Practical Intelligence in Everyday LifeThis path-breaking book reviews psychological research on practical intelligence and describes its importance in everyday life. The authors reveal the importance of tacit knowledge--what we have learned from our own experience, through action. Although it has been seen as an indispensable element of expertise, intelligence researchers have found it difficult to quantify. Based on years of research, Dr. Sternberg and his colleagues have found that tacit knowledge can be quantified and can be taught. This volume thoroughly examines studies of practical intelligence in the United States and in many other parts of the world as well, and for varied occupations, such as management, military leadership, teaching, research, and sales. |
Contents
What Is Practical Intelligence? | xi |
Conceptions of Expertise | xiii |
Theories of Expertise | xiv |
The Acquisition of Expertise | 2 |
Practical Intelligence as a Form of Developing Expertise | 5 |
The Nature of Intelligence | 7 |
Theories of Intelligence | 11 |
Explicit Theories | 14 |
Tacit Knowledge as a Measurement Construct | 119 |
Developing Tacit Knowledge Inventories | 121 |
Knowledge Identification | 122 |
Item Selection | 129 |
Instrument Construction | 132 |
Summary of Tacit Knowledge Inventory Construction | 133 |
Establishing the Validity of Tacit Knowledge Inventories | 134 |
The Substantive Aspect | 136 |
The Specificity of Practical Intelligence Its Nature and Development | 28 |
Research on Practical Problem Solving Ability | 30 |
Do Agerelated Patterns in Practical Intelligence Resemble Those in Conventional Intelligence? | 34 |
What Develops Practical Intelligence? | 42 |
Context of Practical Problem Solving | 43 |
Content of Practical Problem Solving | 46 |
Goals of Practical Problem Solving | 47 |
Practical Problem Solving Strategies | 48 |
Problem Interpretation Definition | 50 |
Prototypic Forms of Developed Practical Intelligence | 52 |
Intuition | 53 |
Wisdom | 55 |
Practical Intelligence in the Workplace | 61 |
The Rational Manager | 62 |
The Proactive Manager | 64 |
Applying Practical Intelligence in the Workplace | 66 |
Nonlinear Problem Solving | 68 |
Reflection in Action | 70 |
Approaches to Studying Practical Intelligence | 73 |
CognitiveVerbal Measures of Social Intelligence | 75 |
Behavioral Approaches to Measuring Social Intelligence | 76 |
Nonverbal Approaches to Measuring Social Intelligence | 78 |
Emotional Intelligence | 83 |
Comprehensive Frameworks of Abilities | 87 |
The Living Systems Framework | 88 |
Subtheories | 89 |
Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test | 93 |
Measures of Practical Intelligence | 99 |
Understanding Practical Intelligence The Role of Tacit Knowledge | 100 |
Tacit Knowledge as Theoretical Concept | 101 |
The Characteristic Features of Tacit Knowledge | 103 |
Tacit Knowledge Is Practically Useful | 105 |
What Tacit Knowledge Is Not | 106 |
Tacit Knowledge Is Not a Proxy for General Intelligence | 107 |
Describing Tacit Knowledge at Different Levels of Abstraction | 108 |
A Cognitive Representation of Tacit Knowledge | 109 |
Identifying and Measuring Tacit Knowledge | 113 |
Measuring Tacit Knowledge | 115 |
Simulations | 116 |
Tacit Knowledge Approach | 118 |
The Generalizability Aspect | 137 |
The Consequential Aspect | 138 |
Summary | 139 |
The Role of Practical Intelligence in Civilian Settings | 140 |
Academic Psychologists | 141 |
Business Managers | 143 |
Center for Creative Leadership Study | 144 |
Salespeople | 146 |
Air Force Organizational Levels | 147 |
Managers Across Organizational Levels | 149 |
College Students | 151 |
Conclusions from the Tacit Knowledge Research Program | 152 |
Tacit Knowledge and General Intelligence | 153 |
Tacit Knowledge as a General Construct | 155 |
Tacit Knowledge and Performance | 156 |
Practical Intelligence An Example from the Military Workplace | 158 |
Approaches to Understanding Leadership | 159 |
Behavioral Approaches | 160 |
Transformational Approaches | 161 |
Leadership Versus Management | 162 |
Tacit Knowledge in Military Leadership | 164 |
Identifying the Tacit Knowledge of Military Leaders | 165 |
Developing a Tacit Knowledge Inventory for Military Leaders | 180 |
Validating the Tacit Knowledge Inventory for Military Leaders | 187 |
I | 196 |
II | 203 |
Development | 204 |
Enhancing Tacit Knowledge Acquisition | 206 |
III | 208 |
IV | 212 |
Summary | 213 |
Conclusions | 215 |
V | 217 |
VI | 221 |
| 251 | |
VIII | 261 |
IX | 270 |
XI | 275 |
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