some of his views rather to extremes; but his work still merits the following commendation, from the "North British Review." and inestimable handiwork. Let our readers take our word ner air." We received the work, we think, through Nask & Woodhouse. The Power of the Soul over the Body, considered in Relation to Health and Morals. By George Moore, M. D., author of Use of the Body in Relation to the Mind." Harper & Brothers. and crime are ever the NECESSARY means of improvement and reform." Mr. R. well knows the different definitions given to the word "necessity," "This is a very extraordinary and a very delightful book, as it is used in a popular, or philosophic sense. full of truth and goodness, of power and beauty. If geNow, in which sense does he here use it? If he nius may be considered, (and it is as serviceable a definimeans to use it in its strict and philosophic sense, tion as is current,) that power by which one man produces and ask if infinite goodness and justice have no for the use or the pleasure of his fellow-men, something at other resources than blood and slaughter by which once new and true, then have we here its unmistakable to accomplish their object-he merely announces a for it, and read these volumes thoroughly, giving themselves truism. But why limit the attributes of Deity to up to the guidance of this most original thinker, and most goodness and justice? or again, why substitute the attractive writer, and they will find not only that they are word improvement for revolution—and thus by one | richer in true knowledge, and quickened in pure and heardash of the pen change the question he was dis-enly affections, but they will open their eyes upon a new world-walk under an ampler heaven, and breathe a divicussing? But to leave these and come directly to his proposition. Is not violence necessary to every reform ? And can there be any reformation, or, which is the same thing, any radical improvement which affects a whole nation without revolution? And do not blood and slaughter, impiety and crime invariably accompany every revolution? Can any "We are very glad to see a good American reprint of this one point to any revolution or reformation, in anadmirable work. It is just the book to set men right in recient or modern times, recorded in sacred or pro-gard to many mental phenomena on which their minds have fane history, which has been unattended by blood been running wild, under the teachings of Phrenology, and slaughter? And that which has uniformly and Mesmerism, and other like vagaries. The author is a man invariably happened on all such occasions every of profound science, but an humble believer in revelation, and as he admits that some things are to be received by faith, where, and in every nation for six thousand years, he attempts no explanation of what our limited faculties do I am disposed to think is very nearly if not quite not allow us to comprehend. With this limitation, he An effect so certain cannot happen makes clear to every comprehension most of the psychonecessary. without an adequate cause. Whether the word logical phenomena usually regarded as mysterious, in the "necessity" is the exact word descriptive of that plainest and most satisfactory way. The apparent abstruse cause I do not undertake to say. title of the book may lead some, perhaps, to think it a mere But this I say, that Mr. R. cannot proscribe it as vehemently and in as unqualified terms as he has done, without running into some of the errors of the French Philosophers themselves-nor without casting reflection-certainly inconsistent with his present office of moral teacher—on the wisdom and power, if not also on the goodness and justice of the Deity, in permitting these evils and miseries always and every where to afflict nations on such occasions. J. T. C. Notices of New Works. We find upon our table a number of new works, at once valuable and interesting, and published in the most elegant manner. But being disabled, by indisposition, from writing much, and being unwilling to delay the appearance of the Messenger any longer, we must avail ourselves of the critiques of others, so far as we can conscientiously do so, from an examination of the works which we have received. MODERN PAINTERS. By a graduate of Oxford. Wiley & Putnam. New York. 1847. metaphysical treatise, not to be understood by common readers, but this is not the fact-it contains very little that cannot be understood by any reader, and it is as amusing as it is instructive, abounding in eurious facts, illustrative of the author's views and doctrines. This work is intimately connected with another by the same author on the " Use of the Body in Relation to the Mind," a reprint of which was recently issued from the same press. Taken together, they form the most perfect treatise on these subjects in our language, and should be read by every one who cares to know anything of the imperishable part of his own nature. The volume now before us forms the XXVth. of Harper's well selected and beautifully printed New Miscellany of Popalar Sterling Literature."-Lit. World. Call on Drinker & Morris. The Good Genius that turned everything into Gold; or, the "In a recent number we alluded to a new and beautifel series of juvenile books commenced by Harper & Brothers, under the title of "The Fireside Library." They bare all the appearance of the first class of London works in the same department-being printed with large, clear type, and bound in illuminated covers, and with gilt edges. Another number has appeared since our.notice. It is an imaginetive story, fitted to win and impress the imagination of childhood, and at the same time afford a useful moral lesson. As guides to taste as well as conduct, these elegant little volumes are worthy of the attention of parents and teachThis very handsome volume is devoted to an original and ers. They are such a decided improvement upon similar philosophical examination of the principles of Art, especi-books, that we cannot do otherwise than praise their apally as applied to Landscape painting, of which the author pearance, and commend them to general favor."--Lit. We deems Turner the great modern master. The author pushes [For other Notices see 3rd page of Cover.} THE SOUTHERN AND WESTERN LITERARY MESSENGER AND REVIEW. OCTOBER, 1847. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE COLONY AND ANCIENT DOMINION OF VIRGINIA. In the meantime, however, at the age of tile experiment turned out more unfortunate eighteen he had married a Miss Shelton, the than the first and left him a bankrupt. Yet daughter of a poor but honest farmer in the these disappointments, aggravated by an neighborhood. Young Henry now by the joint early marriage, did not visibly depress his assistance of his father and his father-in-law, spirit. In the winter of 1760, Thomas Jeffurnished with a small farm and one or two ferson then in his seventeenth year, on his slaves, undertook to support himself by ag- way to the college of William and Mary, riculture. Yet although he tilled the ground spent the Christmas holy days at the seat of with his own hands, whether owing to his Col. Dandridge in Hanover. Patrick Henry, negligent and unsystematic habits, or to the Jr., now 24 years of age, being a near neighsterility of the soil, after an experiment of bor, young Jefferson now met with him for two years he failed in this enterprise as ut- the first time and observed that his manners terly as in the former. Selling his scanty had something of coarseness in them; his property at a sacrifice for cash, he turned passion was music, dancing and pleasantry. again to merchandize. Still displaying the In the last he excelled and it attached every incorrigible indifference to business, body to him. He displayed no uncommon he now resumed his violin, his flute, his calibre of intellect or extent of information; books, his curious inspection of human na- but his misfortunes were not to be traced in ture, and occasionally shut up his store to his countenance or in his conduct. Selfindulge in his favorite sports. He now stu-possessed repose is the characteristic of nadied geography and became a proficient in it; tive power. Consciousness of superior gehe examined the charters and history of the colony and pored over the translated annals of Greece and Rome. Livy became his favorite, and in his early life he read it at least once in every year. His second mercan same nius and a reliance upon a benignant Providence, buoyed him up in the fluctuations of an adverse fortune. Young Henry embraced the study of the law and after a short course of reading, was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1760. For three years he remained I incline to suspect that his alleged aversion to books in obscurity. In the " after life has been exaggerated and that he somewhat affirst emerged from the horizon and thenceParsons' Cause" he fected it in compliance with the vulgar prejudice against book-learning. forth became star of the ascendant. Vol. XIII-73 CHAPTER XXXII. 1763-1774. Disputes between the Colonies and the Mother Country; had contracted an enormous debt. The British officers entertained with a liberal hospitality in America, carried back to England exaggerated reports of the wealth of the colonies. The colonial governors and the British ministry had often been thwarted and annoyed by the republican and independent and sometimes turbulent spirit of the coloJutions; His Eloquence; Congress meets at New York; Stamp Act repealed; Speaker Robinson; Fauquier suc- nies, and longed to see it curbed. In fine, ceeded by Blair; Baptists in Virginia; Act to levy duties the British administration was in the hands in America resisted; Botetourt Governor; Affairs during of a corrupt and grasping oligarchy, and the his Administration; Succeeded by President Nelson; minister determined to lessen the burdens Great Fresh in 1771; Dunmore Governor; Resistance at home by levying a direct tax from the colto duty on Tea; Proceedings in Virginia; Congress meets onies. The loyalty of the Americans had never been warmer than at the close of the war. They had expended their treasure and at Philadelphia; Dunmore's Indian War; The Battle of Point Pleasant; Logan. The successful termination of the war of their blood freely and the recollection of mutual sufferings and a common glory strength1755 paved the way for American independence. Hitherto from the first settlement of ened their attachment to the mother counthe colonies, Great Britain without seeking try. These loyal sentiments were destined The colonies too had ina direct revenue from them, had been satis- to wither soon. fied with a monopoly of their trade. And volved themselves in a heavy debt. Within now when they had grown more capable of three years, from 1756 to 1759, parliament resisting impositions, the mother country had granted them a large amount of money rose in her demands. * Thus [1764,] dis- to encourage their efforts; yet exclusive of putes commenced between Great Britain and that amount and of the extraordinary supthe colonies, and lasting about twelve years, plies appropriated by the colonial assemended in a disruption of the empire. This blies, a very heavy debt still remained unresult, inevitable in the natural course of liquidated. When, therefore, parliament, in events, was precipitated by the impolitic a few years after, undertook to extort money and arbitrary measures of the British gov- by a direct tax, from provinces to which she ernment. In the general loyalty of the had lately granted incomparably larger sums, colonies, new commercial restrictions, al- it was conceived that the object of the minthough involving a heavy indirect taxa- ister was not simply to raise the inconsidertion, would have been submitted to. But able amount of the tax, but to establish a the novel scheme of direct taxation-with- new and absolute system of "taxation without their consent-was reprobated as contra- out representation.” It was easy to forery to their natural and chartered rights and see that it might and would be made the ina flame of discontent finally overspread the strument of unlimited extortions and would whole country. The recent war had inspi- extinguish the practical legislative indepenred the provincial troops with more confidence of America. dence in themselves and had rendered the After war had raged for nearly eight years, British regulars less formidable in their eyes. a general peace was concluded, by which The success of the allied arms had put an France ceded Canada, and Spain the Floriend to the dependency of the colonies upon das to Great Britain. These conquests and the mother country for protection against the culminating power and the arrogant prethe French. In several of the provinces, tensions of that proud island, excited the Germans, Dutch, Swedes and Frenchmen jealousy and the fears of Europe. In Engwere found commingled with the Anglican land a corrupt and arbitrary administration population. Great Britain by long wars ably had engendered a formidable opposition at conducted, had acquired glory and an extension of empire; but in the meantime she home. [1763.] The national debt had accumulated to an enormous amount; for which an annual interest of twenty-two millions of dollars was paid. The minister proposed to levy from the colonies part of this sum; al- "I was apprehensive that other lights would leging that, as the recent war had been waged be the consequence." At first it was taken partly on their account, it was but fair that for granted in England and in America, that they should contribute a share of the ex- the stamp-act would be enforced. It was pense. And a right was claimed, according not to take effect till November, more than to the letter of the British Constitution, for seven months after its passage. Virginia led parliament to tax every portion of the em- the way in opposition. [29th of May, 1765,] pire. The absolute right of legislating for Patrick Henry brought before the house of the colonies had long, if not always, been burgesses, a series of resolutions declaring claimed theoretically by England; but she that, "the general assembly of this colony, had never exerted it in practice, in the es- together with his majesty or his substitutes, sential article of taxation. The inhabitants have in their representative capacity, the of the colonies admitted their obligation to only exclusive right and power to lay taxes share the expense of the war, but insisted and imposts upon the inhabitants of this colthat the necessary revenue could be legiti- ony." Mr. Henry was a young and new mately levied only by their own legislatures; member; but finding the men of weight in that taxation and representation were insep- the house averse to opposition, and the arable, and that distant colonies not repre- stamp-act about to take effect and no person sented in parliament were entitled to tax likely to step forth-alone, unadvised and themselves. The justice of parliament would unassisted he wrote these resolutions on a prove a feeble barrier against the demands blank leaf of an old law-book. * The last of avarice. As in England the privilege of resolution was carried only by a single vote. granting money was the palladium of the The debate on it, in the language of Jefferpeople's liberty against the encroachments son, was "most bloody." Peyton Randolph, of the crown; so the same right was the the king's Attorney General, Richard Bland, safeguard of the colonies against the tyran- Edmund Pendleton, George Wythe and all ny of the imperial government. [March, the old leaders of the house were in oppo1764.] Parliament passed resolutions decla- sition. Mr. Henry was, however, ably susratory of an intention to impose a stamp- tained by Mr. George Johnston, burgess of duty in America and avowing the right and the county of Fairfax. Many threats were the expediency of taxing the colonies. This uttered in the course of this stormy debate was the fountain-head of the revolution. and much abuse heaped on Mr. Henry. These resolutions gave great dissatisfaction Thomas Jefferson, then a student at Wilin America; but were popular in England. liamsburg, standing at the door of the house, The prospect of lightening their own bur-overheard the debate. After the Speaker dens at the expense of the colonists, daz- Robinson had declared the result of the vote, zled the English gentry. The resolutions Peyton Randolph left the chamber and as he met with no actual opposition in the colo- entered the lobby near young Jefferson, exnies. [March, 1765.] Grenville, the Eng- claimed, "By God, I would have given 500 lish minister, introduced in the house the guineas for a single vote!" Henry bore American Stamp-Act, declaring null and himself on this occasion like Washington in void instruments of writing in daily use in the the battle of the Monongahela. colonies, unless executed on stamped paper a vestige survives of this display of eloor parchment, charged with a duty imposed quence. Tradition has preserved one inciby parliament. The bill, warmly debated in dent. While thundering against the stamp"Cæsar had his Brutus, the house of commons, met with no opposi- act he exclaimed, tion in the house of lords, and, [March 22,] Charles I. his Cromwell, and George I received the royal sanction. The night after (Treason,' cried the Speaker; treason, it passed, Dr. Franklin wrote to Mr. Charles | treason,' resounded from every part of the Thomson: * "The sun of liberty is set ;- house. Henry rising to a loftier attitude, you must light up the candles of industry with an unfaltering voice and unwavering and economy." Mr. Thomson answered, eye, finished the sentence,)-may profit by * Afterwards Secretary to Congress. † A "Coke upon Littleton." Yet scarce over the whole country. the example; if this be treason, make the Mr. Henry, proved successful. Peyton Ranmost of it." Mr. Henry was now the lead-dolph was made Speaker and Robert C. ing man in Virginia. His resolutions gave Nicholas, Treasurer. The deficit of the late the impulse to the other colonies and the treasurer exceeded one hundred thousand revolutionary spirit spread like a prairie-fire pounds. Mr. Robinson, amiable, liberal and wealthy, had been long at the head of At the instance of the colony of Massa- the Virginia aristocracy. He had lent large chusetts Bay, a congress met on the second sums of the public money to friends involved Tuesday of October, 1765, at New York. in debt, particularly to members of the asTwenty-eight members were in attendance. sembly, confiding for its replacement upon The assemblies of Virginia, North Carolina his own ample property and the securities At length apprehenand Georgia were prevented by their gov- taken on the loans. ernors from sending deputies. This consive of a discovery of the deficit, he with his gress made a declaration denying the right friends in the assembly, devised the scheme The entire amount of of parliament to tax the colonies, and con- of the loan-office. curred in petitions to the king and the house the defalcation was however eventually reof commons and a memorial to the house of covered from the estate of Robinson. lords. Virginia and the other two colonies In 1766 was published, at Williamsburg, not represented, forwarded petitions accor-" An Inquiry into the Rights of the British dant with those adopted by the Congress. Colonies,"† from the pen of Richard Bland. Opposition to the stamp-act now blazed forth In discussing the question, "whether the in every quarter. It was disregarded and Colonies are represented in the British Pardefied. The colonists betook themselves to liament?" he traces the English Constitudomestic manufactures and foreign luxuries tion to its Saxon origin, when every freewere laid aside. In the meanwhile a change holder was a member of the Wittenagemote had taken place in the British ministry. The or Parliament. When the custom of represtamp-act was taken up in partiament. Dr. sentation was introduced, each freeholder Franklin was examined at the bar of the had a right to vote at the election of memhouse of commons. Lord Camden in the bers of parliament. This appears from the house of peers and Mr. Pitt in the commons Statutes, 1st Hen. 5, and 8th Hen. 6, limfavored a repeal of the act. After taking iting the elective franchise, depriving many measures "for securing the dependence of of the right of voting for members of parliaAmerica on Great Britain," parliament re- ment-that is, depriving them of the right pealed the stamp-act, [March, 1766.] of representation in parliament. How could [May, 1765.] A motion had been brought they have been thus deprived, if, as was conforward in the Virginia assembly for the es- tended, all the people of England were still tablishment of a loan-office. The object was virtually represented? Bland acknowledged to lend the public money to individuals on that a very large portion of the people of landed security. The project was strenuously Great Britain were not entitled to represen opposed by Patrick Henry and it failed. It "He resided at Mount Pleasant on the Matapony in was urged in its favor, that from the unhappy circumstances of the colony, men of fortune had contracted debts, which if exacted suddenly, must ruin them; but with a little indulgence might be liquidated. "What, sir!" exclaimed Mr. Henry, "is it proposed then to reclaim the spend-thrift from his dis-ville, for the use of a copy of this rare and masterly prosipation and extravagance by filling his pock-duction. The Title page is as follows. "An Inquiry into ets with money?" At the session of 1766, the Rights of the British Colonies, Intended as an Answer King & Queen county-the house there having been but for him, it is said, by the father of Lucy Moore of Che'lsea in King William, one of his wives. A portrait of ber when quite young is preserved at Chelsea in the room in which she was married. His portrait is preserved by his descendants. He lies buried in the garden at Mount Pleasant, without a tombstone. I am indebted to Dr. Thomas P. Atkinson, of Dan to The Regulations lately made concerning the Colonies Mr. John Robinson, who for many years had and the Taxes imposed upon them considered. In a letter held the joint offices of Speaker and Trea- addressed to the Author of that Pamphlet, by Richard surer, being now dead, an enormous defalca- Bland of Virginia. Dedit omnibus Deus pro virili portion» tion was discovered in his accounts. sapientiam ut et inandita investigare possent et audin perpendere. Lactantius. Williamsburg. Printed by Aition to separate the two offices, supported by exander Purdic & Co. MDCCLXVI." A mo |