the cemetery, where there was from three to four feet of snow, but as there was a good crust on the snow there was no difficulty in walking upon it or moving around. Although there was a sharp, cold wind blowing and the morning cloudy, yet every one seemed pleased to remember the resurrection of Christ while standing among the graves of the departed ones. Later a mother related how her son could not sleep for fear he would miss hearing the bell for the services.

FRIENDS' MISSION.

[From reports of the missionaries.]

Kotzebue. The educational, medical, and gospel work at this mission of the Friends has been remarkably blessed, and all interested feel that God's power has been manifest in many ways. Marriage has been solemnized among the natives, many have confessed their sins and sought pardon, and a little organization has been made of the confessing ones. Some of the young people have proved themselves real missionaries in carrying the gospel stories to others and in holding services in places where the missionaries could not go.

Kaak.-A new church has been built here and the natives have subscribed very liberally in paying for it. They also assisted in the work of building and in subscribing toward the cost of an organ for the new church. We have had 73 accessions to the church, who are trying to live consistent Christian lives.

Douglas. In the past year our natives have scattered greatly. The work in the mines having become more dangerous than they liked, they have sought and found work at the various canneries about Douglas. This has caused us to change somewhat our former methods and secure assistants both of natives and whites to occupy the fishing stations with them. We have a minister and his family, with one field matron and one day-school teacher, stationed at Douglas. Here we have an enrollment in the day school of something near 65 pupils all told, and a membership in the Friends Church of about 200 natives and 50 whites. We also have an out station in Taku Harbor, with J. L. Campbell as worker. There is a day school now being held in Taku Harbor, but it is not yet permanent, as we have not yet completely furnished it, but Mr. Campbell is doing what he can, without salary. The natives, having been unfairly deprived of their homes in Douglas, are seeking a new location, and will possibly locate at this place permanently. We are longing for the time to come when the native can be protected in his home without the necessity of a long, tedious lawsuit with some moneyed corporation.

MISSION OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

[From the report of Mrs. S. L. Beiler, secretary of Alaskan bureau.]

Unalaska.-At the Jesse Lee Home the year has been uneventful in any great degree. Much has been done in the way of teaching English and trying to inculcate American ideas of government and that the Czar and the Russian flag do not rule the Aleutian Islands, but that they are under the Stars and Stripes, which are kept floating as an object lesson. Much has been done in industrial training in cooking, sewing, gardening-everything toward home making for both girls and boys.

One of the boys writes thus of the work: "I am going to tell you about Jesse Lee Home. I milk the cow and feed her, give some hay, and feed the calf every morning and every afternoon, and I feed the hens. I hunt all the time, only Sunday I don't hunt, because holy day, and we must rest for Jesus and sing to him. I like to learn how to read and write and how to talk English, and I am going to the school next winter."

There are so many reasons why we need a hospital that as soon as sufficient money is in the treasury we will rise to build." The Marine Hospital will take only marine cases, not natives nor travelers, nor even the sick at the North American Commercial Company's homes. If we had our hospital and some one to take care of it we could take in every one of these.

The garden is doing well. We have a hotbed, and in that way we start small vegetables. Our cows graze seven months in the year. The silo is a success. The chickens are a luxury; the milk and fresh eggs for the sick have been a blessing few can have in the Aleutian Islands. Our whole plant is an object lesson to all around.

Our growth is not rapid. We have unusual obstacles to overcome, but we are firmly planted, and are a great light to those who sit in darkness.

MISSION OF THE NORWEGIAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH IN AMERICA.

[From report of the missionary.]

On June 30, 1900, Rev. T. L. Brevig, a Norwegian1 Lutheran clergyman, with his family and an assistant, returned to Teller Reindeer Station as superintendent of the Government and native reindeer herds in the vicinity and as the first Norwegian Lutheran missionary in Alaska. An epidemic of grippe and measles then raging among the natives carried away over 50 per cent of the population that year, leaving many orphans, so that it became necessary to establish a home for

them.

From the first from 10 to 18 orphans have been cared for at the station, and this has become a most important feature of the work.

PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONS IN ALASKA.

[From report of Rev. George F. McAfee, superintendent school work, Presbyterian Board of Missions.]

Alaska is no less inviting a field for missionary effort than in past years. In fact, the past year has been one of great blessing, though there have been many things to perplex the missionaries. Intemperance, impurity of life, and old heathen customs have held firmly in their grasp the great mass of the people, but there have been conversions from among the most noted natives, and from the Sitka school alone have come over 40 who have named the name of Christ.

The woman's board has the last year paid the salaries of the 16 missionaries and interpreters of the board who have served the churches and missions at Haines, Fort Wrangell, Hoonah, Jackson, Juneau, Klawak, Saxman, Sitka, and Douglass Island, at a total cost of $10,491.80. The total cost of all Presbyterian missions in Alaska is $32,609.22.

Point Barrow.-Dr. and Mrs. Marsh, with their friend, Koonooya, the elder, and his wife, returned to their field in July last, after a year's rest. This mission is to the Eskimo, and is very hopeful. Dr. Marsh rendered valuable service to the woman's board while in the States by his many addresses to churches and women's societies. Missionaries, 2; salaries, $1,200; other expenses, $977.59; total, $2,177.59.

St. Lawrence Island.-Dr. P. H. J. Lerrigo, who occupied that field last year, returned home in September last, and was succeeded by Dr. D. E. O. Campbell. Dr. Lerrigo in his report says: "Mr. Gambell fought devil worship; Mr. Doty fought the whisky traffic, and both with marked success. I had the privilege of continuing their work, so well begun, and of preaching to the people, without serious opposition, salvation by grace through faith in a crucified and risen Lord.' Sitka Training School. This is a coeducational institution, and is open to all the tribes in Alaska, not excepting the Eskimos and the Russian Creoles. In the school the pupils are taught the Bible regularly and systematically. A common English education is given, and the industrial work is emphasized. The girls are taught to do all kinds of housework as well as the proper care of their persons, clothing. etc. The boys are taught carpentry, boatbuilding, shoemaking, and other industries which fit them for earning an honest support. The graduates of the Sitka school are settling in many parts of Alaska. They are doing business on their own account, carrying on trades, working in mines, fisheries, and lumber mills, and everywhere are recognized, trusted, and respected as industrious, honest, and consistent Christians, as well as patriotic citizens. The race is being redeemed. Since the work was established, in 1878, there have been over 1,000 converts baptized, many of them being pupils of the school. Some noted miracles of grace are reported. The old chief, Kat le an, who for twenty-five years steadily and stoutly resisted the truth and fought the work of the missionaries and teachers most resolutely, has, during the present year, submitted himself to Christ. He is clothed and in his right mind- -a most marvelous conversion. Like the man of Gadara, out of whom Jesus cast the legion of devils, he is going about among the native villages telling his people "what great things the Lord hath done for him." Pupils-boarding, 150; day, 5; total, 155; teachers, 15; salaries, $6,949.91; current expenses, $7,995.89; repairs, etc., $997.03; total, $15,939.83. Tuition received, $605.75.

Sitka hospital.-Physician and two nurses. Over 1,500 patients have been treated in the hospital and at the ranches, and a large number of successful opera

1 Mr. and Mrs. Brevig first came to Teller as teachers in 1894.

tions performed. Smallpox was epidemic, and physicians, nurses, and teachers acted heroically in caring for the sufferers.

Several of the Sitka pupils have been trained as nurses and have rendered valuable service here in the hospital and in the homes to which they have gone. While a comparatively small part of the time is devoted to religious work, yet the Bible study is emphasized; services are held regularly in the ward every evening and the Sabbath-school lesson is taught every Sunday. That much real good is accomplished in quickening the spiritual life of all who come under the influence exerted in hospital life is abundantly shown by the character of those who have gone forth and are teaching or caring for the sick as opportunity offers.

Many of the pupils have earned and are still earning good wages simply by their knowledge of the English language by acting as guides, interpreters, and packers for the large number of white men who have come into the territory within recent years. Especially was this true during the memorable season of 1897-98, when the miners found the assistance of our boys of incalculable value. The miners found the boys invariably honest and trustworthy.

As far as can be traced, the boys educated in the Sitka school are now employed as follows:

Eleven in the boot and shoe trade, 3 in boat building, 22 in carpentry, 3 in coopering, 2 in clerking, 4 in cannery, 2 in engineering, 3 in mining, 2 as missionaries, 2 as teachers, 4 as merchants, 1 as painter and paper hanger, 4 in sawmills, and as silversmith.

The following number of girls are employed in work: Two in cooking, 4 in dressmaking, 2 as missionaries, 4 as teachers, and 2 as nurses.

In addition to the foregoing, the following from the pen of a native teacher marks as one blessed result the breaking down of tribal enmities and the unifying of race sentiment:

"Here at Sitka are 133 of the cleanest, happiest boys and girls to be found in all this great land of ours. Eskimos from the north, Aleuts from the west, Haidas from the south, Tinneh from the interior, Tsimsheans and Thlingkets from the coast are living together in most friendly fashion in our mission school; and yet the grandparents, and even the fathers and mothers, of these children were bitter enemies.

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"My grandmother taught me to hate the Sitka people because members of our Stickine tribe had been massacred by them long ago. An insult was never forgotten. The mother taught her children to hate and revenge, and when the children grew up they, in their turn, taught their children the same wicked lessons. That is the reason why it seems almost a miracle that representatives of all these one-time enemies should live so lovingly together. What has accomplished this change? It is the power of the Prince of Peace."

SCHOOL WORK OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH IN ALASKA.

[From report of school work in Russian Orthodox American Messenger.]

In the districts of Sitka and Unalaska 802 children of both sexes have attended school. Out of this number, 9 per cent were the wards of the charity institutions of the Russian Church. The general impression of our church school activities in this country is that the foundation for the education of the masses has been established, they being taught religion, reading, and arithmetic.

The satisfactory state of the work in the Sitka district only increases our wish that it should be enlarged and strengthened as far as possible, so as to be implanted in the very spirit of the inhabitants who are constantly unsettled by offers, flattery, and invitations of various kinds.

MISSIONS OF THE SWEDISH EVANGELICAL MISSION COVENANT IN ALASKA.

[From the report of D. Nyvall, secretary.]

Yakutat, a place not different from an abode for wild animals when our missionaries first landed there some fourteen years ago, is now rapidly growing into a city. Fishing is the actual business of the place, with much mining in prospect. Steamboats come and go every month, winter and summer, and consequently post and other conveniences of modern life help to make the sojourn at Yakutat nothing at all like what it was some five years ago.

Still, the evils of the liquor traffic coming in the wake of these conveniences more than offset the blessings, so that our missionaries are tempted to ask to be left alone as of old, with the natives and the gospel. They strongly protest against

the lawlessness of some captains in selling strong drinks to the natives. They describe most vividly the evil influences of alcohol upon the natives, who seem to lack every power of resistance to temptation from the whites, many of whom are morally slaughtering all the natives they are able to reach.

The missionaries are teaching 60 children in the Sunday school and are caring for 5 girls in the mission home, and report a successful year in spite of discouragements.

Unalaklik.-A great revival visited Unalaklik last winter. Almost the whole population became seekers of truth and a new life, and the missionaries saw the fruit of their patient sowing. The influence of the mission can be seen in a radius of 50 miles around the station in the cleanliness and other good habits of the natives.

Golofnin Bay.-Last summer almost every family at Golofnin Bay was visited by the angel of death, and the missionary was for a long time the only man in the village able to bury the dead. A great many children were left orphans and worse than homeless. Our missionaries picked them up on the beach in a state impossible to describe and could only take them to the mission home. In this way the great need of an orphanage made itself felt, and friends among the gold discoverers subscribed $6,000 for this purpose. With this a home was erected and dedicated to its mission of mercy on Thanksgiving Day, 1900. The home is large enough to receive 50 children, which means at least $6,000 more expense for this mission. It is a great blessing, although a blessing that calls for new sacrifices from those who support our missions. But our whole experience as a missionary society is to walk in faith and do what often seems impossible.

The above include the reports submitted to me by the various missionary organizations in Alaska.

CHAPTER XXXII.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, ALASKA DIVISION,

Washington, D. C., December 30, 1901.

SIR: I have the honor to submit to you the Eleventh Annual Report on the Introduction of Domestic Reindeer into Alaska.

The year has been one of progress. Among the more noteworthy events were the securing of a number of reindeer from the region back of Ola, Siberia, to cross with the existing herds, the larger employment of reindeer for transportation, and the more favorable treatment of the reindeer enterprise by the newspaper press.

From the commencement of purchasing reindeer, in 1891, when 16 were bought as an experiment, up to the present time 1,320 reindeer have been procured in Siberia and delivered in Alaska. From these, 4,462 fawns have been born. In 1898 265 reindeer were killed by the Government, mainly for food for the icebound whalers at Point Barrow, and 1,353 have been killed for food for the herders and their families or died from disease or accident during the past ten years, leaving 4,164 in the herds at the present time.

Eaton reindeer station.—Personnel: Francis H. Gambell, M. D., superintendent; Frederick Willard and J. T. Lindseth, assistants. The Lapp herders were Ole Bahr, Nils Klemetsen, and Per Mathisen Spein. The Eskimo herders were Okitkon, Tatpan, and Nellagoroak.

The station buildings are in good condition. The school was taught by Mr. Frederick Willard, who reports that school began October 23, 1900, and closed April 26, 1901. Of the 10 pupils, 7 were Eskimo, 2 were Lapps, and 1 American. Their ages ranged from 6 to 21 years. The most advanced pupil reads well in the Third Reader and has studied arithmetic as far as fractions. Some of the children manifest their desire for education by not infrequently coming to school without waiting for breakfast.

The latter part of September men were sent to Nucleet to bring in the herds of the station for the winter. Encountering a severe storm on their return from the herd, the boat was capsized at the mouth of Egavik River and the personal effects, clothing, and Government stores were lost.

There being large forests of birch at this station, and not at the other reindeer stations, 100 sets of harness trees and a large amount of sled timber were cut out during the winter at the Eaton station, which last summer was distributed by the revenue cutter Bear to the several stations.

Two Eskimo herders, Okitkon and Tatpan, at Golofnin, not doing very well, it was thought best to remove them and their herds to the neighborhood of Eaton Station in order to place them under the supervision of Dr. Gambell.

All the fuel for summer and winter used at the station, with its dozen dwelling houses, was drawn by "green" deer. In this way between 30 and 35 young deer were broken to harness and made ready for the trail the following year. During the winter an epidemic attacked the dogs, so that hundreds died along