Byron.

There is society, where none intrudes, By the deep sea, and music in its roar. That man of loneliness and mystery, Scarce seen to smile, ard seldom heard to sigh; Whose name appals the fiercest of his crew, And tints each swarthy cheek with sallower hue; Still sways their souls with that commanding art That dazzles, leads, yet chills the vulgar heart. Id. LONG, adv. Sax. gelang, a fault. By the fault; by the failure. Obsolete, but a truly English' word, says Dr. Johnson.

Respective and wary men had rather seek quietly their own, and wish that the world may go well, so it be not long of them, than with pains and hazard make themselves advisers for the common good.

Hooker

Maine Blois, Poictiers, and Tours are won away Long all of Somerset, and his delay. Shakspeare.

Mistress, all this coil is long of you. Id. If we owe it to him that we know so much, it is perhaps long of his fond adorers that we know so little more.

LONG, adj. & adv. LONGANIM'ITY, N. s. LONG-BOAT, n. s.

LONGEVITY, n. s.

LONGIM'ANOUS, adj.

LONGIM'ETRY, n. s.

LONG'SOME, adj.

LONG-SUFFERING, adj. & n. s.

LONG TAIL, n. s.
LONG'WAYS, adv.
LONG-WIND'ED, adj.
LONG'WISE, adv.

Glanville.

Sax. long; Gothic, lang; Fr. long; Ital. longe; Latin, longus. Protracted; of considerable length in space, time, or measurement; not soon terminating or ceasing; hence dilatory, tedious; as an adverb, to a great length; not soon; at a distant point of time; continuously, throughout: longanimity and long-suffering mean forbearance; patience of offence, or suffering: longevity (Lat. longavus), length of life: longimanous (Lat. longimanus), long-handed: longimetry, the art of measuring lengths or distances: longsome, tedious: longtail, in Shakspeare, 'cut and long-tail', a cant term for one or another. A phrase, I believe, taken from dogs, which, belonging to men not qualified to hunt, had their tails cut.'-Johnson. Longways and longwise, in a longitudinal direction: long-winded, long-breathed; dilatory; tedious; wordy.

But I seie as longe tyme as the eyr is a littel child, he diuersith no thing fro a seruaunt whanne he is lord of alle thingis. Wiclif. Gal. iv. He fed me all my life long to this day. Genesis xlviii. 15. When she could not longer hide him, she took for him an ark of bullrushes. Exodus ii. 3.

When the trumpet soundeth long, they shall come up to the mount. Id. xix. 13.

Honour thy father and thy mother, that thy days may be long upon the land. Id. xx. 12.

Forty years long was I grieved with this gene

ration.

Psalms.

Fairfax.

Doubts and fears are the sharpest passions: through these false opticks all that you see is like the evening shadows, disproportionable to the truth, and strangely longer than the true substance. Suckling.

He was laid upon two beds, the one joined longwise unto the other, both which he filled with his length.

Hakewill. Certainly, God is wonderfully gracious, as he is also infinitely just, even to those that will needs incur damnation, having tendered unto them many powerful helps to their repentance; which he hath with much patience and longanimity expected.

Bp. Hall. That innocent and holy matron had rather go clad in the snowy white robes of meekness and longanimity, than in the purple mantle of blood.

Up

Howel's England's Tears. These, as a line, their long dimensions drew, Streaking the ground with sinuous trace. Milton. They open to themselves at length a way hither, under long obedience tryed.

Long and ceaseless hiss.

Id.

Id.

But first a long succession must ensue. Milton.

meekness of Moses, and surely had mastered any but It had overcome the patience of Job, as it did the the longanimity and lasting sufferance of God.

Browne's Vulgar Errours.

The villainy of this Christian exceeded the persecution of heathens, whose malice was never so longiextend into the exile of their elysiums.

manous as to reach the soul of their enemies, or to Browne.

We made the trial in a long-necked phial left open at the top. Boyle. If the world had been eternal, those would have been found in it, and generally spread long ago, and beyond the memory of all ages. Tillotson.

And long it was ere he the rest could raise, Whose heavy eyelids yet were full of night. Dryden.

The martial Ancus

Furbished the rusty sword again,

Resumed the long-forgotten shield. Id. No man has complained that you have discoursed too long on any subject, for you leave us in an eagerness of learning more.

Id.

They first betray their masters, and then, when they find the vessel sinking, save themselves in the longboat. L'Estrange. It may help to put an end to that long-agitated and unreasonable question, whether man's will be free or no? Locke.

Eldest parents signifies either the eldest men and women that have had children, or those who have longest had issue. Id.

That those are countries suitable to the nature of man, and convenient to live in, appears from the longevity of the natives. Ray on the Creation.

Say, that you once were virtuous long ago? A frugal, hardy people. Philip's Briton. This island stands as a vast mole, which lies longways, almost in a parallel line to Naples.

Prior.

Addison on Italy. Reduce, my muse, the wandering song; A tale should never be too long. When chilled by adverse snows and beating rain, We tread with wearied steps the longsome plain.

Id. At the first descent on shore, he did countenance the landing in his longboat. Wotton.

We infer from the mercy and longsuffering of God, that they were themselves sufficiently secure of his favour. Rogers.

The instances of longevity are chiefly amongst the abstemious. Arbuthnot on Aliments. Our two eyes are like two different stations in longimetry, by the assistance of which the distance between two objects is measured.

Cheyne's Philosophical Principles. A ponderous mace,

Full twenty cubits long, he swings around. Pope.

Heaven restores

To thy fond wish the long-expected shores. Id. My simile you minded,

Swift.

Which, I confess, is too longwinded. Long sentences in a short composition are like large rooms in a little house. Shenstone.

Absurd longevity! More, more, it cries: More life, more wealth, more trash of every kind. Young.

But Beatoun had enjoyed powers too long to be a favourite of the nation.

Robertson's History of Scotland.

Fain would I hide what I fear to discover, Yet long, long too well have I known :

Burns.

All that has caused this wreck in my bosom, Is Jenny, fair Jenny alone. Another consequence of such a bill would be a longer residence of the bishops in their several dioBp. Watson.

ceses.

And if we do but watch the hour, There never yet was human power Which could evade, if unforgiven, The patient search and vigil long Of him who treasures up a wrong.

Byron.

LONG, v. n. & adj. Sax. langian, of Germ. LONG'ING, n. s. gelangen, to ask; beg.LONG'INGLY, adv. Skinner, Ex Gal. loing, LONG'LY, adv. i. e. longinquam.--Minsheu. To desire eagerly or earnestly, taking for or after before the object: as an adjective it signifies desiring; eager. Longly is used for longing by Shakspeare.

them.

And thine eyes shall look and fail with longing for Deut. xxviii. 32. The great master perceived that Rhodes was the place the Turkish tyrant longed after. Knolles.

Master, you looked so longly on the maid,
Perhaps, you mark not what's the pith of all.
Shakspeare.
Fresh expectation troubled not the land
With any longed for change, or better state. Id.
I have a woman's longing,

An appetite that I am sick withal,
To see great Hector in the weeds of peace. Id.
If the report be good, it causeth love,
And longing hope, and well-assured joy.

Davies.

LONG (Roger), D. D., a native of Norfolk, was educated at Cambridge; where he became master of Pembroke Hall, and Lowndes professor of astronomy. He was also rector of Cherryhinton in Huntingdonshire, and of Bradwell in Essex; and was author of a Treatise of Astronomy, and the inventor of a very curious astronomical machine, thus described by himself:- I have, in a room lately built in Pembroke Hall, erected a sphere of eighteen feet diameter, wherein above thirty persons may sit conveniently; the entrance into it is over the south pole by six steps; the frame of the sphere consists of a number of iron meridians, not complete semi-circles, the northern ends of which are screwed to a large round plate of brass, with a hole in the centre of it; through this hole, from a beam in the ceiling, comes the north pole, a round iron rod about three inches long, and supports the upper parts of the sphere to its proper elevation for the latitude of Cambridge; the lower part of the sphere, so much of it as is invisible in England, is cut off; and the lower or southern ends of the meridians, or truncated semi-circles, terminate on, and are screwed down to, a strong circle of oak, of about thirteen feet diameter; which, when the sphere is put into motion, runs upon large rollers of lignum vitæ, in the manner that the tops of some windmills are made to turn round. Upon the iron meridians is fixed a zodiac of tin painted blue, whereon the ecliptic and heliocentric orbits of the planets are drawn, and the constellations and stars traced: the Great and Little Bear and Draco are already painted in their places round the north pole; the rest of the constellations are proposed to follow; the

whole is turned round with a small winch, with as little labor as it takes to wind up a jack, though the weight of the iron, tin, and wooden circle, is about 1000 lbs. When made use of, a planetarium will be placed in the middle. The whole, with the floor, is well supported by a frame of large timber. All the constellations and stars of the northern hemisphere, visible at Cambridge, are painted in their proper places upon plates of iron joined together, which form one concave surface.' Dr. Long published a Commencement Sermon in 1728; and an answer to Dr. Galley's Pamphlet on Greek Accents. He died December 16th 1770, aged ninety-one.

LONG (Edward), the historian of Jamaica, was born at St. Blaize in Cornwall, in 1734, being the son of a gentleman who possessed estates in that island. He was brought up to the law; and on the death of his father, in 1757, proceeeded to Jamaica, where he became secretary to Sir Henry Moore his brother-in-law, and lieutenant governor of the island. In 1769 he was obliged to return to England for his health, where he devoted the remainder of his life to literary pursuits, and particularly to the completion of his History of Jamaica, published in 1774, in 3 vols. 4to. In 1797 he resigned his office, and died March 13th, 1813, at the house of his son-in-law, Henry Howard Molyneux, esq., of Arundel Park, Sussex. Mr. Long also wrote a collection of essays, entitled The Prater; a novel called The Antigallican; Letters on the Colonies; and various minor pieces.

LONG (James Le), a French writer of the seventeenth century, born in Paris in 1665. He was a priest of the oratory, and librarian of St. Honore. He published, 1. Bibliotheca Sacra, 2 vols. folio, 1723; 2. Bibliotheque de la France, folio; 3. A Historical discourse on Polyglott Bibles. He died at Paris in 1721.

LONG ISLAND, an island in Penobscot Bay, on the coast of Maine; twelve miles long, and two broad. Also a small island near the coast of Virginia, at the mouth of York River. Long. 76° 35′ W., lat. 37° 16′ N.

LONG ISLAND, an island belonging to the state of New York, extending east from the city of New York 140 miles. It is not more than ten miles in breadth on a medium, and is separated from Connecticut by Long Island Sound. The island is divided into three counties; King's, Queen's, and Suffolk. Long. 72° to 74° W., lat. 40° 50′ N. Population 48,751. Sag-Harbour is the principal port. The south side of the island is flat land, of a light sandy soil, bordered on the sea coast with large tracts of salt meadow. The soil, however, is well calculated for raising grain, especially Indian corn. The north side of the island is hilly, and of a strong soil, adapted to the culture of grain, hay, and fruits, and the eastern part is remarkably adapted to the growth of wood, and supplies, in great part, the city of New York with this article. The principal towns and villages on the island are Brooklyn, Jamaica, Sag-Harbour, Flatbush, Flushing, Šatauket, and Huntingdon.

LONG ISLAND, or HAMOTE, an island on the coast of New Zealand, in Queen Charlotte's Sound, about forty miles long. It has much

wood and large flocks of sea and other fowl, are also seen about the cliffs. Nine miles south of Port Jackson.-Also island about forty miles with current on the coast of Papua or New Guinea.

an

LONG ISLAND SOUND, a kind of inland sea, from three to twenty-five miles broad, and about 140 long, extending the whole length of the island, and dividing it from Connecticut. It communicates with the ocean at both ends.

LONGEVITY. Immediately after the creation, when the world was to be peopled by one man and one woman, the ordinary age was 900 and upwards. See ANTEDILUVIANS. Immediately after the flood, when there were three persons to people the world, their age was shortened, and none of those patriarchs, but. Shem, arrived at 500. In the second century we find none that reached 240: in the third none but Terah that came to 200 years: the world, at least a part of it, by that time being so well peopled, that they had built cities, and were cantoned out into distant nations. By degrees, as the number of people increased, their longevity dwindled, till it came down to seventy or eighty years; and there it has continued to stand ever since the time of Moses.

Lord

That the common duration of man's life has been the same in all ages, since the above period, is plain both from sacred and profane history. Yet instances of lives greatly exceeding that period are not only to be found in the history of all ages and countries, but even in our own country and in the present age. Mr. Whitehurst, in his Enquiry into the Origin and Strata of the Earth, has given a list (since enlarged by Dr. Fothergill) of thirty-two persons, who died between 1635 and 1781, all of whom had lived above a century, most of them considerably longer, and one who was living in 1780 had attained the astonishing age of 175! Bacon assures us, from the most incontestable evidence, that in A. D. 76, when a general taxation was made over the Roman empire, by Vespasian, there were found living in Italy, between the Appennines and the Po, no fewer than 124 persons aged 100 and upwards. Of these fiftyfour were 100 years old, fifty-seven were 110, two 125, four 130, four 136, and three 140 years old each; besides nineteen others in Parma, Placentia, Faventia, Rimino, &c., of whom six were 110 years old, seven 120, one 125, two 130, one 131, one 132, and one 150. And, in our own age and country, Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account affords numerous and authentic evidences, that longevity is far from being uncommon. In proof of this, we might, if room permitted, give quotations from above 400 of the 938 parochial accounts in that work; but we shall content ourselves with only one from that of Crossmichael in Galloway :- Within these twenty years,' says the Rev. J. Johnstone, at least twelve persons have died in the lower parts of Galloway, from 100 to 115 years old. William Marshal, a tinker in this place, is now 118. He might pass for sixty. His faculties are unimpaired, and he walks through the country with ease.' From the various instances of longevity given by Mr. Whitehurst and others, we shall only select a few of the most remarkable.

LONGFORD, an inland county in the province of Leinster, and kingdom of Ireland, bounded on the north by the counties of Leitrim and Cavan: on the south and east by Westmeath county and on the west by Roscommon. It extends about twenty-six miles in length, and measures about twenty-four in breadth. Its superficial contents are 134,152 acres, which are subdivided into twenty-three parishes, and six baronies, the latter called Longford, Granard, Ardagh, Moydoe, Rathcline, and Abbeyshruel. Longford is rather a level country, much intermixed with bog, the northern angle alone being occupied by hills, which are bleak and barren. In the townland of Lisardowling is a small hill or moat called the centre of Ireland.

The chief rivers are, the Shannon, which forms its western boundary, the Inny, the Camiin, and the Faller; the swellings of these, besides the inundations of Lough Gawnagh, lay great parts of the country occasionally under water, and considerably obstruct tillage. The articles of manufacture produced here are yarn, and good brown

linen; and the agricultural export consists chiefly of oats. The chief towns are Longford, Granard, Lawsborough, Johnstown, and Edgeworthtown, near which is the residence of that elegant and moral writer, Miss Edgeworth. Longford formed part of the ancient district of Annaly or Angalia, the country of the O'Ferrals, who were dispossessed by the English settlers, the Delamares, and Tuites.

LONGFORD, the chief or assizes town of the county of the same name in Ireland, is situated on the river Camlin, in the barony of Longford, at the distance of about seventy English miles from the city of Dublin. It is a market, post, and fair town, consisting of one principal street, with a market-house, new gaol, court house, infirmary, diocesan school, permanent barrack, a good inn, and brewery. The situation is flat, exposed, marshy, and unhealthy; the only elevated ground in the vicinity is the hill of Fenaghfadd, which rises to a height of about 200 feet only. The trade of this little town, as well as the salubrity of its climate, would derive material

benefit, by a branch from hence to the canal at Killashee, only four miles distant. The family of Pakenham derive the title of earls from this place.

LONGING is a preternatural appetite in pregnant women, and in some sick persons when about to recover. It is called pica, from the bird of that name, which is said to be subject to the same disorder. It consists of a desire of unusual things to eat and drink, and in being soon tired of one and wanting another. It is called malacia, from μaλakog, weakness. Chlorotic girls, and men who labor under suppressed hemorrhoids, are very subject to this complaint, and are relieved by promoting the respective evacuations. In general, whether this disorder is observed in pregnant women, in persons recovering from an acute fever, or in those who labor under obstructions of the natural evacuations, this craving of the appetite should be moderately indulged.

LONGINUS (Dionysius), a celebrated Greek critic of the third century, by some said to have been born in Athens, by others in Syria. His father's name is unknown, but by his mother he was allied to the celebrated Plutarch. His youth was spent in travelling with his parents, which afforded him an opportunity of collecting knowledge, and of improving his taste. After his travels, he fixed his residence at Athens, and with the greatest assiduity applied to study. Here he published his Treatise on the Sublime; which raised his reputation to such a height, and gave the Athenians such an opinion of his judgment and taste, that every work was received or rejected by the public, according to his decisions

He seems to have staid in Athens a long time; here he taught the academic philosophy, and among others had the famous Porphyry for his pupil. But it was at length his fortune to be drawn from Athens, and to mix in more active scenes; to train up young princes to virtue and glory; to guide the busy passions of the great to noble objects; and at last to die in the cause of liberty. Zenobia, queen of the east, prevailed on him to take the education of her sons; and he soon gained a great share in her esteem. That princess was at war with Aurelian : and being defeated by him near Antioch, was compelled to shut hersalf up in Palmyra, her capital city. The emperor wrote her a letter, in which he ordered her to surrender; to which she returned an answer, drawn up by Longinus, which filled him with resentment. The emperor laid siege to the city; and the Palmyrians were at length obliged to surrender. The queen and Longinus endeavoured to fly into Persia; but were overtaken and made prisoners when on the point of crossing the Euphrates. The queen, intimidated, weakly laid the blame of vindicating the liberty of her country on its true author; and the brave Longinus, to the disgrace of the conqueror, was immediately executed. The writings of Longinus were numerous, some on philosophical, but the greater part on critical subjects. Dr. Pearce has collected the titles of twenty-five treatises, none of which have escaped the depredations of time and barbarians. The best edition of his works is that of Tollius, printed at Utrecht, in 1694, cum notis variorum. It has been translated into English by Mr. Smith.

cula are distended, and their longitudinal diameters straightened, and so the length of the whole muscle shortened. Cheyne.

LONGITUDE, in geography and navigation, is the angle at the pole, included between the meridian of any place, and the first meridian; and it is generally measured on the equator; though, considered in itself, it may with equal propriety be measured on any parallel of latitude; but, when difference of latitude and difference of lon

gitude are to be composed, it is expedient that they should be estimated on circles of equal radii, therefore in navigation longitude is measured on the equator.

The method of finding the longitude is a problem of such importance and such difficulty, and has occupied so large a space in the application of science to the business of practical life, that an account of the circumstances which have contributed to bring its solution to the state in which we now have it, cannot fail to be in a high degree interesting. We shall therefore give a brief sketch of the various methods which have been proposed for discovering it, the principles on which they depend, with directions for putting in practice such of them as have been found useful, and illustrate the whole with appropriate examples.