The following subjects are taught in the academic department:

Manual training: Basketry, sloyd, bench work, wood turning, forging, sewing, and cooking.

Every student is taught agriculture and manual training. The pupils enter at 16 and 17 with but little previous training, and the course of study is adapted to their needs. All studies are made to center about agriculture and home life. Girls are taught all the arts that pertain to housekeeping, including mattress making, painting, papering, repairing chairs and latches, and the care of a garden and of poultry. All students are obliged to work with their hands one or two days in each week and are enabled in this way to pay a portion of their board, which is $10 per month. Forty-one students received academic diplomas in June, 1901.

TRADE DEPARTMENT.

The number of students who have been given instruction in trades during the past year is as follows:

The students in the finishing class in carpentry last year were given for half the year one-half day each at bricklaying, painting, and tinsmithing, four hours at wood turning, and six hours at designing small houses and estimating the material for them. The rest of each week was spent at the carpenter's bench. Such an "all-around" course enables the carpenter to plan a house, estimate its cost, and finish it in every detail. All tradesmen have mechanical drawing and attend night school for academic studies. All learn also to make estimates in their various trades. Most of the trade courges are three years in length; the first year being spent in the trade school, the second in one of the productive industries, and the third in the trade school. A regular course of technical instruction is given in each departSixteen tradesmen received certificates in nine different trades in June, 1901.

ment.

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Of the 795 acres embraced in the school's two farms, 500 are under cultivation by students. -79

ED 1901-VOL II

The following crops and products have been raised or made, and sold either to the school or to outside parties:

Wheat.

Corn

Oats.

Potatoes.

Turnips

Onions

Beans.

Other vegetables

Fruit..

Melons

Pumpkins

Hay.

Butter

600

8,030

.do.... 500

1,860

545

43

150

.do.... 1,500

Milk

-gallons. 75,000

The subjects taught in the agricultural department are classified thus: Special. Chemistry, botany, insect life, history of agriculture, farm accounts, soils, drainage, horticulture, animal industry, dairying.

Senior.-Animal industry, dairying, stock breeding, stock feeding.

Middle.-Soil water, farm drainage after cultivation, rotation of crops, plant propagation, insects, and plant diseases, manures and manuring. Junior.-Plant life, soils, insect life.

Whittier preparatory.—Nature study, practical work in school garden (2 acres with 200 individual plats).

Twenty acres of the school land are used as an experiment station; and four as a model farm, which is managed by a student so as to show how to maintain a moderate sized family on a small piece of land.

The institution sends weekly and monthly weather reports to the Central agricultural station.

expenses of which are During the last session

A school of methods is held in July each summer, the borne by the State of Virginia and the Hampton Institute. there were 347 teachers enrolled, representing 15 States and Territories, 127 being from Virginia. Industrial as well as academic courses were offered and were chosen by a large percentage of the teachers. All the industrial classes were full to overflowing within three days after the opening of the institute.

There have been 119 Indians in attendance during the past year-65 boys and 54 girls. They have been classified with the negro students and have therefore had the same number of teachers and have studied the same subjects; 46 boys have taken trades, 4 have had a special course in agriculture, 4 boys and 5 girls have been working with families in the north, 4 girls have had a special seamstress course, and 48 girls have had instruction in sewing and housework. All the Indian girls have

had instruction in lace making, as well as in the various forms of manual training taught in the school.

Benefactions received during the year for endowment

Benefactions received during the year for permanent improvements...

37,588.00

Annual expenditures

21, 656.00 169, 277.99

Students are not charged tuition. It is paid by individuals and associations in

Undou tedly the ideal plan for warming and ventilating houses includes a freshair shaft, bringing down the air from the top of the building, heating the same, and forcing it into the schoolroom by a fan moved by steam or other power. The feet should be kept warmer than the head, consequently the foul-air flues should be placed near the floor. This ideal plan is generally considered an expensive luxury,

too expensive for use in most places. I can remember that twenty years ago many of the buildings in Chicago were heated and ventilated on this plan. By simply turning a register the inflow of hot air could be stopped at once, and the inflow of fresh, cool air substituted. The steam engine which furnished the hot air was placed in a small building just outside of the building used for school purposes. I have never inspected schools elsewhere that were heated and ventilated in so satisfactory

a manner.

The brief remarks which I shall make in this paper are devoted to the question of interest in the great majority of schoolhouses in this country-houses that depend on windows and doors and chimney flues for their ventilation, and for heating depend upon stoves or hot-air furnaces, or steam coils. The universal tendency when the air of the schoolroom becomes too hot is to raise a window and let in the cold air from the bottom. The consequence of this is a direct draft upon the backs or shoulders of pupils sitting near the window. Pupils at a distance from the window get some of the fresh air without danger from the current of air caused. It seems to me that very many cases of ill health in later life can be traced back to carelessness in this matter of direct ventilation from the window upon the pupil. The seeds of future rheumatism were then planted. Rheumatism, it is well known, leads to heart disease. In case the lungs are the weakest point, consumption may set in first, especially where the effect of sitting in a draft of air produces a bad cold instead of rheumatism.

Inasmuch as the cold stream of air falls to the floor on entering the room and diffuses itself around the floor, it tends to produce cold feet. Hence the ventilation of the room from the bottom of the window is sure to be inimical to the health of the pupil.

But the child must have fresh air. Foul air deteriorates the blood and lowers the tone of the whole system, thus inviting disease. The child must have fresh air, but the fresh air must be introduced through the top of the window, and not through the bottom. This is the point that I wish to emphasize. If the window is not constructed so as to be lowered from the top, it can easily be changed. A portion of the supports of the window can be cut out with a chisel, so as to allow the upper sash to be lowered to the distance of 1 foot or more. Then two buttons may be fixed, one of which supports the window within 1 inch of the top and another that supports it when lowered a foot or more. This change should be made in all the windows and not merely in a few of them. Every schoolroom should have at least four windows. Each of these four windows should be so constructed that the upper sash may be lowered.

In cold, sharp weather, or very windy weather, when the air is mild, the upper sash of each of the four or more windows of the schoolroom should be lowered 1 inch from the top. The cold air from without enters the space above the window and meets the hottest air in the room. It is heavier and descends toward the floor, creeping down the side of the window and the wall of the room and becoming heated in its passage. During its descent it also diffuses itself more or less, and in no case does it strike the backs or shoulders of the pupils, provided that there is an aisle, as there ought to be, between the pupils' desks and the wall of the room. Moreover, when it reaches the floor it has become so much modified and warmed it does not cause a cold chill to the feet of the children.

If the weather is warm or mild, and there is little breeze stirring, the windows should all be lowered from 6 inches to a foot. This will introduce a much larger inflow of fresh air, but it will hold its course to the floor near the wall or down the window without striking the shoulders of the pupils. In case, however, of cold weather, or of windy, mild weather, the volume of air pouring through an aperture a foot wide would be projected forward into the room like a cataract, and would reach the pupils and do them harm. Everyone knows that the hot

air rises toward the top of the room and remains as a sort of reservoir of air above the point at which fresh air is introduced. When the window is raised from the bottom and not lowered from the top, the persons seated on the other side of the room not affected by the inflow of air feel the oppressing effect on the body of stagnant air in the top of the room. This is instantly removed upon opening the ducts at the top of the room, because all of the air in the top of the room is set in motion by the process.

I have said that all of the windows, and not some of them, should be lowered from the top. It will not do to fix one window alone and suppose that is sufficient for the purpose of ventilating a whole schoolroom. It will do something, but what it does will not be well done. For, in order to affect the air of the whole room, it will be necessary to lower the window too much, and the consequence will be the creation of a too brisk current, the formation of a cataract of air, as it were, which will flow outward from the wall into the schoolroom so far as to strike the pupils sitting nearest that window. All of the windows should be lowered, and no more than is necessary to produce the change of air in the whole room by the descent of a thin sheet of cold air down the windows and the wall to the floor.

This method of ventilating the rooms is not a matter of mere theory, but has been tested by me during many years' practice. Any schoolroom that has four windows to it may be ventilated by this process in a fairly serviceable way. But it is quite important that there should be ventilating flues at the bottom of the room opening into a large ventilating flue surrounding the smokestacks which carry off the heat of the furnace. There is a sort of sour schoolroom air which the school visitor remembers vividly. This schoolroom smell can not be removed effectually except by ventilators at the bottom of the room. The ventilation by means of the tops of the windows that I have already described gives a fair supply of fresh air to all in the room, but it is not quite adequate to remove this schoolroom smell here spoken of. The ventilating flue at the bottom of the room opening into the smokestack is supposed to draw the air out of the bottom of the room by the draft of the heated air ascending the smokestack. By the term "smokestack," I refer to the iron pipes within the chimney through which the smoke and gases from the fuel escape up the chimney. A space left around this smokestack and open all the way to the top of the chimney furnishes the ventilating flue which is found to do the service in schoolhouses. When the building is not heated by furnace and the volume of air in the ventilating flues is not heated, there will not be a draft sufficient to suck out the sour and fetid air from the bottom of the schoolroom. An open fireplace in some part of of the schoolroom will answer this purpose admirably if a small fire is kept in it constantly, even in summer. A kerosene lamp of small size will do wonders by causing an ascending current of air which draws out the bad air at the bottom of the room.

In case the room is heated by a stove, the stove should be a large one, so that the door may be left open after the coal is ignited. The draft which carries the steam and gases up the chimney also draws out the bad air from the lower part of the room. In case wood is used, and an open door occasions too rapid combustion of the fuel, some other plan must be adopted. The old Franklin stove or fireplace makes the best ventilator, though a poor heater. Its heating capacity may be increased sufficiently by lengthening the pipe and carrying it around the top of the room before connecting it with the chimney.

I should have said above that when the outdoor temperature is 80° F., or above, the windows may be raised from the bottom a foot or so, and lowered from the top as much as possible.

There are devices of oblique boards placed at the bottom of the window, or at the top of it, which are intended to deflect the current of air upward, and thereby pre