nor make a French domestic understand him; this enraged him much." On reaching St. Germaine the tourists visited the English king's palace, an ancient building, much neglected, and now let for lodgings; "only in one part some of King James' descendants of the female sex have an appartement." Two days later they saw in Paris the chapel of the Capuchins, where lay King James in a leaden coffin, with his daughter, "he having desired not to be buried until times altered, and then he and his daughter are to be carried to England, and to be interred in King Henry VII.'s chapel; but before this comes to pass I am of opinion the old man's coffin, if not his bones, will be carried to England by the Romans, his friends, as relics, it being almost uncovered already, the sexton woman giving a piece to every one that gives her sixpence. To us she exhibited his cap, washed but twice these sixty years." Mr. Garland was a sturdy Protestant, a scorner of "the Romans." At the church of St. Roch a monk was preaching; having discovered from his uncompromising manner that the English reverend was no Roman, he began "to exclaim, and to show that the heretics would all be damned; near me I discovered Tristram Shandy (Mr. Sterne), who seemed to be very attentive to the monk's rant." In St. Sulpice and its neighborhood the travelers saw "the pageantry of what they call God's great feast"-all the streets hung with tapestry and strewn with flowers, soldiers to regulate the mob, children "dressed in surplices," priests singing psalms in Latin, "young priests" scattering incense, and then the wafer the bon Dieu. "The religion of this country," adds Mr. Garland in his decisive way, "consists entirely in outward gestures." There were other foes to Mr. Garland's tranquility than priests and monks. Journeying to the south of France, he suffered much from "the Froggs" out of doors, and within doors from "those nasty disagreeable creatures, the Buggs." As for the frogs, you may hear them a mile in a still night -"they croak as loud as a duck, but such a disagreeable tone as I don't quite know how to describe it." Having arrived at Lyons, he admired the square, the public buildings, the fountains, but doubted that the trade of the place equalled that of Wolverhampton. Supposing these people had trade, who was there to carry it on? "At eleven o'clock Mr. Merchant's head is like a goss bush in a white, frosty morning; he is so much like a petit master that the wind must not fan him; his clerks are of the same family and his slaves know nothing of business; at two o'clock Monsieur has dined; then follows the gaming table till ten, when he sups, and about three or four they break up and go to bed; perhaps Monsieur may make his appearance in his countinghouse about ten, with a pound or two of pomatum and flour on his head," which might serve as an emetic (Mr. Garland's word is more vigorous) for an unfrenchified Englishman. Nimes, again, had its own causes of offense; the hostess had "the French conscience" to charge nine shillings for a breakfast worth two shillings and threepence. It was Sunday morning; the reverend gentleman, recalling his former feats of exhortation and rebuke, rose to the occasion: "I believe the landlady was never so talked to in her life. I threatened her, and at last the poor old wretch was willing to come to any terms; but, it being the Sabbath day, I despatched her with such advice as I thought was requisite." Mr. Garland should have remembered that a breakfast receives its commercial value from the consumer. "Are eggs so scarce?" asked the English Ambassador, who, near Fontainebleau, was charged a louis for two. "No," replied the hostess, readier than the wretched old landlady of Nimes, "but Ambassadors are." The execution of Jean Calas, whose memory was vindicated by Voltaire, was recent when Mr. Garland visited Toulouse. He inquired for the widow, but found that she had prudently left the country; many of the respectable inhabitants still pretended to believe that Calas was guilty: "I find that they broke all his limbs, then left him on the wheel for two hours, during which time the monks continued to disturb him in his last moments with their superstitions but the good man resisted all their entreaties, and, after desiring a little water or wine to drink, they in this miserable condition, strangled him, and burnt an innocent man to ashes." Again, shortly before his return to England, Mr. Garland at Abbeville made some investigation of the case of La Barre, executed on July 1, 1766, for alleged blasphemies; "the atrocity of the affair," once wrote Voltaire, "possesses me with horror and wrath." But the English clergyman knew nothing of Voltaire's indignant zeal, and he transforms the name of Francois La Barre to Sir Francis Lelebure. EDWARD DOWDEN, in Literature. * When Wordsworth Walked. When Wordsworth walked the Cumbrian hills, And saw the splendid sun arise The tree and rocks had ears and eyes To him the song of the whippoorwills Association Books. The extraordinary prices fetched at the sale of the library of Mr. William Wright in London, recalls the growing interest in books which have some particular association connected with them. There were a number of books in this library which were presentation copies. Among the most conspicuous examples of prices were those paid for presentation copies of Dickens' and Thackeray's books. Formerly the fact that a book had been presented to some one would not have materially altered its value, but there has been an upward tendency for some years in London in the prices of this class of books. The French have a name for association books which is hardly translatable. They call them "provenance" books, and as nearly as one can come to it, the term would be translatable into pedigree books. One can safely say, therefore, that books with a pedigree are decidedly in demand. Whether this pedigree means that they have been in some of the great sales or whether they have the book plates of former owners, it does not seem to matter. When they have added to both these interesting facts an autograph inscription, we then have four interesting features which tend to make the value of a book. First, that it is a first edition; second, that it came from the sale of some well-known library; third, that it contains the book plate of a former owner, and fourth, that it contains notes or handwriting which authenticates former ownership. Some time ago, or, to be more exact, in 1864, the library of George Daniel was sold in London. The character of the library, as well as the fame of the author, was so noteworthy that since that time any book which occurs at private sale or at auction with his well-known book plate or stamp in it commands an added price. Another fine library, whose owner often enriched his books with numerous notes, generally quoting from some former sale, was Mr. Heber. Happy is the collector who can secure a book with his name and notes in it. Still another library that always contained notes by the owner was the late John Mitford library. What collector has not been made familiar with the minute handwriting of this well-known English collector? remove these evidences of former ownership and promptly transfer them to some card or possibly an album to augment his collection. This seems like collecting gone mad, whereas to own the book itself, with this badge of ownership, is a delight, and it ought to satisfy the collector of book plates as well. Happy the man who can get a book, as some of the American collectors have successfully done, containing both the book plate and the signature of Washington. Many collectors have been extremely particular to inscribe in their volumes the history of the purchase, or if not the history, quotations copied from some favorite passage in the book itself, or perhaps from the poems or essays of the author of the book. This was notably the case in Thomas Gray's library. Some three years ago, when the library of the late C. W. Frederickson was disposed of, a number of books formerly in the possession of distinguished owners came up for sale, notably the nine or ten books once in the library of Charles Lamb and a few belonging to Coleridge, as well as some from the library of Thomas Gray, while Shelley's copy of "Queen Mab," presented to his wife, was the rara avis. In a few instances these books were of intrinsic value, being specially interesting and rare editions, but in most cases they had no particular value, and yet in the case of the Lamb books they fetched from $180 to $500, and even $600, for no reason whatever other than that there was a sentimental interest given them because of former ownership. It is most difficult to establish a rule of values or any guide by which the beginner can form an estimate as to what books with these peculiarities are to be in demand in the future. It is safe to say, however, that almost any distinguished author adds an interest and commercial value to the price which his books will bring when he puts his name in them. As an example of this, not long ago a book formerly in the library of Shelley came up for sale in London, and brought £30, for no apparent reason whatever other than it contained his autograph. There are a few collections in this country largely made up of such books, the library being not necessarily large and the books themselves not necessarily rare, but because they contain notes or manuscripts or book plates they are not only of decided interest, but of great commercial value, the most notable one in New York being that of Harry B. Smith, the well-known librettist. There is a sense in which the collecting of book plates seems like a meaningless and inexcusable fad, and yet there is another sense in which it is legitimate and of decided interest. For instance, one can imagine the joy that comes to the average The young collector would do well and be wise to collector when he finds either on an old book stall start by buying, if at a moderate price, any book of or at auction a book with the anchor plate of David a living writer with his name or book plate in it, Garrick, or Horace Walpole's bookplate, or, better for the same rule applies to this practice as it does still, one with the family coat of arms of George to the collection of first editions-viz., one never Washington. knows who of the present generation will be Now the crank who collects book plates would thought great in the future. It is wise to use care in buying a current book-to be sure that it is of the first issue, for, besides a prospective advance in price, the first edition, both for the impression of the illustrations and the beauty of the type, is preferable to any later one. In a few libraries of this country-perhaps one or two—are books that were presented by Izak Walton to his friend; in one case presentation copies of the first five editions of his "Compleat Angler." It would take a small fortune to induce the present owners of these books to part with them, and we may emphasize this particular branch of collecting so decidedly on the increase, as a wise course for the young collector to take. Necessarily much care must be taken to be sure that forgeries are not used in the handwriting, as in the case of book plates, that they have not been stolen from some valuable book and placed in a worthless one. The late Mr. Frederick Locker-Lampson used to give his book plates about with some degree of liberality, but he found, to his dismay, that some of the London booksellers were sending to him for them and placing them in books which he never owned and never saw and advertising them as from the famous Rowfant collection. Sometimes an author has a stamp which he uses on his books and which shows their pedigrees, but this is not as interesting to the collector as either a book plate or a signature. Two notable examples of this method of indicating ownership are those employed by Thackeray and Thomas Westwood, the collector of books on angling. Thackeray used a little monogram, not unlike one engraved on a ring, "W. M. T.," interlaced, while Mr. Westwood used only a rubber stamp. The late Lewis Carroll had a curious monogram of his own invention which he used in most of his books, writing it in violet ink. George Augustus Sala used to write his name out in full, usually on the title page, and made what would correspond to a butterfly as well. Lucky is the collector who finds a book with some of the older book plates in it. Paul Revere engraved four book plates that were inartistic, crude, even for that time, poorly done, but they possess great interest for the collector when they are found in a book. In fact, such books have been sold as high as $50. A set of books in eight volumes recently was discovered, each with a Revere plate. The finder promptly soaked the plates off and placed them in his collection and threw the books away. ERNEST DRESSEL NORTH, * in New York Times. Epigram-Pearls. The world of thought and material things Books Printed at Sea. Nowadays, when the menus and programmes on board a well-appointed liner are printed as a matter of course, and even a small journal or magazine is not infrequently published during the voyage, it might be expected that some more important works would occasionally appear with the imprint Mediterranean, Atlantic or Pacific. This, however, is not the case, and we must go back to the early part of the century to find books of any considerable importance printed at sea. The most interesting of these is one entitled: "The Bloody Journal kept by William Davidson on board a Russian Pirate in the year 1789. Mediterranean: Printed on board H. M. Ship Caledonia. 1812." It appears by a letter from Edward Hawke Locker to John Martin that Sir Walter Scott heard of the existence of this journal, and, thinking from its title, that it would form a suitable subject for a poem, applied to Mr. Locker to obtain a copy of it. Locker was then on board the "Caledonia," acting as civil secretary to Sir Edward Pellew, afterwards Viscount Exmouth, and at once forwarded Sir Walter's request to Sir Richard Keats, under whom Davidson was then serving on board the "Niger." Sir Richard procured a copy, certified it, and added some details of the discovery of the journal and of the life and character of its author. This Davidson was a Scotchman, and therefore better educated than the average English sailor of the period. He is described as a dark, sallow man, about thirty-five years of age, of an unsociable disposition, and remarkable for his extreme dread of physical pain. On one occasion, while being flogged for insubordination, he fell into convulsions; and when, a few months afterwards, he was sentenced to undergo the same punishment for striking a midshipman, his terror was so great that he attempted to commit suicide, and was consequently placed under arrest. During this time a report spread among the crew that he possessed a journal containing an account of a long series of atrocities in which he had taken part. Search was accordingly made and the journal discovered, and he acknowledged to Sir Richard Keats that its record of wholesale cold-blooded slaughter was substantially correct. Davidson remained on the "Niger" for some years longer, but is then said to have deserted. He was subsequently pressed on board the "Royal George" (a successor of the illfated ship which sank off Spithead in 1782), and was accidentally drowned while belonging to that vessel. The ship in which Davidson took service was a Russian privateer called the "Saint Dinnan," commissioned to act against the Turks and Greeks. He was on board from December 1st, 1788, until September 6, 1789, and for the greater part of the time the crew were engaged in the continual butchery of the unfortunate wretches who fell into their hands, frequently to the number of several hundred in a single day. Sir Walter naturally found the material far too revolting to form the subject of a poem, so he inserted it in "The Edinburgh Annual Register" for 1810, under the title of "Journal of a Levant Pirate," and prefixed a short sketch containing most of the foregoing particulars of Davidson's career. A copy of the "Register" was sent to Locker, and the "Journal" was reprinted under his supervision by the cadets on board the "Caledonia," for whose amusement a printing press had been supplied by the thoughtful care of Admiral Pellew. The printing was executed during a weary time, for the English vessels were sent to watch the French fleet which was shut up in Tolouse; and while waiting for the chance of a skirmish, it must have been an interesting as well as a novel experience to produce books where no printing press had ever been worked before. In the following year the officers of the "Caledonia" printed a much larger book, of nearly a hundred pages, containing translations of Ruiz de Padron's celebrated speech on the Inquisition and the oration entitled "Bread and Bulls," attributed to Jovellanos. The translations were made on board at the admiral's request, and the enthusiasm of the translators runs riot over the abolition of the Inquisition and the novelty of literary freedom in Spain. The later productions of the printing-press at sea which have more than an ephemeral interest are those connected with some of the Arctic explorations. In 1819-20, during the celebrated voyage of Captain Parry to the Arctic regions, a press was set up on board the "Hecla," upon the ships becoming ice-bound for the winter, and a weekly newspaper was composed and printed on board. It was called "The North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle," and ran from November 1st, 1819, to March 20th, 1820. On the return of the expedition the gazette was reprinted, and copies of this reprint may occasionally be met with, but the original is of the utmost rarity. The contents consist mainly of facetious pieces in prose and verse, and notices of the plays performed at the theatre which helped so successfully to beguile the tediousness of an Arctic winter. In the expedition of 1850-1, sent in search of Sir John Franklin, a press was supplied by the Admiralty for printing balloon-papers. There were no printers in the squadron, but some of the officers soon learned the art, and, becoming adept, they printed play-bills, announcements of fancy-dress balls, and songs and other trifles chiefly of their own composition. So great, indeed, did the passion for printing become, that when their stock of paper was exhausted, they printed on chamois leather, on shirts, and in one instance on a blanket! The last play-bill was printed on a slip of leather and on both sides, probably a unique specimen in every respect. It runs: "Royal Arctic Theatre. H. M. S. Assistance. Last Night of the Season, Friday, 28th February, 1851. Historical Drama in two acts of Charles XII. After which, Grand Phantasmagorical Magical Figures. To conclude with the new Pantomime of Zero. Doors open at six o'clock, commence at 6:30. Griffiths Island Printing Office." The theatre last mentioned was under the management of Captain Ommanney, and succeeded most happily in relieving the monotony of enforced inactivity. From the interesting narrative of the American expedition to China and Japan under Commodore Perry, in 1854, it appears that while the squadron was stationed in the Bay of Hakodadi, off the coast of Jesson, the most northerly of the islands of Japan, a ship's crew got up a concert of Ethiopian minstrels, and bills for the performance were printed on board the vessel. Doubtless the Arctic and Antarctic expeditions of the future will often include a printing-press in their equipment, but it is hardly probable that the officers of a modern man-of-war will find time or opportunity to print such books as those produced by the cadets of H. M. S. "Caledonia." G. E. BARWICK, in The Library. Incunabula at Grenoble. The catalogue of the incunables of the municipal library of Grenoble, which has just appeared, is a work of more than ordinary interest. This famous library, which architecturally is one of the most imposing in Europe, possesses, in M. Edmond Maignien, the compiler of this catalogue, a librarian whose intelligent enthusiasm leaves nothing to be desired. Resembling in outward form the catalogue of the incunables in the Mazarine Library, his catalogue is in no other respect in the same category as that unfortunate publication. M. Maignien, it is true, is not an expert in early printing, but the thoroughness and patient care which he has lavished on his descriptions are far better than expert knowledge combined with slovenly execution. The early printed books at Grenoble are exceptionally interesting, both on account of the numerous individual books which deserve attention, and also collectively, because the great majority of the volumes once formed part of the library of the Grande Chartreuse, and were almost without exception given to the monastery by two Carthusian collectors, Lorenz Blumenau and Francois Dupuy, the latter of whom died in 1521. From Dupuy come no fewer than 210 incunables, all in the original binding, made in the monastery, and strengthened by vellum documents relating to members of the order. Among separate books the place of honour belongs to the "Catholicon" of 1460, once the property of Blumenau; not, however, so much for its own sake as for the binding, which must be considered one of the very finest fifteenth-century bindings in existence. The upper and lower covers are strikingly different, but both extremely beautiful. The upper cover is cut in a single very large panel, of which the ground is roughened, while the designs stand out in relief On the smooth leather. The panel consists of two parts; a broad outer border with a design of branches and flowers along the sides, while at the top are a bear and a lion facing each other, and at the foot two dragons in similar positions. The inner part of the panel is divided into six circular compartments by interlaced branches, the spandrils being filled with rosettes, leaves and acorns. In each circle is an animal; a doe and a stag at the top, in the centre two apes, and at the bottom an ibex and an unicorn. The lower cover is decorated with small stamps; an oblong panel in the centre is completely filled with diamond-shaped stamps representing the imperial eagle, a dragon, and an unicorn; above and below these is a row of square stamps (gryphons); while a triple border runs round, the inner containing large rose stamps, the middle small diamonds, set far apart, and the outer being a continuous pattern of leaf and scroll work. In books printed at or relating to Grenoble, the library is very rich. It possesses a copy of the first book printed in that city, the "Decisiones" of Guido Papa, which is dated April 29th, 1490, and is the only known book of its printer, Etienne Foreti. Though its rarity is extreme, it is not so great as that of the second book printed at Grenoble, the Missal of the use of the diocese, of which the only known copy is in M. Magnien's charge. The printer of this missal, Jean Belot of Rouen, made only a short stay in Grenoble. After finishing this one book on May 20th, 1497, he went on to Geneva, where he established himself for some years. Two other books are attributed by M. Maignien to Belot's press, either at Grenoble or Geneva. One is the "Statuta Synodalia nouae episcopatus Gratianopolitanae," sanctioned on May 15th, 1495; the other is the book of Hours, of which fragments only remain. These fragments, discovered by M. Maignien in a binding, include the title-page, the wording of which is complete except for the one word of importance, giving the use to which the book belongs. M. Maignien believes the book to be for the diocese of Tarentaise; I do not think myself that there was room for so long a word as "tarentasiensem" on the title-page; it may possibly have been "romanum"; but the calendar certainly belongs to south France. In any case, the liturgical question is not the one to be discussed here. I can not, however, believe that these two books were produced at any press hitherto known, either in Grenoble or Geneva. They are clearly connected by the presence in both of a woodcut of Our Lady on the crescent moon; the types of the two are entirely different. But they raise some curious questions. For the type of the "Statuta," which cannot, as has been said, be earlier than May, 1495, is identical with the larger type of a "Liber Alexandri de praeliis" (Hain, 781), without place or name of printer, but dated November 16th, 1490. This gap of five years is certainly puzzling. Again, the type of the "Horae" is identical with that of a "Missale secundum usum Romanum" (Hain, *11399), dated September 11th, 1492, but also without mention of place or printer. It may be that the Missal and Hours come between the "Alexander" and the “Statuta," but that is not much help. Two things, however, are clear; that all four books must be assigned to a press in southeast France or Savoy, and that the dates do not support an ascription to Belot at any period of his career. Two tract volumes, containing pieces of remarkable curiosity, may be next mentioned. One of these contains the following, which may be classed as glorified chap-books: "Les proverbes communs," sixteen leaves, in the type of Topie and Jacobus of Herrnberg, the Lyonnese printers of the French Breidenbach of 1488, with a fine L on the title-page; "Les faintises du monde," by Guillaume Alexis, eighteen leaves, and “Supplicacion a nostre dame faite par maistre pierre de uesson," six leaves; both of these are printed by Guillaume Le Roy at Lyon, and have woodcuts; the first occurs in an earlier state in the "Livre des bonnes moeurs" of the same printer, the second represents Our Lady on the crescent. In the same volume are three curious tracts printed by Pierre Le Caron at Paris. The first relates to the arrangements for the burial of Charles VIII. in 1497; the second is entitled "Lepitaphe du Roy Charles huytiesme," and has at the end a play on the word "sept" and "sait" which is worth quoting: Leure du soleil des iours vii. The third tract printed by Le Caron is a very interesting one: "Les rues et les eglises de la ville de paris, auec la despense qui se fait par chascun iour"; a sort of "Mirabilia Parisius." Still, in the same volume, but by a different (Paris) printer, is an account of the coronation of Louis XII. at Reims, in May, 1498. This astonishing volume is still in its original binding of the beginning of the sixteenth century. The second tract volume contains, together with the "Albertanus" printed by G. Le Roy, three books |