(d) Require such street traders to wear badges;

(e) Regulate generally the conduct of such street traders:

Provided as follows:

(1) The grant of a license or the right to trade shall not be made subject to any conditions having reference to the poverty or general bad character of the person applying for a license or claiming to trade;

2. The local authority, in making by-laws under this section, shall have special regard to the desirability of preventing the employment of girls under 16 in streets or public places.

GENERAL RESTRICTIONS ON EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN.

3. (1) A child shall not be employed between the hours of 9 in the evening and 6 in the morning: Provided that any local authority may, by by-law, vary these hours either generally or for any specified occupation.

(2) A child under the age of 11 years shall not be employed in street trading. (3) No child who is employed half time under the factory and workshop act, 1901, shall be employed in any other occupation.

(4) A child shall not be employed to lift, carry, or move anything so heavy as to be likely to cause injury to the child.

(5) A child shall not be employed in any occupation likely to be injurious to his life, limb, health, or education, regard being had to his physical condition.

(6) If the local authority send to the employer of any child a certificate signed by a registered medical practitioner that the lifting, carrying, or moving of any specified weight is likely to cause injury to the child, or that any specified occupation is likely to be injurious to the life, limb, health, or education of the child, the certificate shall be admissible as evidence in any subsequent proceedings against the employer in respect of the employment of the child.

5. (1) If any person employs a child or other person under the age of 16 in contravention of this act, or of any by-law under this act, he shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding 40s., or, in case of a second or subsequent offense, not exceeding £5.

(2) If any parent or guardian of a child or other person under the age of 16 has conduced to the commission of the alleged offense by willful default, or by habitually neglecting to exercise due care, he shall be liable on summary conviction to the like fine.

(3) If any person under the age of 16 contravenes the provisions of any by-law as to street trading made under this act, he shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding 20s., and in case of a second or subsequent offense, if a child, to be sent to an industrial school, and, if not a child, to a fine not exceeding £5.

(4) In lieu of ordering a child to be sent under this section to an industrial school, a court of summary jurisdiction may order the child to be taken out of the charge or control of the person who actually has the charge or control of the child, and to be committed to the charge and control of some fit person who is willing to undertake the same until such child reaches the age of 16 years; and the provisions of sections 7 and 8 of the prevention of cruelty to children act, 1894, shall, with the necessary modifications, apply to any order for the disposal of a child made under this subsection.

OFFENSES BY AGENTS OR WORKMEN AND BY PARENTS.

6. (1) Where the offense of taking a child into employment in contravention of this act is in fact committed by an agent or workman of the employer, such agent or workman shall be liable to a penalty as if he were the employer.

(2) Where a child is taken into employment in contravention of this act on the production, by or with the privity of the parent, of a false or forged certificate, or on the false representation of his parent that the child is of an age at which such employment is not in contravention of this act, that parent shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 40s.

(3) Where an employer is charged with any offense under this act he shall be entitled, upon information duly laid by him, to have any other person whom he charges as the actual offender brought before the court at the time appointed for hearing the charge, and if, after the commission of the offense has been proved,

the court is satisfied that the employer had used due diligence to comply with the provisions of the act, and that the other person had committed the offense in question without the employer's knowledge, consent, or connivance, the other person shall be summarily convicted of the offense, and the employer shall be exempt from any fine.

(4) When it is made to appear to the satisfaction of an inspector or other officer charged with the enforcement of this act, at the time of discovering the offense, that the employer had used all due diligence to enforce compliance with this act, and also by what person the offense had been committed, and also that it had been committed without the knowledge, consent, or connivance of the employer, and in contravention of his order, then the inspector or officer shall proceed against the person whom he believes to be the actual offender in the first instance without first proceeding against the employer.

The expression "child" means a person under the age of 14 years. The expression "guardian," used in reference to a child, includes any person who is liable to maintain or has the actual custody of the child.

The expressions “employ" and “employment," used in reference to a child, include employment in any labor exercised by way of trade or for the purposes of gain, whether the gain be to the child or to any other person.

The expression “local authority" means, in the case of the city of London, the mayor, aldermen, and commons of that city in common council assembled, in the case of a municipal borough with a population according to the census of 1901 of over 10.000, the borough council, and in the case of any other urban district with a population according to the census of 1901 of over 20,000, the district council, and elsewhere the county council.

The expression "street trading" includes the hawking of newspapers, matches, flowers, and other articles, playing, singing, or performing for profit, shoeblacking, and any other like occupation carried on in streets or public places.

CHAPTER IV.

EDUCATION IN LONDON UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE LONDON SCHOOL BOARD.

Magnitude of the work committed to the London board-Constitution and scope of the first board-Spirit and permanent influence of the first board-Organization in committees-Statistics of elementary schools of London, current and retrospective-Citations from official report for 1901-2: Causes of increased enrollment and average attendance; teaching staff, number, classification, and salaries; subjects of instruction in day schools; higher grade schools; means of fostering interest of pupils; certificates, scholarships, and prizes; financial statement; evening schools, development of, classification, yearly term, progress of students; compulsory school attendance, regulations respecting and means of enforcing; industrial and truant schools-Provision for the physically and mentally defective, inception and development of the work under Mrs. BurgwinThe service of medical inspection of schools.

The new education law for London, which has been considered in the preceding chapter, necessarily brings to a close the existence of the London school board. The moment is therefore opportune for considering the work of this notable body, which, from the election of the first board in 1870 to that of the eleventh and last, presents a remarkable record as regards both its membership and its achievements. The particulars of this history are set forth in a monograph prepared for the Paris Exposition, in the introduction to which Lord Reay, chairman of the board, characterizes the magnitude of its work as follows:

It must be remembered that London, for density of population and for wealth if not in area, may be compared to a State rather than to a city. Its total population is more than double that of Denmark or of Greece, is larger than that of Scotland, and is only slightly exceeded by that of Bavaria and of Holland. The

In a complete list of members recently published attention is called to the fact that the present leader of the board, Mr. Lyulph Stanley, has had the largest aggregate service of any member, viz, twenty-three years, broken by a short interval through the failure of his candidacy at the triennial election of 1885. The longest continuous service is that of Mr. Whiteley, twenty years and seven months. Miss Davenport-Hill has had the longest term of any woman member and one of the longest recorded, eighteen years.

By Thomas Alfred Spalding, LL. B., barrister at law, private secretary to the chairman of the school board for London, assisted by Thomas Stanley Canney, B. A., with contributions by members of the staff, and a preface by Lord Reay, G. C. S. I. G. C. S. I. E., chairman of the board.

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child population of London standing in need of elementary education is larger than the total population of any European city except Paris, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Vienna, and is more than double that of Bristol, Dresden, or Prague.

The total sum raised within the administrative area of London for municipal purposes (including education) is equal to the total revenue of Saxony, or Portugal, or Chile, while the sum expended in London upon elementary education alone is equal to the total national expenditure of Denmark, Norway, or Switzerland.

We may add, for emphasis to the American reader, that the population of inner or registration London, viz, 4,536,063 (census of 1901) is exceeded by only three States of the United States-New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, while greater London, with a population of 6,580,616, is exceeded by New York alone.

It must not be forgotten [continues Lord Reay] that these comparisons represent the present facts, not the condition of affairs in 1870. During the thirty years that have elapsed since that date the population and the ratable value of London have increased with great rapidity. One test of this increase may be found in the number of children requiring public elementary school accommodation, which has nearly doubled since 1872. ́ In that year the estimated number was about 455,000, in the present year (1900) it approaches 785,000 (in 1900, 787,678). In the same years (i. e., 1872 and 1900) the ratable valuation of London was about £20,000,000 and £36,000,000, respectively. A rate of a penny in the pound produced £85,000 ($425,000) in 1872; at the present time it produces about £150,000 ($750,000).

The vastness of the population with which the school board for London had to deal was not the only factor which differentiated its work from that which was imposed upon other school boards. London in 1870, with all its concentrated wealth, was more in arrears in the matter of school provision than any other part of the Kingdom. It was estimated in 1872 that there were no less than 196,000 children within the metropolitan area for whom, if they had desired to go to school, no efficient school places were provided. These waifs and strays of the vast city received only such education as they could pick up in its streets and alleys, or at best in establishments which were schools only in name. The voluntary system had not been able to cope with the evil either by its own unaided effort or by help of the subvention afforded to it by Government during the period immediately preceding the establishment of school boards. Lord Brougham, speaking in 1837, had said, in regard to the whole of the country, that the voluntary school system was able to supply the needs of the annual increase of child population, but that it was incapable of overtaking the accumulated deficiency in school accommodation. And this gloomy view of the question was true as regarded London. Between 1837 and 1868 there was apparently but little improvement in the proportion between the number of school places and of school children.

The main cause of this paralysis was the cost of obtaining sites for the erection of schools. In the heart of a crowded city the price of land runs up to a figure which is prohibitive to the charitably inclined, and it is precisely where population is densest that school buildings are most required. The task had become impossible save by a State or municipal effort, coupled with the power of acquiring sites compulsorily in districts where school accommodation was needed. The problem of London education was so complex and presented such apparently insuperable difficulties that the first educational scheme of the Government in 1870 excluded London entirely from the operation of the bill which ultimately became the education act of 1870. It was the intention of the Government to deal with the question in London at a later date and by different methods. It was only after much hesitation that they finally decided to apply to London similar machinery to that which they had devised for the rest of the country.

The constitution and work of the first school board for London.—The following citations from the monograph referred to set forth in brief the constitution of the first school board for London and the problems with which it was confronted:

The impending election of members of the first school board for London, which was fixed for November 29, 1870, stirred the interest of the community profoundly. Never before had any municipal contest called forth so much excitement. Many of those who had heartily supported the policy of the education act deemed that policy to be a grand experiment which would have to justify itself by its success. Not a few ardent advocates of elementary education for the people doubted