uses of letters in written words, the instructor will require the student to master the following exhaustive, though simple, analysis. Analysis of the word Salve.-The word salve, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of three oral elements; så v-salve. [Here let the student utter the three oral elements separately, and then pronounce the word.] The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic.1 The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The third is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The word salve, in writing, is represented by five letters; salve-salve. S represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the first oral element of z; hence, it is a cognate of z. A represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. L is silent. V represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labiodental. Its oral element is formed by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of f; hence, it is a cognate off. E is silent. Analysis of the word Shoe.-The word shoe, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of two oral elements; sho-shoe. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The word shoe, in writing, is represented by four letters; shoe-shoe. The combination sh represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element 1 The analysis logical. It will be seen that this analysis is strictly logical; and that each conclusion is deduced from two premises, one of which (the major proposition) is suppressed. The first syllogism, fully stated, is as follows:-All modified breathings are Atonics; The oral element of s is a modi fied breathing; Hence, the oral element of 8 is an Atonic. is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the second oral element represented by z; hence, it is a cognate of z. The combination oe is formed by the union of two vowels, one of which is silent; hence, it is an improper diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by ; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of ỏ. Analysis of the word Fruit-bud.—The compound word fruit'-bud is a dissyllable, accented on the penult. In pronunciation, it is formed by the union of seven oral elements; frot'-bůd-fruit'-bud. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The third is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The fourth is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The fifth is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The sixth is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The seventh is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The word fruit-bud, in writing, is represented by eight letters; fruit-bud. F represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labio-dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of v; hence, it is a cognate of v. R represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. The combination ui is formed by the union of two vowels; hence, it is a diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by 8; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of 8. T represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. Its oral element is produced by the same organ and in a similar manner as that of d; hence, it is a cognate of d. B represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element Its Its oral is chiefly formed by the lips; hence, it is a labial. oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of p; hence, it is a cognate of p. U represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. D represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. Its oral element is produced by the same organ and in a similar manner as that of t; hence, it is a cognate of t. A IX. RULES IN ARTICULATION. AS the name of a letter, or when used as an emphatic word, should always be pronounced ā (a in age); as, She did not say that the three boys knew the letter ā, but that ȧ boy knew it. 1 2. The word A, when not emphatic, is marked short (ă),1 though in quality it should be pronounced nearly like a as heard in åsk, gråss; as, Give ǎ baby sister ǎ smile, ǎ kind word, and ǎ kiss. 3. The, when not emphatic nor immediately followed by a word that commences with a vowel sound, should be pronounced thŭ; as, The (thů) peach, the (thů) plum, the apple, and the (thŭ) cherry are yours. Did he ask for a pen, or for the pen? 4. U preceded by R.-When u long (u in tūbe), or its alphabetic equivalent ew, is preceded by r, or the sound of sh, in the same syllable, it has always the sound of o in do; as, Are you sure that shrewd youth was rude? 1 A initial.-A in many words, as an initial unaccented syllable, is also marked short (ă), its quantity or volume of sound being less than that of a sixth power (å), as in ălås, ămåss, ǎbåft. 5. R may be trilled when immediately followed by a vowel sound in the same syllable. When thus situated in emphatic words, it always should be trilled; as, He is both brave and true. She said scratching, not scrawling. X. EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION. ILENT letters are here omitted, and the words are spelled as they should be pronounced. Students will read the sentences several times, both separately and in concert, uttering all the oral elements with force and distinctness. They will also analyze the words, both as spoken and written, and name the rules in articulation that are illustrated by the exercises. 1. It must be sō. 2. Thŭ bōld båd báis brōke bōlts ǎnd bårz. 10. Arm it with răgz: ǎ pigmi strâ wil pērs it. 11. Nou set thŭ tẽth ănd strěch thŭ nòstril wid. 12. He wŏcht ǎnd wěpt, he felt ånd prād får ål. 13. Hiz iz, ămidst thủ mists, mězerd ăn ăzer ski. 14. Thŭ whalz wheld and wherld, and bård thår bråd, broun băks. 15. Jilz and Jasn Jōnz kăn not sā—Arōrå, ălås, ămås, mănnå, villå, når Lūnå. 16. Thŭ strīf sẽsĕth, pēs apprōchěth, ănd thů gůd mãn rājāisěth. 17. Thŭ shrod shrôz båd him sã thắt thủ vil vìksnz yüzd shrugz, ǎnd shårp, shril shrēks. 18. Shỏrli, thò winděd, thủ prident rekrit wid not et thǎt kröd fråt. -19. Amidst thŭ mists ånd kölděst frosts, with bärěst rists and stoutěst bōsts, he thrusts hiz fists ǎgĕnst thŭ pōsts, and still insists hē sēz thŭ gōsts. 20. A starm arīzeth on thủ sẽ. A moděl věssěl iz struggling amidst thŭ wâr Ŏv ělěměnts, kwĭvering and shivering, shringking ånd båttling lik å thingking being. Thŭ mêrsĭles, råking wherlwindz, līk frītfül fēndz, houl ǎnd mōn, ănd send shårp, shril shrēks thrỗ thŭ kreking kårdǎj, snapping thu shēts and måsts. Thů stěrdi salarz wether thŭ sevērěst stårm of thŭ sẽzn. 21. Chast-id, cherisht Chěs ! Thu chårmz Ŏv thi chekerd chamberz chan me chanjlěslí. Chamberlinz, chăplinz, ǎnd chânsellârz hăv chânted thi chĕrobik châisněs. Cheftinz håv chanjd thu chăriot ănd thu chas får fhů ches-bōrd and thu chârming chårj ov thů ches-nīts. 22. No chiling chërl, nō chẽting chaffërer, nō chătterăng chānjling kăn bè thì chīzn chămpion. Thou art thủ chāssner ov thủ chẻrlish, thù chīděr of thủ chānjabl, thử cherisher ov thủ chẽrful and thủ chărităbl. 23. Får fhẽ år thŭ chăplěts Ŏv chānlès chărĭti ănd thŭ chǎlis Ŏv childlik cherfülněs. Chanj kăn not chanj the: from childhůd tỏ thủ chârněl-hous, from our fêrst childIsh cherpingz tô thŭ chilz Ŏv thủ chêrch-yård, thou årt our chēri, chanjlěs cheftĭněs. L XI. PHONETIC LAUGHTER. AUGHTER, by the aid of Phonetics, is easily taught, as an art. It is one of the most interesting and healthy of all class exercises. It may be either vocal or respiratory. 2. There are thirty-two well-defined varieties of laughter in the English language, eighteen of which are produced in connection with the tonics; nine, with the sub |