NATURAL SCIENCE. written out is not free from evils. But it is thought to be the best on the whole. TIME GIVEN TO WORK, GAMES, ETC. "No direct instruction is given, private or otherwise, in Natural Science." There is, however, in each of the School quarters, a voluntary examination, open to the whole School, in some one branch of this study. "Those who do well are rewarded, and to the boys The time given to work varies, of course, in the different Forms. who come first and second in the aggregate of the three quarterly Speaking generally, about four hours and a half are spent in School examinations are awarded two prizes of books given by the Head on a whole school day, and about two hours on a half-holiday, of Master, of the value of five guineas and three guineas respectively." which there are three in every week, and an extra holiday occurs This examination is conducted by some two of the Assistant Mas-once in every three weeks, or oftener. Including the time devoted ters. "We have a considerable number of Masters who are inte- to preparation, we are told that about six hours, or rather more, rested in Physical Science." "if the work is honestly "At the end of each School quarter are given to work on a whole school day, a subject is announced for examination in the course of the next done." A witness, who distinguished himself highly, worked, "in quarter; a certain number of pages out of some elementary treatise an ordinary way," not more than six hours a day during his last is fixed, and in that elementary treatise the boys are examined on term at School. The average time given to cricket is estimated at paper. The subjects during Mr. Butler's Head-Mastership have about fifteen hours in the week; "a boy who took every opportnbeen Geology, Botany, Chemistry, and Electricity. The number nity" would make it twenty. That the importance assigned to of boys who go in has fluctuated. He has been told that at first it games in the estimation of the boys is somewhat greater than it was as high as 90; of late it has been about 20, or less. These ex should be, is admitted by a witness who was for two years captain aminations were introduced a few years after the incorporation of of the eleven. But it is frequently the case, at Harrow as elsemathematics and modern languages into the work of the School. where, that diligent and distinguished cricketers are also diligent Mr. Butler is not prepared to say that he thinks Natural Science and distinguished in school work. could not be introduced with advantage into the regular studies of the School; he "distinctly guards himself against an assertion of that kind," but he is of opinion that the number of collateral studies which can be profitably pursued must always be confined with in somewhat narrow limits. MUSIC AND DRAWING. Music and Drawing are taught as extras, and out of school hours, by resident teachers. The number of boys learning music was 18 in 1860; the number learning drawing was from 60 to 70. The Drawing Master reckons the average number of his pupils at about 50. The drawing taught is chiefly landscape drawing, with the principles of perspective. Geometrical drawing was formerly taught by a Military Drawing Master, but the number of his pupils appears to have been too small to make it worth his while to attend. SCHOLARSHIPS, PRIZES, ETC. A part of the income of the foundation was by the Founder's directions to be employed in maintaining two Scholars at Oxford, and two at Gonville and Caius College in Cambridge. Each was to have 51. a year. Two "John Lyon's" Scholarships are now generally given in each year, of 301. each, tenable for four years at any College in either University. Under the Statutes a preference is given in elections to these Scholarships to the "poor kinsfolk" of the Founder, and to boys born in the parish, "being apt to learn, poor, and meet to go to the University;" but it does not appear that either of these preferences has ever been claimed or enjoyed. Besides these Scholarships the School has others, one of which (the Isabella Gregory's) is worth 100l. a year, is tenable at either University, and becomes vacant every fourth year. The Scholarships are given to the boys who do best in the ordinary terminal examinations. The number of smaller prizes given, in the shape of medals or books, for performances in special subjects, is very considerable. Among the voluntary examinations there is one for the Beaumont prizes, five of which are given for knowledge of the Bible. There is another lately established, which is confined to boys below the Fifth Form, and the subject of which is some specified branch of English literature. The candidates are examined in two or three standard English books, of which notice is previously given. PUNISHMENTS. EXPENSES OF A BOY AT HARROW. The yearly charges and expenses of a boy at Harrow, including tradesmen's bills, vary from 150l. to 2001. There The boarding-houses are now kept as a rule by Masters only. It rests with the Head Master to give leave to keep a boarding-house, and it is for him to fix the maximum number of inmates. are two classes of boarding-houses, the "large" and the "small" houses. Of the former the Head Master's holds 63, and the others, generally speaking, 36 or 37 (one had 41 and another 50 in 1861); the small houses contain six or seven boys apiece. There are six "large" houses besides the Head Master's, and 10 "small.” Another, which belongs to neither class, holds 16. The difference between a large and a small house, as regards the cost to the parent, is about 50%. a year. The higher charge is considered to be necessary in order to give a reasonable profit to the keeper of the small house. In return for this, the boy is supposed to enjoy, and probably does receive, more of the personal supervision of the Master than at a large house; and Mr. Butler thinks these houses useful for boys whose health and temperament are such as to render them unfit for the rougher discipline and more bracing atmosphere of the large ones. They meet cases in which parents, with or without sufficient reasons, desire for their sons this special protection and care. A boy at a small house has in fact, to a limited extent, the advantages, and the disadvantages also, of being at a private tutor's; and, whilst he partakes equally in some of the benefits of a great public school, there are others which he shares imperfectly. The rooms in the Harrow boarding-houses are not, as at Eton, single-bedded, but commonly hold from two to five. Mr. Butler's opinion of the working of this system, which he approves, will be found in his evidence. Some of the senior boys, however, have single rooms. bed-rooms; the Fourth Form boys, as we have already seen, theirs The upper boys sit and prepare their work in their in pupil-room, under the tutor's eye. very desirable to have such a building for the reception of boys ill There is no sanatorium at Harrow, and Mr. Butler thinks it ing-house has sick rooms, distinct from those commonly occupied with infectious complaints. He states, however, that every boardby the boys, and that in these cases the sick rooms are in a separate building. THE ENGLISH FORM. Mr. Butler has described very fully his system of punishments. The liability to be flogged ceases on entrance into the Sixth Form, but it very rarely happens that I decide to flog any boy in the to the School. The altered character of the Schoot in this respect None of the farmers or tradesmen of Harrow now send their sons Fifth Form; in other words, any boy from the first 200 boys in the School." Since Mr. Butler has been at Harrow the number of was in 1810 made the subject of a complaint to the Court of Chanfloggings has been, he thinks, about 20 in each school term. cery. Sir W. Grant, then Master of the Rolls, in a well-known "Speaking generally," he says, "punishments are a given number judgment, which has since been often referred to, held that there of written Latin lines, varying from 50 to 500." A punishment of was no sufficient ground for the interference of the Court. benefit, however, of the classes above-mentioned, Dr. Vaughan es Boys in the Sixth Form, when pun-tablished a separate day-school, which still exists, and is called the more than 500 lines is rare. The Head Master never punishes without previous communica- For the French, is given by a teacher or teachers appointed and paid by the "English Form," and where a commercial education, including and they are also examined by one of the Modern Language MasHead Master. The Head Masters examine the boys periodically, ters, and the Senior Mathematical Master. A fee of 5l. a year is paid for each boy. The aggregate amount received from this source is about half of the total salaries of the teachers employed. number of boys attending was 24 in 1862. It had diminished since the English Form was first established. The boys who attend are chiefly sons of tradesmen in Harrow and its neighbourhood.—English Educational Times. The II. Papers on the Atlantic Cable. 1. HISTORY OF THE ATLANTIC CABLE. Our columns furnished on the morning the news of the Atlantic Telegraph success arrived, a brief history based on close attention to the movement of the attempts and failures since the first essay, in 1857, to lay the cable. The following, from the New York Herald of Monday, while going over much of the same ground, gives several additional particulars. THE ORIGINAL PROJECT. could not say it for itself, he was induced to say on September 24 that "Nothing intelligible had been received from Valentia since September 1!' Every effort at restoring the insulation failed, and at last the cable came to be considered a failure. Before the attempt could be renewed the American people became engaged in a war which absorbed all their energy and interest, and the efforts at a renewal of the attempt to lay a third cable have not been watched with that intense interest which they would otherwise have commanded. THE CABLE OF 1865. This failure served only to dampen the enthusiasm of the projectors of the cable; they did not abandon the enterprise, but shared their interest in the war with their interest in the scheme of a submarine cable. The United States public could not be expected to The project of an Atlantic cable was originally conceived in 1853, when the magnetic telegraph had been in existence but ten years. The original projectors were American capitalists, and the directory of the company embraced such New Yorkers as Peter Cooper, Cy-fully share their feelings, and the directors have endeavored to obrus W. Field, Moses Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts, and others, in-tain more particularly the aid and countenance of our trans-Atlan cluding Professor Morse. This company succeeded in building the tic cousins, and in this last project England has the lion's and the line from St. John's across Newfoundland, and under the Gulf of controlling share. St. Lawrence to the main land. They also obtained subsidies from During the year or two following the failure of 1858, great imthe English and American governments; but these have since ex-provements were made in the construction, laying and working of pired. them. THE CABLE OF 1857. submarine telegraphs, and it was finally concluded by a board which was appointed to enquire into all such work and improvements, that there was no reason why a cable should not be a success. Early in 1859 a committee was appointed by the London Board of Trade to investigate the subject. The first attempt to lay the cable across the Atlantic was made in 1857. On August the 5th the shore end was laid with imposing ceremonies in Valentia Bay, Ireland. On the 11th of August, They declared that the difficulties of laying and working a wire about four o'clock in the morning, the cable parted in over two had at all times been overrated, and another attempt was resolved thousand fathoms of water. The cause of the calamity was the ap-upon. The proposition of Glass, Elliott & Co., to manufacture a plication of the brakes at a time when it was almost fatal to use suitable cable was accepted. The copper wire was completed as early as April, 1864, and the work of covering it with layers of There was a pretty heavy swell on, and as usual under such cir- gutta percha was begun on April 14. The wire was not coupled, cumstances, the stern of the vessel was elevated or depressed as she however, until July, 1865, and it was only stored on the Great rose on each wave. It was while her stern was down that the Eastern about the middle of that month. On July 19 the Great brakes were put on, so that in addition to the strain produced by Eastern and her convoys rendezvoused at Valentia. On the 22nd its rising again, the cable had to bear an additional strain of three of June the shore end was laid, and on the 23rd splice made with thousand pounds, as marked upon the indicator. This was more the main cable on board the Great Eastern. On the morning of than it could bear, and the consequence was that it parted, as has the 24th the vessel was fairly under way, when a defect in the insu been stated. The moment the brakes were used the wheels stop-lation was discovered and she had to haul in about eighty miles of ped, and when the stern rose again she remained immovable, so the cable to repair it. Ou the 29th of July, when seven hundred that, between the strain brought upon the cable by the vessel and miles of cable had been laid, insulation again suddenly ceased. that caused by the application of the brakes, it had to bear more The ship was stopped and the cable transferred to the picking-up than it was ever calculated to sustain. The indicator showed a gear, which commenced hauling in. After picking up two and a strain of three thousand pounds; but it is impossible to calculate quarter miles of cable the fault was found to be the presence of a the strain by which it was broken. Had the brake not been ap- stout piece of wire which had been driven through the cable. Two plied, there is no doubt whatever that the cable would have remain- and a quarter miles of cable were recovered from a depth of nineed perfect to the end, unless very great stress of weather had ren- teen hundred fathoms. The defect being repaired, the work was dered it necessary to cut it. The circumstance, to say the least of resumed and continued until August 2, when, after one thousand it, was most unfortunate; but, if the enterprise failed, the expedi- three hundred and twelve miles had been paid out, the insulation tion proved one thing beyond all possibility of doubt the practica-again ceased. bility of laying a submarine telegraph cable across the Atlantic between Ireland and Newfoundland. THE CABLE OF 1858. The success attained on the first effort, although not complete, was considered encouraging, and in the following year the cable fleet rendezvoused at Plymouth, England, and began in June. Two unsuccessful efforts were made on 25 and 26, the line parting. On June 28 the work was again resumed; one hundred and forty: five miles were paid out when it again broke. A fourth attempt was then made and succeeded. The cable was laid from shore to shore, the signals were pronounced perfect and news was actually transmitted over the wires. The ship was soon afterwards stopped, and the cable transferred to the picking-up gear at the bows. The operation of hauling in commenced. By noon the engine used for picking-up stopped for want of water for a considerable time. Two miles had been recovered, and the cable was cut to see whether the fault had come on board. At about half-past twelve p.m. the cable caught and chafed on the mouth of the "horse pipe," and was with considerable difficulty removed, and at twenty-five minutes to one it parted on board where it was injured, just behind the stoppers, and in a moment the end disappeared in the water. After three unsuccessful attempts to raise it by grappling, the Great Eastern, with the remainder of the cable on board, returned to Sheerness on the 11th. It seems there was no difficulty in grappling the cable, even at the great depth of water of two thousand fathoms; and the object of the return of the Great Eastern was to obtain stronger grappling gear, that on board having broken three times. The place at which the cable had sunk was buoyed and the vessels abandoned the attempt for the year. THE CABLE OF 1866. Telegrams from London of August 27 and Alexandria of August 9 were received on the following day, but these were the last. They were received with the wildest demonstrations of joy. New York went into ecstacies over the "fixed fact of the century," and on September 1 the citizens engaged in a celebration which had had no parallel, and which was almost equal to some of the displays made during the war. The officers of the British vessels, Gordon and Indus, Cyrus W. Field and the officers of the Niagara were the heroes of the occasion, and were toasted and feted in Gotham's It was settled that the next attempt should be crowned with sucgrandest style. Imposing ceremonies were held at Trinity church, cess. The history of that attempt and how it succeeded is given in in which nearly two hundred clergymen participated and an im- the Herald of this morning, in the diary of Cyrus W. Field, and mense choir engaged. Broadway was decorated as Broadway never the telegrams of our correspondent at Heart's Content. The Great had been before-with hundreds of banners and hundreds of mot- Eastern has yet another duty to perform in the attempt to be made toes. The military, the trades, the professions of the city, soldiers to raise the cable of 1865 and finish it to Heart's Content, and this and sailors of the nation, and all creation generally took part in the stupendous work may yet be a success.-Montreal Gazette. procession. David Cudley and Cyrus W. Field, and Mayor Tiemann made grand addresses in the Crystal Palace; but all this time the telegraph under the manipulation of DeSauty said never a word. The people began to smell a mice early in September, and the press began to demand its European news. 1866. It then began to Ottawa, August 2nd., leak out that the cable would not work, and the press said as much. Hon. Mr. McDougall brought down a message from his ExcelAt last DeSauty was forced to open his mouth, and, since the cable lency, signed by himself, which was read as follows: 2. THE QUEEN'S MESSAGE TO BRITISH AMERICA. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. "The Governor General transmits, for the information of the Legislatíve Assembly, a copy of a telegraphic message which the Secretary of State for the Colonies has sent to him by command of Her Majesty the Queen : "OTTAWA, Angust 2nd. "By telegraph from London, England, August 2nd., 1866, to Viscount Monck. "I am commanded by the Queen to convey to the Governor General of her North American Provinces, Her Majesty's congra tulations on the completion of the Atlantic Telegraph and the strengthening thereby of the unity of the British Empire. Her Majesty includes her ancient colony of Newfoundland in these congratulations, and to all her faithful subjects. To Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The President of the United States acknowledges with profound L'uth. Coners. No. of years izs 2 4 868 4 7 7 64 7 24 6 10 1 60 1 1959-England to Isle of Man 30 1 Several cables of shorter length, not included in this table, are in gratification the receipt of Her Majesty's despatch and cordially re-operation in different parts of the world, but they are of minor imciprocates the hope that the cable which now unites the eastern and portance, and their working does not materially affect the problem western hemispheres may serve to strengthen and preserve peace of deep sea telegraphy.-Hamilton Spectator. 5. THE NORTHERN OVERLAND TELEGRAPH. This telegraph line will be a gigantic one, extending through British America, 1,200 miles; through Russian America, 900 miles; across Behring's Straits, 184 miles; across the Gulph of Anadyr, 210 niles; and thence overland to the mouth of the Amoor River, 1, 800 miles, or a total of 4,294 miles. At the Amoor it is to be continued by a Russian line connecting it with Irkoutsk, through Western Siberia, communicating with Nijni Novgorod Moscow, and thence to St. Petersburg. The capital involved amounts to $10,000,000. The Atlantic cable is the fifty-fifth submarine telegraph now in working order. The first line was laid in 1851 between Dover and Calais, and has worked without any trouble or renewal for 15 years. The line from Dover to Ostend has been working for thirteen years. The Atlantic cable is the longest submarine telegraph in existence, being 1866 miles in length; the telegraph from Malta to Alexandria, forming part of the connecting link between Great Britain and her Indian Empire, is the next, being 1535 miles long. It is laid in three sections, and has been at work for five years without any expense being incurred for repairs. The following is a list of the lines 1. THE PRUSSIAN NEEDLE-GUN INVENTED IN CANADA. now in operation. The Paris correspondent of the Liverpool Journal narrates as follows the toils and disappointments of the inventor of the needlegun:-"If the Peace Society had offered a reward for the invention of the best means of putting a speedy end to the war, the prize might certainly be claimed by the inventor of the needle-gun, which evidently proves to be the secret possessed by Bismarck, and to which he has so often alluded as ensuring a successful termination of the struggle with Austria. The news of the complete defeat of the latter, after a terrible combat in which the whole forces of both parties were engaged, has filled with dismay even those who had hoped for this very result; for it is owned that neither to superior bravery nor skill, neither to superior numbers nor advantage in ground, is the victory owing, but simply to the employment of the needle-gun. The arm which has shown itself equal to the task attempted in vain by philosophy and religion that of staying the combatants and arresting the progress of the war has a history exactly similar in all points to that of every other invention. It is well known to be the produce of the long study and perseverance of an English officer who, while stationed at a solitary outpost in Canada, amused his leisure hours with experiments in the rough construction of a substitute for the rifle which he had damaged by letting it drop down a precipice while in pursuit of a bear. It was almost by accident that the discovery became palpaple to the solitary hunter in the woods. But no sooner did it become manifest to his senses than he resigned his commission in the army, returned to "We, on the other hand, are now actively engaged in the production of an arm superior to the Prussian needle-gun at all points, and one of which the efficiency in every respect has been laboriously and conclusively established. The final report of the Select Committee has, we understand, been presented, and is even more satisfactory than the preliminary reports, on the faith of which the partial conversion of Eufield rifles was commenced. It now only rests with the authorities to determine at what rate the conversion shall proceed. Our means of production are practically unlimited, and we trust that General Peel will inaugurate his reign at the War Office, by so applying those means as to ensure our army being furnished throughout, within the present year, with a breech-loading rifle at present without its equal as a military arm in Europe.” Europe, and as a matter of course, hurried to the War Office with his the various breech-loading rifles which have been submitted to the invention, certain of its adoption in the English army, from its evident Select Committee, the Prussian needle-gun, with some recent imsuperiority over the old fashioned weapon in use. For more than provements is one of the most defective. Its defects indeed were a year was the inventor kept in suspense. The Enfield rifle met so conspicuous that it was thought unnecessary to carry out with it him at every turn. He was hauded about from one official to an- any extensive experiments. A committee of French officers, we beother during all this time merely to be told at last that Government lieve, came to a precisely similiar conclusion. And yet it is with did not feel disposed to alter the principle of the arms employed.this arm that the great battles in Bohemia have been fought and won, It was then that in disgust he brought his invention to Paris and and with which the overthrow within a few days of one of the mightmet even more a bitter mockery of fate than at London. He obtain- iest military nations in the world has been in great part accomplished. ed an interview with the Emperor, who listened with the greatest To us this should be a source, not of anxiety, but of satisfactioninterest to the description of the gun, examined the plans and sec- We are not, as is sometimes incorrectly represented, behind hand in tions bro't by the officer, much questioned the superiority of the this matter. Neither France, nor Italy, nor Austria, nor Russia, invention over others which had been laid before him, declared it has taken any decided steps towards arming her troops with a breechseemed to him liable to the great objection of being too delicate for loading rifle; and Prussia is the only nation of any importance in field use, and abruptly sounded the little gong which stands upon Europe whose armies are so equipped. his bureau, and, slightly rising when the usher entered at the summons, dismissed the visitor to admit other importunates. It was then that, with the undaunted perseverance of inventors in general, he betook himself, armed with his needle-gun, to Holland, whose Sovereign had always manifested great interest in the advancement of gunuery, and who had first become the purchaser of a steel caulker to repair instantaneously the damage caused by the enemy's shot in ships' sides, which, being the invention of a poor carpenter's journeyman, had nevertheless found its way into the Royal presence, and had been accepted without the slightest attempt at bargaining, But, when arrived at the Hague he found that his resources had dwindled away to such an extent that he was compelled to delay his presentation to the King for want of proper costume to appear in. Meanwhile, he became accidentally acquainted with one of the gentlemen attached to the Prussian Legation at the Hague, and to whom he recounted his bitter grievances. This time he was listened to with interest. The brother-in-law of his new friend held some appointment at the Court of Berlin. War and revolution were already floating through the air. He saw at once all the advantage which might accrue from being the first to present a new and valuable instrument of destruction to Bismarck, so determined to destroy, and he lost no time in repairing with the Englishman, to Berlin. Here the way was open-the hour had come, the needle-gun was tried, examined, and accepted in the shortest space of time, the inventor handsomely rewarded, and encouraged to establish himself in Prussia. We have seen the result in this terrible encounter with the Austrians, where courage, skill, prudence and valour were of no avail against the needle gun, which for a long period served as the laughing stock to every etat-major in Europe, and which has now become an object of envy to all. The Austrian cavalry, which by sheer interpidity managed to break one or two squares of the Prussian infantry in spite of the needle gun, did so at an enormous sacrifice of life, and proved beyond all doubt that both cavalry aud infantry have found their master in the terrible weapon employed by the Prussians in this war. The odds in favor of the needle gun are easy enough to calculate. The Prussians can fire three rounds a minute; if four minutes march be the usual time allotted for a bayonet charge, the Austrian foot soldier must have stood four-andtwenty shots before he could have had a chance of meeting the eneiny hand to hand; and should he give way to take his full spring forward, he must of necessity have been struck down. With such certainty of destruction as that provided by the needle gun, all question of right and justice becomes unnecessary. 2. THE SNIDER AND NEEDLE GUNS. The mighty effect of the Prussian arm of 'precision' does not seem to have arisen from completeness and effectiveness, as compared with other breech-loading rifles, but only in so far, as it is far superior to the weapon in use by the Austrians. The following, from the Pall Mall Gazette is quite reassuring, so far as England is concerned-The Gazette says: The arm is well known to our War Office authorities, and the trials which have been made with it in this country have been very unsatisfactory. For anything like long range shooting it is absolutely useless, while its shooting qualities at shorter ranges are very much below the standard which we have adopted. For a breechloader it is a slow arm, its rapidity of fire not being quite one-half of the Snider-Eufield, and little more than twice that of a handy muzzle-loader-The escape of gas at the breech, after the arm has been in use for any time, is said to be excessive-so great, in fact, that the Prussian soldiers prefer to deliver their fire from the hip The needle and trigger arrangements require very careful cleaning, and the employment of a spring as a material element is very objectionable. The needle itself is much exposed to injury, as if bent or broken the arm is rendered useless. "The ammunition is open to numerous practical objections; among which its susceptibility to injury from damp and other causes is very prominent. In short, it is no exaggeration to say that of IV. Lapers on Practical Science. 1. THE TREES AND THE WINDS. Philosophers tell us that the winds gain velocity by unobstructed travel; and the fact is verified by the dreadful hurricane on the ocean, the raging tempest on lake, and sea, the awful simoom on the African desert, and the furious tornado on the American prairies— all which strew their paths with desolation, because their are no trees to check the violence of the winds. Even our sudden gusts in summer, when the air becomes too much rarified by heat, are often destructive to life and buildings. All these besoms of destruction would be greatly modified could trees be planted in their paths. The trees getting the first strokes, and being flexible, would bend before the blast, breaking its force and making it pass harmlessly over buildings or other stationary objects. The electric fluid, so destructive of life and property, also is attracted by trees, and conducted into the ground; and, in fact, trees are the best protectors against all the natural destructive agencies with which man has to contend. Another consideration as to the value of growing trees is a fact that a park of any size is warmer when belted and grooped with trees, in winter, and cooler in summer, which has been demonstrated by practical experience for centuries. Many fruiting and ornamental plants flourish when so protected, that would not live if exposed to bleak winds. Domestic animals, too, grow faster, thrive better, and give better returns if sheltered and protected by trees. Much better is it also to rest under their broad branches on a hot summer's day or to be enlivened by their cheering green when all else is dull and cheerless. A feeling of admiration and awe comes over me when I think of the wonderful wisdom shown in the forms or natures of trees to suit our various wants, If we plant trees with naked stems and branchy heads to shut out unsightly views, the work is only half done, as we can see through and under the branches; but when we plant evergreens, whose largest branches are near the ground, they fill up the gap and the work is complete. With fruit trees the same beneficence is manifested. We have to climb up trees to pick the large fruits, which when green are unfit for eating: while it would be tedious to pick the thorny gooseberry and blackberry, did they grow upon trees. ishments to your grounds and adornment to the landscape; they are We say, therefore, plant trees for shelter and shade, for embellgrand and ennobling to look upon, and their fruits and timber in a few years growth will be as valuable as gold.—Gardener's Monthly. 2. WATERS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE, It is said the St. Lawrence river carries by Montreal 50,000,000 cubic feet of water per minute; and in the course of one year bears 143,000,000 tons of solid material, held in solution in the sea. 3. MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS OF CANADA. says in the language of eyes. "I hate you sincerely, but I am used We are in receipt of a blue book, Part 1, of Miscellaneous Statis-to obedience; and besides, the harder I study the sooner it will be tics of Canada for the year 1865, issued from the office of the over." Others, with fewer scruples, cast furtive glances through the Minister of Finance. The auditor, Mr. Langton, in the preface, tion of practical problems running this way: window, and vary their "Examples for Practice,' by the introducmakes a very gratifying announcement, viz: "the table of railways which appears this year for the first time, and which, in spite of the "Given the time of day, nine hours, forty-five minutes, thirty financial difficulties which almost all of these undertakings have exseconds A. M., to find the exact time which must elapse before perienced, exhibits the satisfactory results, that the gross receipts of recess; that event occurring at ten hours, thirty minutes A. M. all the railways have been nearly $11,000,000, whilst the working Others, and our teacher counts their number with a little nervous expenses, including renewals of rails, bridges, &c., have barely exapprehension, are as oblivious to the duty of intellectual culture as ceeded $7,000,000, leaving a net profit of $3,722,576 ou a total the birds singing their songs among the branches of the great maple capital expended of $121,543,189." The second part of the statis-by the door, either dreamily gazing around and out, or in dreamtics, containing the municipal returns, will, it is expected, be ready and proper, contemplating things as remote as possible from schoolfor distribution before the close of the present session.-From the house and spelling-book. book before us, we compile the following interesting statistics: LANDS SOLD Number of acres disposed of by sale and free grant, to December 31st, 1866, in Upper Canada, 21,488,342; in Lower Canada, 19,089,355. POPULATION In 1852 the population of Upper Canada was 952,004; Lower To lessen the frequency of these periods of inattention and idleness, to clear the clondy brows and awaken interest and enthusiaism, is the result for whose attainment the teacher's ingenuity is constantly exercised. Among the many expedients resorted to, drawing on the blackboard is a very successful one; and combining, as it does, pleasure with great profit, it should receive considerable attention. With children, the habit of observation, and the faculty of distinguishing outline, form and colour, need careful culture. This exercise is admirably adapted to this end; and, by increasing in youth the activity of the observing faculties, its advantages are felt through life. Aside from this, the acquired skill of hand and accurboys and girls who play every day in the woods could tell you the shape of a maple leaf Pick up two or three that have blown near Great Western Railway, 1865-Road open for traffic, 345. miles; the door, and show them how all the stems are nearly the same number of engines owned, 94; number of first-class cars, 83; second-length; how in each leaf they diverge into five parts, called veins, class do, 97; freight cars, 960; number of tons of freight carried because, like the blue veins which can be traced under the skin, during the year, 455,073; total receipts for year, $3,570,637; total carrying the blood to the heart, to be purified and sent through the working expenditure, $1,305,267; number of persons employed the fresh air and warm sunlight convert it into nourishing food for body, they carry the sap up into the beautiful green blade, where working the line, 2851; number of persons accidentally killed during the growth of the tree. Show them how regularly the margin forms the year, 15. Amount paid during the year for interest, dividends, Total value of exports for 1863, $41,831,532. For 1865, $54,219,759. Total value of imports, 1863, $45,964,493; for 1865, 844,-acy of eye will always be of great service. How many of these little 227,822. Total duty, 1863, $5,169,173; for 1865, $5,617,811. RAILWAYS &c., $1,805,752. London and Port Stanley Railway-Road open for traffic, 24 miles; number of engines owned, 2; number of first-class cars, 3; number of second-class, 6; number of freight do, 28; freight carried, 23,291 tons; receipts for year, $33,191; total working expenditure, $26,044 persons accidentally killed, 1; amount paid during the year for interest, dividends, &c., nothing. Welland Railway-Length of line, 25 miles: receipts for year, $100,016; werking expenditure, $69,746. a point at the extremity of each vein; and between each vein curves and five distinguisable lobes, there being another point midway inward towards the base of the leaf, dividing it into three distinct between the extremity of the veins and the deepest curve of the margin, and each leaf so nearly resembling the rest that one description will answer for all. Then, if our school room is provided with sufficient blackboard surface, as all school rooms should be in this enlightened nineteenth century, arm each little scholar with a leaf the chalk yourself during the whole exercise, just as you instruct and a chalk pencil, and proceed in this way, illustrating by using them. his eye the distance betweeen the extremity of the middle vein and Let each one look carefully at the leaf he holds, and estimate with the base of the leaf. Then make light dots on the board for these estimating carefully the distance and direction from the first two points. In the same way, fix a light point for the end of the stem, straight, if it be so in the leaf-curving or angular, if it be so there. points. Now, draw the middle vein and the stem in one line Northern Railway-Length of line, 97 miles; receipts, $506,748; working expenditure, $275,941. We also find returns from the remaining eastern Canadian rail-In order to represent it naturally, begin at the extremity, and, ways but omit the same as of no particular interest to Upper Canadian readers. TELEGRAPHS Montreal Telegraph Company-Length of line opened, 4,326 miles; number of stations opened, 331; number of messages seut during the year, 444,878. CORONER'S INQUEST Number of inquests held in Upper Canada during 1865, 659; coroner's fees, and expenses, $7,019. The verdicts returned were, murder, man-slaughter and infanticide, 18; suicide, 16; results of intemperance, 17; found dead, cause not stated, 27; natural canses, visitation of God, 306; burned or scalded, 14; drowned, 264; killed by falling of trees, 10; killed by railways, 8; killed by horses or carriages, 5. Total 659. Other accidental deaths upon which no inquests were held number 100. V. Lapers on Drawing. 1. BLACK BOARD DRAWING. How to keep busy little fingers out of mischief, how to keep bright little eyes wide open, and how to make amusement a means of introducing useful ideas into inquisitive little heads, are among the many hows which constitute the knotty problems for the teacher's solution. A familiar picture is that of a country school on a summer's day. A dozen pairs of eyes bent on the lesson; some intense and eager; some with a curious blending of disgust and determination, which merely resting the chalk on the board, draw it lightly in the proper |