I. APPORTIONMENT OF THE LEGISLATIVE SCHOOL GRANT FOR UPPER II. PAPERS ON PRACTICAL ART-(1) The Manufacture of Globes. (2) Cere III. PAPERS ON NATIONAL DEET AND TAXATION-(1) Debt of the United IV. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES-36. Rev. Francis Mahoney. 37. Gen. Scott. VL PAPERS ON PRACTICAL EDUCATION-(1) How to win a Child's Heart. VII. EDUCATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES-(1) Compulsory Education in Eng- IX. EDUCATIONAL INTELLIGENCE X. DEPARTMENTAL NOTICES PAGE Canada. No. 6. Common and Separate Schools therein, according to the average 81 attendance of pupils at both classes of Schools during last year, as reported and certified by the Trustees. 84 The gross sum apportioned to all the schools this year is 86 about $4,000 more than that apportioned last year. 87 88 91 93 The apportionment is made on the supposition that the amount usually placed on the estimates, for the support of Common Schools, will be voted during the present session of Parliament. There is, however, I think, no doubt that the whole sum will be voted by the Legislature. I shall endeavour to have the apportionment paid at this 94 Office, to the Agent of the Treasurer of your Municipality, 95 about the 1st of July, provided that the School Accounts have been duly audited, and that they, together with the Auditors' 96 APPORTIONMENT OF THE LEGISLATIVE SCHOOL and Local Superintendents' Reports, have been duly transmit GRANT FOR UPPER CANADA, FOR 1866. Circular to the Clerk of each County, City, Town and Village SIR,-I have the honour to transmit herewith a certified copy of the apportionment for the current year, of the Legislative School grant to each City, Town, Village, and Township in Upper Canada. ted to this Department. It is particularly desirable that the amounts should be applied for not later than the third week in July, as it is inconvenient to delay the payment. There are, however, a number of municipalities which have not yet sent in their accounts of school moneys, now several months over due, and in these cases the payment must necessarily be deferred until the law has been complied with. The basis of apportionment to the several Counties, Cities, Towns, Villages and Townships for this year, is the school poI trust that the liberality of your Council will be increased pulation as reported by the Local Superintendents for 1865, in proportion to the growing necessity and importance of providing for the sound and thorough education of all the youth and I have no more generally accurate statistics of a late I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, Where Roman Catholic Separate Schools exist, the sum ap- Education Office, portioned to the Municipality has been divided between the Toronto, 16th June, 1866. E. RYERSON. The Common Sehool Reports for the Town of Perth, and the Villages of Thorold, not having heen received, the division of the apportionment between the Common and Separate Schools there cannot be made. means, out of a solid substance which should be at once light, firm, and not liable to warp or crack under the influence of time or temperature, no doubt globes would be so made; but in the want of any such substanee, other means have to be resorted to. In the first place a mould has to be made of the size of the globe intended to be produced; and this mould generally is turned out of solid wood, of a single piece, if for a small-sized globe, or, in the case of very large globes, of pieces forming a solid mass throughout. It is desirable, of course, to have the mould as nearly a perfect sphere as possible; but perfect accuracy in this respect is not indispensable, as any slight deviation from a true sphere would be corrected in the course of the manufacture. The wooden mould is fixed in the frame in which it turns freely upon its axis, formed by a couple of wire pega fixed one at either pole. The operator begins building up the globe that is to be, by laying upon the round ball of wood a substratum of paper of a tough description, cut into strips and well sodden in water, no paste or adhesive mixture being, for a very good reason, used in this first covering of the mould. Every portion of the mould has to be covered, and to ensure that this is done the strips of wet paper as they are laid on are allowed to overlap each other. The covering of moist paper, being complete, is not allowed to dry; if it were to 1. THE MANUFACTURE OF GLOBES*. dry it would shrink and curl up and come away, and the work would have to be done over again; but, while it is still wet, it is covered Most of our readers have probably at some time or other derived over with a layer of paper spread with strong paste, which is also interest and information from the use of the artificial globe, ter- applied in long strips. Upon the first layer of pasted paper is placed restrial or celestial, or both; yet few of them, perhaps, have any a second, upon the second a third, and so on until the mould is enidea of the method by which these useful instruments are manu-veloped in six or seven layers (or, for globes of a large size, several factured. In the present paper we shall endeavour to give a brief more), brown paper and white being used alternately. When all this account of the process. pasting is done, the embryo globe, still resting upon its axis in the frame, is laid aside upon a shelf in the drying room. The drying will require considerable time, varying according to the size of the globe and the number of paper layers covering the mould. Any person who handles a well-made globe-and it is a very unusual thing to meet with one that is made otherwise than well-will hardly fail to remark three things which, considered from a mechanic's point of view, are well worthy of note; these are its extaordinary lightness, its firmness and strength of fabric, and its perfect sphericity. If it were wanting in these qualities, it would be neither very durable nor half so useful as it is found to be; how it becomes possessed of these qualities will shortly appear. If a globe could be made by turning in a lathe, or by any other As the globes sent out from the Educational Depository to the Public Schools of Upper Canada are all manufactured in Toronto, an account of the process of manufacture may be interesting to our readers. The next operation, supposing the drying to be satisfactorily accomplished-which may not be until after the lapse of a fortnight or three weeks-is to release the wooden mould from its paper envelope. This can only be done in one way-namely, by severing the envelope into two equal parts. A sharp steel edge is brought into contact with the sphere at a point exactly central between the two axles; the globe is made to revolve, and in two or three revolutions the severance is made. Although the paper, in drying, has shrunk so as to cling closely to the mould, there is no difficulty in separating the latter from the former, no paste having been used in placing the first layer of paper. The globe now exists in the form of two pasteboard hemispheres of hollow bowls, having a small perforation in each made by the axle-pegs. The two parts have next to be joined together, and the junction is effected in the following way a round roller, formed of close-grained wood not given to splitting, of the exact length of the interior of the globe, and having an iron rod passing through its entire length, which rod projects considerably at each end, is fixed upright firmly in a kind of vios. One half of the globe is placed on this upright roller or stick, the projecting iron rod passing through the hole in its centre. Two or three brads or holding-nails are driven in around the axis, effectually fastening the half-globe to the upright roller. The vice is now unscrewed, the half-globe is turned hollow upwards, and hot glue dexterously applied all round its edge; the edge of the other half is rapidly brought into contact with it, the other projecting end of the iron red passing through its centre in the same way, and the paper bowl being also nailed to the roller or wooden axle within, as before. performing a rather nice and delicate process, has really no great dif ficulty to contend with; since the lines of latitude and longitude divide the globe into squares, and it is comparatively easy for him to compel each square of the paper map to occupy the space marked out for it on the globe. What does not appear to be quite so easy is the perfection which this operator attains in joining the edges of the several portions or bands with such marvellous precision and exactness that no possessor of a globe, even though he use it frequently for years, ever finds out where the jointures are. Rivers, boundaries, mountains, words and letters in the smallest print, all are continous, without half a hair's breadth of disunion, and form one unbroken whole; while the "paster," it is worth noting, has not an atom of margin allowed him for waste or error, and must not overlap, even to the width of a hair. The map being accurately pasted on the globe, and thoroughly dried, has next to be coloured. If the maps were coloured before pasting, this process might be accomplished more rapidly than it is, as then the system of the division of labour might be brought into play; but that plan would not do, because the effect of pasting after colouring would be to spot and stain the colours and spoil the ap pearance of the map. The globe therefore, has to be coloured by a single hand; he uses water-colours for the purpose, and gets over oceans a light blue, and the continents and islands with various livelier and more positive hues, and tracing the boundaries of continents, and, on large globes of states and empires, with outlines of deeper colour. Different styles of colour seem to be adopted by different manufacturers, and the productions of some firms may be known at a glance by their predominating tints. The next process is to cover the globe of pasteboard with a composition of plaster; and it is during this process that any defects there may be in regard to perfect sphericity are corrected, and that necessarily, by the mechanical means employed. The plaster used is a composition of whiting and glue, and probably of some other material which prevents too rapid drying, and it very nearly resem.the ground with ease and rapidity, usually staining the seas and bles that used by carvers and gilders in moulding their ornaments, though it is required to be, and is, of a far tougher and more durable texture. The pasteboard globe which has to be operated upon is fixed on its axis in a frame, to which frame is affixed on one side a semi-circular metal strike, resembling, in its mode of action and in its results, the "profile" of the potter, with which he determines the contour of the flat ware which he moulds on his wheel. As the The colouring completed, the varnishing comes next. For this potter's "profile" shaves off the superfluous clay, so this semi-cir-purpose the varnish known anrong artists, coach-builders, decorators, cular metal, with its well defined edge, clears off the superfluous and others as "white hard" is found to answer best. We have replaster from the globe, which the workman makes to revolve beneath marked that globes manufactured by certain makers retain their it with one hand, while he applies the half-fluid stuff with the other. varnished surfaces in a perfect uncracked condition longer than This regulating semi-circular implement being mathematically true some others to which we could point, the same varnish being used —that is, a perfect half-circle-it is plain that the globe in course in both cases. If pure varnish were used, nothing could prevent of formation must, by revolving beneath it, and taking form from it its cracking in a comparatively short time; to obviate this, oil of while in a plastic state, become a perfect sphere on its outer surface some kind is mixed with the varnish, but what kind of oil, and in and that any elevations or depressions which may have existed on what proportions it is applied, is a secret known only to globethe pasteboard surface will be neutralized on the plaster one. makers, and probably differs materially in different establishments, The globe has now to be fixed within the meridian ring. This ring, which the student consults for the latitude of places, is marked with divisions representing three hundred and sixty degrees, and, as the globe revolves freely within it, the latitude of any place is shown directly such place is brought to the meridian. The meridian ring is rather an expensive article, from the labour required in engraving the lines of latitude and their defining numerals. In the first place it has to be graduated by means of an instrument analogous in design to the projector" of the mathematical instrument-box, but furnished with a movable index, which may be of any length, and can therefore be used to mark the degrees on a meridian ring of any diameter. Of late years, however, the expense of this indispensable adjunct to the globe has been considerably reduced by the substitution of iron meridians for brass ones, which answer for ordinary purposes quite as well, though by no means so agreeable to the eye. The coating a globe with plaster is not so expiditious & business as the building up of the pasteboard frame. The plaster requires to be applied and dried, applied and dried again sometimes as many as five or six times, or even more; further, it is not advisable to dry the globes by artificial heat, and they are therefore usually left to the action of the atmosphere and to time. Hence it is that, on entering a globe-maker's workshop, one sees so many white balls of all diameters and in all stages of advancement-some of them comparatively coarse to the touch, while others are hard, solid, and smooth as polished marble. It is during the plastering stages that the globes are scientifically swung or balanced on their axles; it would be accounted bad workmanship to turn out a globe of any value that shoukl not be accurately balanced. Such a globe, however well made in other respects, would not rest in the position in which it was placed, but its heaviest portion would gravitate downwards, to the constant annoyance of the person making use of it. When well balanced, al- The iron meridian of a thirty-six inch globe is cheaper by £5 than though it turns with the utmost ease upon its axis, it remains quite the brass one. As the axis of the globe turns in the solid metal of stationary at the will of the student. The balancing is effected by the ring, it is of the utmost importance that the two poles be preletting into the plaster, while it is yet soft, a few small shots or flat cisely parallel; in forming the holes for the reception of the iron pieces of lead, on such parts of the surface as are shown by exper-points of the axis, a machine is used which drills them both at the iment to require them. same time; the operation is termed poling the meridian. Modern chasable at the makers', and may be fitted to globes of any date. After completion, as above described, globes are fitted up or mounted in various ways, to suit the convenience or taste of purchasers. Globes of a very small size are often sold in spherical boxes; others, varying in size from two inches in diameter up to twelve, and furnished with only half a meridian ring, are mounted on pedestals. The blank globe being finished, and thoroughly hardened by dry-made globes are further fitted with brass quadrants, which are pur ing in which condition it is perfectly smooth and polished to the touch, has now to be enveloped in a map which is to make it, for geographical uses, an image of the world on which we live. To accomplish this seems at first sight a puzzling business, seeing that the paper on which the map is engraved is flat, and the substance it has to cover is a sphere; and, as paper is not very plastic or flexible, the flat sheet could not be made to cover a globular substance without puckering and wrinkling in such a way as totally to Larger globes, adapted for schools or the library, are mounted in distort and destroy the contour of the map. The difficulty is, how-frames of various designs, and often of elegant pattern, some adapted ever, got over simply enough, by engraving the map in some dozen to stand on the table, and others on the floor, and all supplemented or more separate pieces. Though not very plastic, paper possesses with a broad horizon marked with the signs of the zodiac; while a certain amount of plasticity, and when moist with paste, can be the more expensive ones have a compass fixed centrally beneath. made to cover a certain portion of a sphere with perfect smoothness and without even the slightest appearance of a wrinkle. In practice the solar circles are first pasted on, and then the other portions of the map are put on in twelve different bands or belts, each encircling the entire globe. In order that each portion may fall in its right place, the meridians of longitude and the parallels of latitude, precisely as they exist on the engraved map, are first marked on the blank globe, by means of an instrument contrived for the purpose, which does the business with mathematical accuracy and in very quick time. The operator who pastes on the map in sections, though The prices of globes vary to a degree that is rather startling, ranging from as low as six shillings a pair mounted on pedestals, to twenty-five guineas and upwards; the cheapest being but two inches in diameter, the largest and best measuring thirty-six inches. In concluding this brief account, we may be allowed to express our wonder that, looking to the cheapness of globes, and their great utility, so few families, comparatively speaking, are supplied with them. Were they appreciated as they ought to be, there would hardly be a house, certainly no house where there are children to be educated, without them. Their use in solving elementary problems |