pose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other purpose whatever.

from the adoption of this Constitution, the reve-and the moneys arising from the loans creating nues of the State, unappropriated by this article, such debts, shall be applied to the purpose for which shall not be sufficient to defray the necessary ex- they were obtained, or to repay the debt so conpenses of the government, without continuing or tracted, and to no other purpose whatever. laying a direct tax, the Legislature may, at its dis- Section 11. In addition to the above limited powcretion, supply the deficiency, in whole or in part, er to contract debts, the State may contract debts to from the surplus revenues of the canals, after com- repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the plying with the provisions of the first two sec- State in War; but the money arising from the contions of this article, for paying the interest and ex-tracting of such debts shall be applied to the purtinguishing the principal of the Canal and General Fund debt; but the sum thus appropriated from the surplus revenues of the canals shall not exceed annually three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, including the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, provided for by this section for the expenses of the government, until the General Fund debt shall be extinguished, or until the Erie Canal Enlargement and Genesee Valley and Black River Canals shall be completed, and after that debt shall be paid, or the said canals shall be completed, then the sum of six hundred and seventy-two thousand five hundred dollars, or so much thereof as shall be necessary, may be annually appropriated to defray the expenses of the government.

Section 4. The claims of the State against any incorporated company to pay the interest and redeem the principal of the stoek of the State loaned or advanced to such company, shall be fairly enforced, and not released or compromised; and the moneys arising from such claims shall be set apart and applied as part of the sinking fund provided in the second section of this article. But the time limited for the fulfillment of any condition of any release or compromise heretofore made or provid- || ed for, may be extended by law.

Section 12. Except the debts specified in the tenth and eleventh sections of this article, no debt shall be hereafter contracted by or on behalf of this State, unless such debt shall be authorized by a law, for some single work or object, to be distinetly specified therein; and such law shall impose and provide for the collection of a direct annual tax to pay, and sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt within eighteen years from the time of the contracting thereof.

No such law shall take effect until it shall, at a general election, have been submitted to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it, at such election.

On the final passage of such bill in either house of the Legislature, the question shall be taken by ayes and noes, to be duly entered on the journals thereof, and shall be: Shall this bill pass, and ought the same to receive the sanction ofthe people?"

The Legislature may at any time, after the approval of such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance thereof, repeal, Section 5. If the sinking funds, or either of them, the same; and may at any time, by law, forbid the provided in this article, shall prove insufficient to contracting of any further debt or liability under enable the State, on the credit of such fund, to pro- such law; but the tax imposed by such act, in cure the means to satisfy the claims of the credi-proportion to the debt and liability which may tors of the State as they become payable, the Le-have been contracted, in pursuance of such law, gislature shall, by equitable taxes, so increase the shall remain in force and be irrepealable, and be revenues of the said funds as to make them, respec-annually collected, until the proceeds thereof tively, sufficient perfectly to preserve the public shall have made the provision herein before spefaith. Every contribution or advance to the ca- cified to pay and discharge the interest and princinals, or their debt, from any source, other than their pal of such debt and liability. direct revenues, shall, with quarterly interest, at the rates then current, be repaid into the Trea- || sury, for the use of the State, out of the canal revenues as soon as it can be done consistently with the just rights of the creditors holding the said canal debt.

Section 6. The Legislature shall not sell, leas, or otherwise dispose of any of the canals of the State; but they shall remain the property of the State and under its management, forever.

The money arising from any loan or stock creating such debt or liability, shall be applied to the work or object specified in the act authorizing such debt or liability, or for the repayment of such debt or liability, and for no other purpose whatever.

No such law shall be submitted to be voted on, within three months after its passage, or at any general election, when any other law, or any bill, or any amendment to the Constitution shall be submitted to be voted for or against.

Section 13. Every law which imposes, continues or revives a tax, shall distinctly state the tax and the object to which it is to be applied; and it shall not be sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such tax or object.

Section 7. The Legislature shall never sell or dispose of the salt springs, belonging to this State.The lands contiguous thereto and which may be necessary and convenient for the use of the salt springs, may be sold by authority of law and under the direction of the commissioners of the land office, for the purpose of investing the moneys aris-the ing therefrom in other lands alike convenient; but by such sale and purchase the aggregate quantity of these lands shall not be diminished.

Section 8. No moneys shall ever be paid out of the Treasury of this State, or any of its funds, or any of the funds under its management, except in pursuance of an appropriation by law; nor unless such payment be made within two years next after the passage of such appropriation act; and every such law, making a new appropriation, or continuing or reviving an appropriation, shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated, and the object to which it is to be applied; and it shall not be sufficient for such law to refer to any other law to fix such sum.

Section 14. On the final passage, in either house of Legislature, of every act which imposes, continues, or revives a tax, or creates a debt or charge, or makes, continues or revives any appropriation of public or trust-money or property,' or releases, discharges, or commutes any claim or demand of the State, the question shall be taken by ayes and noes, which shall be duly entered on the journals, and three fifths of all the members elected to either house, shall, in all such cases, be necessary to constitute a quorum therein. ARTICLE VIII.

Section 1. Corporations may be formed under general laws; but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where in the judgment of the Legislature, the objects of Section 9. The credit of the State shall not, in any laws. All general laws and special acts passed pur-, the corporation cannot be attained under general manner, be given or loaned to, or in aid of any in-suant to this section, may be altered from time to dividual association or corporation.

time or repealed.

Section 10. The State may, to meet casual defiSection 2. Dues from corporations shall be securcits or failures in revenues, or for expenses noted by such individual liability of the corporators provided for, contract debts, but such debts, direct and contingent, singly or in the aggregate, shall not at any time, exceed one million of dollars;

and other means as may be prescribed by law. Section 3. The term corporations as used in this article, shall be construed to include all associa

tions and joint-stock companies having any of the tion, and all officers whose offices may hereafter be powers or privileges of corporations not possessed created by law, shall be elected by the people, or by individuals or partnerships. And all corpor-appointed, as the Legislature may direci. ations shall have the right to sue and shall be Section 3. When the duration of any office, is not subject to be sued in all courts in like cases as na-provided by this Constitution, it may be declared tural persons.

Section 4. The Legislature, shall have no power to pass any act granting any special charter for banking purposes; but corporations or associations maybe formed for such purposes under general laws. Section 5. The Legislature shall have no power 10 pass any law sanctioning in any manner, directly or indirectly, the suspension of specie payments, by any person, association or corporation issuing bank notes of any description.

by law, and if not so declared, such office shall be held, during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment.

Section 4. The time of electing all officers nam→→ ed in this article shall be prescribed by law. Section 5. The Legislature shall provide for filling vacancies in office, and in case of elective ofcers, no person appointed to fill a vacancy shall hold his office by virtue of such appointment longer than the commencement of the political year next succeeding the first annual election after the happening of the vacancy.

Section 6. The political year and legislative term, shall begin on the first day of January; and the Legislature shall every year assemble on the first Tuesday in January, unless a different day shall be appointed by law.

Section 7. Provision shall be made by law-for the

of all officers (except judicial) whose powers and duties are not local or legislative and who shall be elected at general elections, and also for supplying vacancies created by such removal.

Section 6. The Legislature shall provide by law for the registry of all bills or notes, issued or put in circulation as money, and shall require ampie security for the redemption of the same in specie. Section 7. The stockholders in every corporation and joint-stock association for banking purposes, issuing bank notes or any kind of paper credits to circulate as money, after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and fifty, shall be in-removal for misconduct or malversation in office dividually responsible to the amount of their respective share or shares of stock in any such corporation or association, for all its debts and liabilities of every kind, contracted after the said first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and fifty. Section 8. In case of the insolvency of any bank or banking association, the bill-holders thereof shall be entitled to preference in payment, over all other creditors of such bank or association. Section 9. It shall be the duty of the Legisla-. Section 1. The militia of this State, shall at all ture to provide for the organization of cities and in-times hereafter, be armed and disciplined, and in corporated villages, and to restrict their power of readiness for service; but all such inhabitants of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contract- this State of any religious denomination whatever ing debts and loaning their credit, so as to prevent as from scruples of conscience may be averse to abuses in assessments, and in contracting debt by bearing arms, shall be excused therefrom, upon such municipal corporations. such conditions as shall be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE IX.

Section 1. The capital of the Common School Fund; the capital of the Literature Fund, and the capital of the United States Deposite Fund, shall be respectively preserved inviolate. The revenue of the said Common School Fund shall be applied to the support of common schools; the revenues of the said Literature Fund shall be applied to the support of academies, and the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars of the revenues of the United States Deposite Fund shall each year be appropriated to and made a part of the capital of the said Common School Fund.

ARTICLE X.

Section 8. The Legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant, where no provision is made for that purpose in this Constitution. ARTICLE XI.

Section 2. Militia officers shall be chosen, or appointed, as follows:-captains, subalterns and noncommissioned officers shall be chosen by the written votes of the members of their respective companies. Field officers of regiments and separate battalions, by the written votes of the commissioned officers of the respective regiments and separate battalions; brigadier-generals and brigade inspectors by the field officers of their respective brigades; major generals, brigadier generals and commanding officers of regiments or separate battalions, shall appoint the staff officers to their respective divisions, brigades, regiments or separate battal

ions.

Section 1. Sheriffs, clerks of counties, including Section 3. The Governor shall nominate, and with the register and clerk of the city and county of New-the consent of the Senate, appoint all major geneYork, coroners, and district attorneys, shall be cho- rals, and the commissary general. The adjutant sen, by the electors of the respective counties, once general and other chiefs of staff departments, and in every three years and as often as vacancies shall the aids-de-camp of the commander-in-chief shall happen. Sheriffs shall hold no other office, and be be appointed by the Governor, and their commisineligible for the next three years after the termi- sions shall expire with the time for which the nation of their offices. They may be required by Governor shall have been elected. The commislaw, to renew their security, from time to time; sary general shall held his office for two years.and in default of giving such new security, their He shall give security for the faithful execution of offices shall be deemed vacant. But the county the duties of his office, in such manner and amount shall never be made responsible for the acts of the as shall be prescribed by law. sheriff.

The Governor may remove any officer, in this section mentioned, within the term for which he shall have been elected; giving to such officer a copy of the charges against him, and an opportunity of being heard in his defence.

Section 4. The Legislature shall, by law, direct the time and manner of electing militia officers, and of certifying their elections to the Governor.

Section 5. The commissioned officers of the militia shall be commissioned by the Governor; and no commissioned officer shall be removed from Section 2. All county officers whose election or office, unless by the Senate on the recommendation appointment is not provided for, by this Constitu- of the Governor, stating the grounds on which such tion, shall be elected by the electors of the respec-removal is recommended, or by the decision of a tive counties, or appointed by the boards of sucourt martial, pursuant to law. The present offipervisors, or other county authorities, as the Le-cers of the militia shall hold their commissions gislature shall direct. All city, town and village subject to removal, as before provided. officers, whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, shall be elected by the electors, of such cities, towns and villages, or of some division thereof, or appointed by such authorities thereof, as the Legislature shall designate for that purpose. All other officers whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitu

Section 6. In case the mode of election and appointment of militia officers hereby directed, shall not be found conducive to the improvement of the militia, the Legislature may abolish the same, and provide by law for their appointment and removal if two-thirds of the members present in each house shall concur therein.

ARTICLE XII.

Section 1. Members of the Legislature and all officers, executive and judicial, except such inferior officers as may be by law exempted, shall, before they enter on the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirma

tion:

second Tuesday of June, one thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, as may be prescribed by law. The said courts shall respectively enter upon their duties, on the first Monday of July, next thereafter; but the term of office of said judges, clerk and justices as declared by this Constitution, shall be deemed to commence on the first day of JaSection 5. On the first Monday of July, one thou

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case maynuary, one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight. be) that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the State of New-sand eight hundred and forty-seven, jurisdiction of York; and that I will faithfully discharge the duaccording to the best And no other oath, declaration, or test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public

ties of the office of of my ability."

trust.

ARTICLE XII.

all suits and proceedings then pending in the present supreme court and court of chancery, and all suits and proceedings originally commenced and then pending in any court of common pleas, (except in the city and county of New-York), shall become vested in the supreme court hereby established. Proceedings pending in courts of common Section 1. Any amendment or amendments to pleas and in suits originally commenced in justices this Constitution may be proposed in the Senate and courts, shall be transferred to the county courts Assembly; and if the same shall be agreed to by a provided for in this Constiution, in such manner majority of the members elected to each of the and form and under such regulation as shall be two houses, such proposed amendment or amend-provided by law. The courts of oyer and terminer ments shall be entered on their journals with the hereby established shall, in their respective counyeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the ties, have jurisdiction, on and after the day last Legislature to be chosen at the next general elec-mentioned, of all indictments and proceedings then tion of Senators, and shall be published for three pending in the resent courts of oyer and terminer, months previous to the time of making such and also of all indictments and proceedings then choice, and if in the Legislature so next chosen, pending in the present courts of general sessions of aforesaid, such proposed amendment or amendthe peace, except in the city of New-York, and exments, shall be agreed to, by a majority, of all cept in cases of which the courts of sessions hereby the members elected to each house, then it shall established may lawfully take cognisance; and of be the duty of the Legislature to submit such prosuch indictments and proceedings as the courts of posed amendment or amendments to the people, in sessions hereby established shall have jurisdiction such manner and at such time as the Legislature on and after the day last mentioned. shall prescribe; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, by a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the Legislature, voting thereon, such amend-ceedings ready on the first Monday of July, one ment or amendments shall become part of the constitution.

Section 2. At the general election to be held in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-six, and in each twentieth year thereafter, and also at such time as the Legislature may by law provide, the question, "Shall there be a Convention to revise the Constitution, and amend the same?" shall be decided by the electors qualified to vote for members of the Legislature; and in case a majority of the electors so qualified, voting at such election, shall decide in favor of a Convention for such purpose, the Legislature at its next session, shall provide by law for the election of delegates to such Con

vention.

ARTICLE XIV.

Section 6. The chancellor and the present supreme court shall, respectively, have power to hear and determine any of such suits and prothousand eight hundred and forty-seven, for hearing or decision, and shall, for their services therein, be entitled to their present rates of compensation until the first day of July, one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, or until all such suits and proceedings shall be sooner heard and determined. Masters in chancery may continue to exercise the functions of their office in the court of chancery, so long as the Chancellor shall continue to exercise the functions of his office under the provisions

of this Constitution.

And the Supreme Court hereby established, shall also have power to hear and determine such of said suits and proceedings as may be prescribed by law.

Section 7. In case any vacancy shall occur in the office of chancellor or justice of the present Su

Section 1. The first election of Senators and Mem-preme Court, previously to the first day of July, bers of Assembly, pursuant to the provisions of this one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight the Constitution, shall be held on the Tuesday succeed-Governor may nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint a proper person ing the first Monday of November, one thousand eight hundred and forty-seven. to fill such vacancy. Any judge of the Court of Appeals or justice of the Supreme Court, elected under this Constitution, may receive and hold such appointment.

The Senators and members of Assembly who may be in office on the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, shall hold their offices until and including the thirty-first day of December following, and no longer.

the existing supreme court, circuit judge, viceSection 8. The offices of chancellor, justice of Section 2. The first election of Governor and chancellor, assistant vice-chancellor, judge of the Lieutenant-Governor under this Constitution, shall existing county courts of each county, supreme be held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Mon- court commissioner, master in chancery, examiner day of November, one thousand eight hundred and in chancery, and surrogate, (except as herein othforty-eight; and the Governor and Lieutenant-Go-erwise provided,) are abolished from and after the vernor in office when this Constitution shall take first Monday of July, one thousand eight hund effect, shall hold their respective offices until and red and forty-seven, (1847.) including the thirty-first day of December of that

year.

Section 9. The Chancellor, the justices of the present Supreme Court, and the circuit judges, are ce at the first election under this Constitution. Section 10. Sheriffs, clerks of counties, (including the register and clerk of the city and county of New-York) and justices of the peace, and coroners, in office, when this Constitution shall take effect, shall hold their respective offices until the expiration of the term for which they were respectively elected.

Section 3. The Secretary of State. Comptroller,hereby declared to be severally eligible to any ofTreasurer, Attorney General, District Attorney, Surveyor General, Canal Commissioners, and inspectors of State Prisons in office when this Constitution shall take effect, shall hold their respective offices until and including the thirty-first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and forty-seven and no longer.

Section 11. Judicial officers in office when this

the Court of Appeals, justices of the Supreme Constitution shall take effect, may continue to reSection 4. The first election of judges and clerk of Court, and county judges, shall take place at such time between the first Tuesday of April and theceive such fees and perquisites of office as are now

authorized by law, until the first day of July, one. thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, notwithstanding the provisions of the twentieth section of

the sixth article of this Constitution.

Section 12. All local courts established in any city or village, including the Superior Court, Common Pleas, Sessions and Surrogate's Courts of the city and County of New York shall remain, until otherwise directed by the Legislature, with their present powers and jurisdictions; and the judges of such courts and any clerks thereof in office on the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and forty seven, shall continue in office until the expiration of their terms of office, or until the Legislature shall otherwise direct.

Section 13. This Constitution shall be in fore from and including the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and forty seven, except as is herein otherwise provided.

DONE, IN Convention, at the Capitol, "in the City of Albany, the ninth day of October in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the seventy-first. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our

names.

It is true, that all the pleasurable associations formed with regard to each other, in the minds of those who are connected by blood, do not depend on the personal character of their object, and that some of them can scarcely be eradicated by any possible errors of conduct. A mother's love is the result of an extensive combination of ideas and feelings, in which, for a long time, the moral and mental qualities of her child can have little share; but even her affection, supported as it is by all the strength of such associations, may be weakened if not destroyed, by the ill-temper, ingratitude or worthlessness of her offspring. The affection subsisting between other relatives must of course be far more liable to be impaired by similar causes, and must chiefly depend for its continuance on personal character. As vicious qualites may prove too strong for natural affection, so, on the other hand, amiable qualities are frequently found to inspire love, even under circumstances of a very contrary tendency; as may be seen in the attachment sometimes evinced by beautiful women to men of ugly features or deformed persons. To see the same countenance, however defective in form, constantly preserving an expression of tenderness amidst all the cares and disappointments of

DEPENDENCE OF CAUSES AND EFFECTS IN life, to hear language of uniform kindness, and

MORAL CONDUCT.

[Concluded from our last.]

be the object of nameless acts of regard, can hardly fail, whatever other circumstances may operate to beget feelings of reciprocal affection.

While it will be found, that many circumstances in every man's condition, are exactly such as might be expected to result from the qualities of his mind and the tenor of his conduct, it must not be overlooked, that there are

Of the miscalculation, that we shall be loved and respected without evincing amiable and estimable qualities, we may there see abundant instances. Parents and children, husbands and wives, brothers and sisters, reciprocally complain of each other's want of affection, and think it hard that the tie of relationship should not secure invariable kind-many over which he has no control. Human ness and indestructible love. They expect life is a voyage in which he can choose neither some secret influence of blood, some physical the vessel nor the weather, although much may sympathy, some natural attraction, to retain be done in the management of the sails and the the affection of their relatives, without any so- guidance of the helm. There are a thousand licitude on their part to cherish or confirm it. unavoidable accidents which circumscribe the They forget, that man is so constituted as to command he possesses over his own fortune. love only what, in some way or other, directly With the greatest industry he may be suddenly or indirectly immediately or remotely, gives plunged into poverty; amidst the strictest obhim pleasure; that even natural affection is the servance of temperance he may be afflicted result of pleasurable associations in the mind, with disease, and in the practice of every viror at least may be overcome by associations of tue that adorns human life, may be the victim an opposite character, and that the sure way to of misfortune, from the ingratitude and basemake themselves beloved is to display amiableness of his fellow men, the untimely dissoluqualities to those whose regard they wish to re-tion of cherished connections, or the wreck of tain. If our friends appear to look upon us schemes prudently formed, and of hopes wisely with little interest, if our arrival is seen without cherished. pleasure, and our departure without regret, Miseries and misfortunes like these, not deinstead of charging them with a deficiency of pending on the conduct or character, it would feeling, we should turn our scrutiny upon our- be unreasonable to expect that conduct to be selves. The well directed eye of self examina- able to avert; but amidst them all he will not tion might probably find out, that their indiffe- cease to feel, in various ways, the beneficial rence arises from a want on our part of those consequences and consolatory influence of his qualities which are requisite to inspire affec-good actions. In the estimation of some peotion; that it is the necessary consequence of our own character and deportment. It is a folly to flatter ourselves that our estimation, either in the circle of our friends or in the world at large, will not take its color from the nature of our conduct. There is scarcely one of our actions, our habits, or our expressions, which may not have its share in that complex feeling with which we are regarded by others.

ple, a virtuous man ought never to be subject to accidental calamity; but it would probably be difficult to assign a reason why he should be more exempt than a man of contrary character, from the misery arising out of occurrences beyond human control. Why, it may be asked, should the vicious man suffer any thing but the consequences of his vices, including of course the reproaches of his own conscience, and the

f

action as well as sentiments which his conduct 'occasions in others? These bad consequences and the loss of that happiness which virtue would have brought in her train, constitute, it may be said, the proper difference between his fate and the fate of the virtuous man, and form a natural and sufficient reason, both to himself and others, for acting differently in future. Other evils which may happen to him can never operate to deter him from his guilty career, because he can see no connection that they have with it.

Whatever opinion we may entertain, however, as to the reasonableness of all men being on a level with regard to accidental and uncontrollable evils, the fact is certain, that in the actual condition of mankind we do not see the virtu ous enjoying an exemption from any evils but such as are the peculiar consequences of those vices from which they refrain; nor, on the other hand, do we see the vicious deprived of any benefit but such as are to be attained exclusively by virtuous conduct. We should expect, therefore, from virtuous actions and qualities only their peculiar consequences; and in com mending them to others, we should be careful to do it on just and proper ground. It is injurious to the cause of good morals to invest virtue with false powers, because every day's experience may detect the fallacy; and he who has proved the unsoundness of part of our recommendation, may reasonably grow suspicious of the whole. Many of our writers of fiction, with the best intentions, injure the cause which they support, by rewarding virtuous conduct by accidental good fortune. After involving a good man, for example, in a combination of calamitous circumstances, in which he conducts himself with scrupulous honor and integrity, they extricate him from his difficulties, as a reward for his virtue, by the unexpected discovery of a rich uncle, who was supposed to have died in poverty; or by a large legacy from a distant relation, who happened most opportunely to quit the world at the required crisis. All such representations, leading as they do to the expectation of fortuitous advantages in recompense of good actions, cannot be otherwise than pernicious. If writers wish to represent a good man, contending with misfortune, (by which certainly they may convey an excellent lesson,) their aim ought to be, to exhibit the sources of consolation which he finds as well in his own consciousness, as in the impression which his conduct has made on those around him; in the esteem and gratitude of those amongst whom he has lived, and in the actions on their part to which these sentiments give birth.

The true moral of fictitious writings lies in "the clear exhibition of the tendencies of actions; and if any thing is conceded to the prooduction of effect, it ought to be, not a change in the character of these tendencies, but a more lucid development of them than life actually presents. Although the painter is allowed to unite beauties on his canvass which are rarely presented by nature in actual combination, and to sink all those attendant circumstances, which however commonly occurring, would impair the effect to be produced, still he must faithfully adhere to the qualities of natural objects; and, in the same way, although the dra-"

matist may give us a selection of actions and incidents disentangled from superfluous details and accompaniments, he must exhibit them according to their true tendencies and relations.

There is another consideration relative to the present subject which is deserving of notice. What appears the inevitable consequence of circumstances not in our power, is frequently the natural effect of some subordinate part of our character. The industrious man, who appears at first sight to have been ruined by the misconduct of others, or by some unexpected revolution in the business of society, may in reality owe his ruin to a want of circumspection, prudence or foresight. The natural con sequence of industry was prosperity, but the natural conseqence of his imprudence was loss and misfortune. We must not expect that the exercise of one virtue will be followed by the beneficial consequences of all; neither must we conclude that the indulgence of any vice will be pursued by unmixed evil, and destroy the good effects of better qualities. All the virtues and the vices have their respective good and evil consequences, which will be felt in proportion as each vice and virtue is exercised. Industry, economy, shrewdness and caution, for instance, with any great admixture of noral worth, or even in conjunction with meanness and fraudulence, may often be successful in the attainment of wealth; while these quali ties, so attended, can never yield the fruits of integrity, ease of conscience, elevation of character and the esteem of the good.

From all that has been said it sufficiently appears, that although our fortune, rank in life, or bodily organization, and many other circumstances of our condition may not be materially subject to our control, yet that our health, our peace of mind, our estimation in the world, our place in the affections of our friends, and our happiness in general, will inevitably be more or less regulated by the part which we act and the properties of our character. It is a serious consideration, and one which ought to have more weight in the world than it appears to possess, that all our actions and all our qualities have some certain tendency, and may greatly affect our well-being; that in every thing we do, we may possibly be laying a train of consequences, the operation of which may terminate only with our existence; and a steady adherence to the rules of virtue, and a conformity to the dictates of discretion, are the only securities we can provide for the happiness of our future destiny.-Essays on the Formation, &c. of Character.

The

It is on education that depends the great difference observable among persons. least and most imperceptible impressions received in our infancy, have consequences very important, and of a long duration. It is with these first impressions, as with a river, whose waters we can easily turn, by different canals, in quite opposite courses, so that from the insensible direction the stream receives at its source, it takes different directions, and at last arrives at places far distant from each other; and with the same facility we may, I think, turn the minds of children to what direction we please-Locke.