of gross habit. Alteratives not only keep off inflammatory attacks, but improve the general health. or as a styptic. Burnt alum, finely powdered, and sprinkled on fungous flesh, restrains its growth, or destroys it when already produced. Dissolved in water and applied to ulcers on pledgets of tow, it promotes their healing; and is useful also when applied as a lotion to strains, bruises, &c. AMAUROSIS. Blindness, without any altered appearance of the eye. It is also called gutta serena, or palsy of the optic nerve; and, by the old farriers, glass eyes, because the eyes, far from being dull or disfigured, generally appear very clear. Mr. Percival, speaking of amaurosis, says, that "it was referable, in every case which had come to his the brain;" it may, therefore, be deemed incurable. There is a periodical kind which comes on instantaneously, continues for hours or days, and then disappears. ALTISIDORA. This celebrated mare, the winner of the Doncaster St. Leger, 1813, was bred by R. Watt, Esq. Altisidora, ch. was got by Dick Andrews, out of Mandane, sister to Enchanter, by Pot-8-os; grandam young Camilla, sister to Colibri, by Woodpecker; great grandam Camilla, by Trentham; great great grandam Coquette, by the Compton Barb, out of a sister to Regulus, by the Godolphin Arabian.-Performances. 1812, April 8, 60 gs. at Malton. May 27, 180 gs. at York. 1813, May 25, 80 gs. at York. Sept. 27, The great St. Leger, Doncaster. Sept. 30, A sweep-knowledge, to injury or disease of stakes of 320 gs. at Doncaster. 1814, Aug. 22, A match, beating Cameleopard, 500 gs. at York. Aug. 22, A sweepstakes of 250 gs. beating Catton, Llangold, and Georgiana. Sept. 29, Walked over for the club stakes, at Doncaster. Sept. 29, A sweepstakes of 75 gs. beating Cameleopard. 1815, Aug.23, One of the great subscriptions, at York. Sept. 25, The Fitzwilliam stakes, at Doncaster. Sept. 28, A sweepstakes of 75 gs. at Doncaster. Oct. 11, The King's Plate, at Richmond.--Produce. Mr. Watt, ch. c. Casar, by Cerberus, 1817; ch. c. Catiline, by Cerberus, 1818; ch. f. by Rubens, 1819. Mr. Russell, b. c. Abron, by Whisker, 1820. Mr. Powlett, ch. f. by Blacklock, 1821. Mr. Watt, b. f. by Walton, 1822; ch. f. by Catton, 1823; ch. c. by Magistrate, 1824.-Altisidora died Jan. 23, 1825, at Bishop Bur-mour falls off, which will happen in ton, aged 15. ALUM. A kind of mineral salt of an acid taste, leaving in the mouth a sense of sweetness accompanied with a considerable degree of astringency. Whether exhibited externally or internally, it is one of the most powerful astringents known. The most important use, however, of alum, in veterinary medicine, is that of a topical application to sores, AMBLE, or AMBLING. A gentle pace, distinct from trotting, very easy to the rider, now nearly out of use. A pad, the common appellation of an ambling horse, was formerly in great request to carry a lady. In ambling, the horse changes sides at each step or remove, both the legs on one side being lifted up together. A horse may be taught either by the hand or by the trammel. AMBURY, or ANBURY. A soft and spongy tumour, wart, or swelling, full of blood, growing upon any part of a horse's body. When high and prominent, tie a horse-hair very tight about its root; when the tu about eight days, touch the part with lunar caustic, which will destroy the roots and prevent a return. Sometimes, however, the anbury is flat and low, with a broad base; in this case it is impossible to take it off by ligature; recourse must therefore be had to the knife, or fire. In sinewy parts, the application of oil of vitriol, or white sublimate, is recommended to eat it away. AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS are such as live partly on the land and partly in the water, as badgers, otters, ducks, &c. ANASARCA. A species of dropsy, from a serous humour spread between the skin and flesh, or rather a general accumulation of lymph in the cellular system. ANCASTER MILE. One mile eighteen yards: abbreviated, An. M. See RACE COURSES. ANCHYLOSIS. A stiff joint. Some divide this disorder into the true and false the true, where the bones are united so as to become as it were one; the false is when, from the tendons being contracted, or other parts about the joint are diseased, the limb is rendered immovable. The general causes are ossification of the ligaments, strumous disorders, abscesses in the joints producing cancers, inflammation in the membrane lining the joints. When the bones are united, the cure is impossible: even in the false the cure is very uncertain, on account of the difficulty of coming at the seat of the disease. ANEURISM (true or real). The swelling, dilatation, or expansion of some part of an artery. Spurious aneurism is when the rupture of the artery is followed by an extravasation of blood in the cellular membrane; mixed aneurism, when the internal membrane protrudes and forms a sac, through a rupture of the external membrane; varicose aneurism takes place when the blood The search after food is an instinct belonging to our nature; and from the savage in his rudest and most primitive state, who destroys a piece of game or a fish, with a club or spear, to man in the most cultivated state of society, who employs artifice, mechanism, and the resources of other animals to secure his object, the origin of the pleasure is similar, and its end the same; but that species of it requiring the most art may be said to characterize man in his highest or most intellectual state. The fisher of salmon or trout, with a fly, calls in not only the aid of mechanism to his physical powers, but applies his sagacity to conquer difficulties: so that the pleasure arising from ingenious resources and contrivances, as well as from active pursuit, belongs to this amusement. As to the philosophical character of angling, it is a pursuit of moral tendency, requiring patience, forbearance, and equanimity. Its connexion with natural science is close and indissoluble, requiring an acquaintance with the habits of a considerable tribe of created beings, fishes and the animals they prey upon; with a knowledge of the nature of water and of the atmosphere, of the signs and tokens of changes in weather. As to poetical relations, it carries its votaries into the wildest and most beautiful scenery in nature: | acknowledgment, especially having amidst the mountain lakes, the clear streams that gush from the ranges of lofty hills and pour through the cavities of calcareous strata. been for thirty years past not only a lover but a practiser of that innocent recreation, wherein, by your judicious precepts, I find myself fitted for a higher form." Certainly," says Col. Venables, "he that lives sibi et Deo, leads the most happy life; and if this art do not dispose and incline the mind of man to a quiet, calm sedateness, I am confident it doth not, as many other delights, cast blocks and rubs before him to make his way more difficult and less pleasant. The cheapness of the recreation abates not its pleasure, but with rational persons heightens it; and if it be delightful, the charge of melancholy falls upon that score; and if exam sway any thing, I know no sort of men less subject to melancholy than anglers; many have cast off other recreations and embraced it, but I never knew any angler wholly cast off, though occasions might interrupt, their affections to their beloved recreation; and if this art may prove a noble, brave rest to thy mind, it will be satisfaction to his, who is thy well wishing Friend." How delightful in the early spring, after the dull and tedious period of winter, when the frosts disappear and the sunshine warms the earth and waters, to wander forth by some clear stream and observe the leaf bursting from the purple bud, scent the odour of the bank perfumed by the violet, or enamelled with the primrose and the daisy: to wander upon the fresh turf beneath the shade of trees, whose bright blossoms are filled with the music of the bee; and on the surface of the waters to view the gaudy flies sparkling like animated gems in the sun-ple, which is the best proof, may beams, whilst the bright and beautiful trout is watching them from below; to hear the twittering of the water birds, who, alarmed at your approach, rapidly withdraw beneath the leaves of the water-lily; and, as the season advances, to find all these objects exchanged for others of a similar kind, but better and brighter, till the swallow and the trout appear to contend for the gaudy May-fly, and till, in pursuing your amusement in the calm and balmy evening, you are serenaded by the cheerful thrush or melodious nightingale, performing the offices In the choice of his ROD the of parental love, in thickets deco-angler will be directed by local rated with rose and woodbine. See circumstances. Cane rods are the lightest, and, generally speaking, should have the preference. In country places, where the angler commonly makes his own rods, the best wood that can be used is the common hazel. To this, however, should be added a sound ash stock, and a whalebone top. Practical anglers should, in the decline of the year, furnish themselves with eight or nine wands of hazel, tapering toward the size of each other in sets of three or four, and dry them during the winter in a chimney. By sloping off the ends of these to the length of two or three inches, and SALMONIA. The following extract from the address to the reader, prefixed to The Experienced Angler, edit. 1662, by Col. Robert Venables, may not inaptly be introduced in this place, particularly as honest old Izaak has expressed his opinion of the work in such warm terms of commendation. In a letter to his ingenious friend, the author, he 66 says, Accidentally coming to a view of this discourse before it went to the press, I held myself obliged in point of gratitude for the great advantage I received thereby, to tender you my particular We shall now give a few directions with respect to the tackle, &c. usually requisite for successful angling. fastening them together with a waxed thread, a useful rod may be quickly formed. The whole should then be varnished over with India rubber dissolved in linseed oil, and a small quantity of seed or shell lac superadded, which will be an excellent preservative against the weather. Salmon rods are sometimes made wholly of ash, with a whalebone top. Excellent rods may also be formed thus: a yellow deal joint of seven feet; a straight hazel joint | of six feet; a piece of fine-grained yew, tapered to a whalebone top, and measuring together about two feet. Experienced anglers always carry a jointed rod, when not in use, tightly looped up. The LINE should gradually diminish towards the further extremity. No materials answer better than strong, clean horse-hair, plucked from the middle of the tail, especially of a young and healthy gray or white stallion. Before plaiting, they should be well sorted, that the hair of every link may be of equal size with each other; and if washed, should not be dried too rapidly. For ground fishing, however, brown, or at any rate dark hairs, are preferred, from their similarity to the colour of the bottom. Silk lines are seldom of much practical utility; they soon rot, and catch weeds. hot iron, round the top, and taper it down across the grain two-thirds of the length, forming the whole into the shape of a pear. The float should be so loaded as to sink just below the surface of the water. Although the origin of this art is involved in considerable obscurity, it is evidently of ancient date, as appears from the allusions made to it among the Greek and Roman writers, and in the most ancient books of the Bible; as those of Job, Isaiah, Amos, Habakkuk, &c. A spirited turn is given to the prophetic descriptions of the destruction of Egypt in Bishop Lowth's Isaiah: And the fishers shall mourn and lament; And they that weave net-work, fish. ISAIAH XIX. 8-10. Angling came into general repute in England about the period of the Reformation, when both the secular and regular clergy, being prohibited by the common law from the amusements of hunting, hawking, and fowling, directed their attention to this recreation. The invention of printing assisted in exciting attention to this subject, and made known its importance “to cause the helthe of your body, and specyally of your soul," as the first treatise concludes. Wynkin de Worde gave the world, in 1496, a small folio republication of the celebrated Book of St. Albans. It contained for the first time a curious tract entitled "The Treatyse of Fysshinge with an Angle," embellished with a wood-cut of the angler. FLOATS are formed of cork, porcu- This treatise is imputed to Dame pine quills, goose and swan quills, Juliana Berners, or Barnes, prioress &c. In slow water, and for light of a nunnery near St. Albans. "The fish, a quill float is best. For heavy angler (she observes) atte the leest fish or strong streams, a cork float, hath his holsom walk and mery at which is best made by taking a his ease, a swete ayre of the swete sound cork, bore it through the savoure of the meede floures that centre lengthways with a small red-makyth him hungry; he hereth the The HOOK should be so tempered as readily to bend without breaking, and have a sharp point. It should be long in the shank and deep in the bed, the point straight, and true to the level of the shank, and the barb long; the size and sort depending on the kind of fish for which you propose to angle. The angler should be always provided with a variety. melodyous armony of the fowlls, he seeth the yonge swannes, heerons, ducks, cotes, and many other fowles, with their brodes, whych me seemyth better than alle the noyse of houndys, the blastes of hornys, and the scrye of fowles, that hunters, fawkeners, and foulers can make. And if angler take fysshe, surely thenne is there noo man merier than he is in his spyryte." The Book of St. Albans contains "Treatises perteynynge to Hawkynge and Huntynge," as well as "Fysshynge with an Angle;" and several editions of it were printed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as that under the title of The Gentleman's Academie, in 1595; the Jewel for Gentrie, in 1614; and The Gentleman's Recreation, in 1674. Mr. Haslewood, a learned bibliographer, has recently favoured the public with a well finished fac simile reprint of the work, but he disputes the claim of the fair lady above mentioned to the authorship, and only assigns to her some portion of the treatise on hawking, the entire of that on hunting, a list of the beasts of chase, and another of birds and fowls. The only original works published between this performance and that by the celebrated Walton, were, A Book of Fishing with Hooke and Line, and of all other Instruments thereunto belonginge, made by L. M. (Leonard Mascall, a gentleman of Plumstead in Sussex), 4to. Lond. 1590. Certain Experiments concerning Fish and Fruits, practised by John Taverner, gent. and by him published for the Benefit of others, 4to. Lond. 1600. The Secrets of Angling, teaching the choicest Tooles, Baytes, and Seasons for the taking of any Fish in Pond or River, practised and familiarly opened in three Bookes, by J. D. Esq. (John Dennys, or Davons), Lond. 1613, wherein is some beautiful poetry, quoted by Walton; and The Pleasures of Princes, or Good Men's Recreations, containing a Discourse of the general Art of Fishing with the Angle, and of all the hidden Secrets thereunto belonging, Anon. 4to. Lond. 1614. Gervase Markham's Countrey Contentments, 4to. 1633. Walton's inimitable Discourse on Angling was first printed in 1653 in an elegant duodecimo, with plates of the most considerable fish cut in steel. This edition and three subsequent ones consisted wholly of what is now called Part the First of The Complete Angler, or Walton's individual portion of the work.— While engaged, in 1676, being the eighty-third year of his age, in preparing the fifth edition, he received from his friend, Charles Cotton, Esq. a gentleman in Derbyshire, instructions how to angle for a trout or grayling in a clear stream, as they were first called, which afterwards became Part the Second of this joint publication. The father of the anglers thus concludes his inimitable performance: "As a pious man advised his friend that to beget mortification, he should frequent churches, and view monuments and charnel houses, and then and there consider how many dead bodies TIME had piled up at the gates of Death; so when I would beget intent and increase confidence in the power and wisdom and providence of Almighty God, I will walk the meadows by some gliding stream, and there contemplate the lilies that take no care, and those very many other various little living creatures that are not only created but fed (man knows not how) by the goodness of the God of nature, and therefore trust in him. This is my purpose; and so let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord. And let the blessing of St. Peter's Master be with mine and upon all lovers of virtue, who dare trust in Providence, and be quiet and go an ANGLING!" Angling has been thought of sufficient importance to be protected by statute. The first occurred in the reign of Edward I. when imprisonment and treble damages were award |