon. ba killed themselves. Neither fortresses, numerous squadrons, nor the oaths and duties of states, could save the vanquish ed from the ascendancy and activity of the victor. In the year 45, the sons of Pompey having assembled in Spain the remnants of the armies of Pharsalia and Thapsus, found themselves at the head of a more numerous force than that of their father. Cæsar set out from Rome, reached the Guadalquivir in twenty-three days, and defeated Sextus Pompey at Munda. It was there that, being on the point of losing the battle, and perceiving that his old legions seemed shaken, it is said he had thoughts of killing himself. Labienus fell in the battle. The head of Sextus Pompey was laid at the victor's feet. months after, in the Ides of March, Cesar Six fought two battles; was victorious both [Aug. in the latter field. In this short career, at Leipzig and Lutzen, but met his death however, he established a great reputation, by his boldness, the rapidity of his movements, the discipline and intrepidity actuated by the principles of Alexander, of his troops. Gustavus Adolphus was Hannibal, and Cæsar." campaigns of Turenne-whom he conHe pursues this review through the val Montecuculi-and those of Fredesiders as altogether superior to his riric and Eugene. His own campaigns, the most triumphant and celebrated of them all, are rapidly traversed, and his military similitude to the race of profound theory and fierce and resistconquerors sustained in every shape of man Senate. Had he been defeated at Napoleon in his true point of distincless execution. It is here that we see Pharsalia, Thapsus, or Munda, he would have suffered the fate of the great Pom-pulsive or contemptible. As a politition. In all other aspects he was repey, Metellus, Scipio, and Sextus Pom-pey. Pompey, to whom the Romans were so much attached; whom they surnamed the Great, when he was but twenty-four years of age; who, after con was assassinated in the midst of the Ro quering in eighteen campaigns, triumphed over three parts of the world, and carried the Roman name to such an elevation of glory; Pompey, defeated at Pharsalia, there closed his career. Yet he was master of the sea, while his rival had no fleet. "Caesar's principles were the same as those of Alexander and Hannibal; to keep his forces in junction; not to be vulnerable in any direction; to advance rapidly on important points; to calculate on moral means, the reputation of his arms, and the fear he inspired; and also on political means, for the preservation of the fidelity of his allies, and the obedience of the conquered nations. "Gustavus Adolphus crossed the Baltic, took possession of the isle of Rugen and Pomerania, and led his forces to the Vistula, the Rhine, and the Danube. He cian, ignorant, narrow, and tyrannical; as an individual, vicious, mean, and cruel; but, as a soldier, exhibiting the first rank of genius; bold, comprehensive, indefatigable, and original. Englishmen are not likely to be the adulators of this scourge of the human race; but it is impossible to look upon his rise and his career, the sudden splendour in which he shot above the clouds of that stormy and sullen Revolution; the mighty mastery with which he wielded the national strength, the appalling rapidity with which he broken and dismayed as it had been ing up of sovereignty for ages, without crushed all that Europe had been buildacknowledging that Napoleon was among the most powerful and most formidable spirits that ever influenced he is in his grave. Of what other man society. Mankind may well rejoice that for these thousand years can it be said, that his life was a terror, and his death a relief to the world? ; LETTER FROM A CONTRIBUTOR IN THE SULKS. DEAR NORTH, YOUR anger with me for not writing articles for your Magazine, is most unreasonable. You know that the moment I turn my back on Edinburgh, you and all your concerns are forgotten, or, if remembered, heartily wished at the devil. Then come your infernal letters, week after week, with that huge head on the wax, the look of which makes me break out into a cold sweat. Oh, that the Magazine had never existed! Then might I have had some comfort in this life. How the devil can I write articles, without books, pen, ink, and paper? Oh, Lord! that the Magazine would but stop for a few months now and With then, like My Grandmother. what a venerable grace does that old lady re-appear on her crutch! and how complacently does the public welcome the bed-ridden! So would it be with Maga. Let her pretend to be dead till Christmas, and all her sins will be forgotten. But, oh! my dear sir, these eternal torments are more than flesh and blood can endure; and, good episcopal as I am, you have sickened me indeed with the THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES. Well-well-what is to be done? Here is a book in three volumes. What is it?" Dramatic Miscellanies, by Thomas Davies, 1784." Perhaps he is a blockhead. But, blockhead or not, he shall be made to contribute, and be hanged to him, like his betters. Now for his Notes on Hamlet marches to bed with a cocked hat, "Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kind- "Besides, the jingle of lecherous "The play's the thing, "That the representation of murder, before the murder, will not always produce the desired effect, (who the devil supposes it would?) we have a remarkable instance in the story of Derby and Fisher. 66 They were two gentlemen, very intimately acquainted. The latter was a dependent on the former, who generously supplied him with the means of living as became a man of birth and education. But no benefits are sufficient to bind the base and the ungrateful. After parting one evening with Mr Derby, at his chambers in the Temple, with all the usual marks of friendship, Fisher contrived to get into his apartments, with an intent to rob and murder his friend. This he unhappily accomplished. For some time no suspicion fell on the murderer. He « That thou, dead corse, again in complete appeared as usual in all public places. steel." "Mr Stevens, from Olaus Wormius, proves it to be a custom of the Danish kings to be buried in their armour. Seward, Earl of Northumberland, who lived in the days of Edward the Confessor, was, by his desire, buried, armed at all points. But what is more strange, Fuller, in his Worthies, relates, that one of our old savage warriors would go to bed dressed in his armour to his new-married bride." Well done, Tom Davies! Thou art the first man that ever indulged in such a fancy on beholding the buried Majesty of Denmark. Is it the King of Portugal, or who is it, that on his marriage night, He was in a side-box at the play of Hamlet; and when Wilkes uttered that part of the soliloquy, which spoke of a Guilty creature's sitting at a play,' a lady turned about, and, looking at him, said, 'I wish the villain who murdered Mr Derby were here.' The lady and Fisher were strangers to each other. It was afterwards known, that this was the man who had killed his friend. The persons present in the box declared, that neither the speech from the actor, nor the exclamation from the lady, made the least external impression on the murderer. Fisher soon escaped to Rome, where he professed himself a Roman Catholic, and |