when the present Liturgy was adopted, may be pronounced vague and arbitrary. Why, may it not be asked, do we without reluctance allow the gable, the steeple, or the dome to be crowned with the triumphant cross, when we refuse to place the sign of redemption upon the altar?-Does the transparency of the painted glass excuse the serrated form which we condemn upon the canvas?—If it be innocent to adorn the church with the evergreen holly when we celebrate the Nativity, why should we hesitate to hail the Resurrection by decking the sacred edifice in vernal flowers? The answer, we humbly think, is not far to

and Gospels of their festivals in a Common-Prayer book. And this book he had caused to be richly bound, and laid on the cushion for the Queen's use, in the place where she commonly sat, intending it for a New Year's Gift to her Majesty, and thinking to have pleased her fancy therewith; but it had not that effect, but the contrary: for she considered how this varied from her late open injunctions and proclamations against the superstitious use of images in churches, and for the taking away all such reliques of popery. When she came to her place she opened the book and perused it, and saw the pictures; but frowned and blushed; and then shut it (of which several took notice), and calling the verger, bad him bring her the old book, wherein she was formerly wont to read. After sermon, whereas she was wont to get immediately on horseback, or into her chariot, she went straight to the vestry, and applying herself to the Dean, thus she spoke to him:

'Queen. Mr. Dean, how came it to pass that a new Service-book was placed on my cushion? To which the Dean answered

Dean. May it please your Majesty, I caused it to be placed there. Then said the Queen

'Q. Wherefore did you so?

D. To present your Majesty with a New Year's Gift.

'Q. You could never present me with a worse.

D. Why so, Madam?

Q. You know I have an aversion to idolatry; to images and pictures of this kind.

'D. Wherein is the idolatry, may it please your Majesty?

Q. In the cuts resembling angels and saints; nay, grosser absurdities, pictures resembling the Blessed Trinity.

D. I meant no harm; nor did I think it would offend your Majesty, when I intended it for a New Year's Gift.

Q. You needs must be ignorant then. Have you forgot our proclamation against images, pictures, and Romish reliques in the churches? Was it not read in your deanery?

'D. It was read. But, be your Majesty assured, I meant no harm when I caused the cuts to be bound with the Service-book.

Q. You must needs be very ignorant to do this after our prohibition of them.

'D. It being my ignorance, your Majesty may the better pardon me.

Q. I am sorry for it, yet glad to hear it was your ignorance, rather than your opinion.

'D. Be your Majesty assured, it was my ignorance.

'Q. If so, Mr. Dean, God grant you his spirit, and more wisdom for the future. 'D. Amen, I pray God.

Q. I pray, Mr. Dean, how came you by these pictures? Who engraved them? D. I know not who engraved them. I bought them.

'Q. From whom bought you them?

D. From a German.

Q. It is well it was from a stranger. Had it been any of our subjects, we should have questioned the matter. Pray let no more of these mistakes, or of this kind, be committed within the churches of our realm for the future.

'D. There shall not.'-Strype's Annals, vol. i. pp. 272, 274.

seek.

seek. The revival of any usage which has been entirely discarded, is, in fact, the introduction of a novelty; and whatever may be its abstract recommendation, or our regret that it has become obsolete, yet, if obtruded upon congregations to whom it is new and strange, it may be attended with most unhappy consequences. There is sufficient difficulty in defending the fundamental doctrines of the Anglican Church, merely because, having been long neglected, they go against the notions of many. With this difficulty many noble spirits are now grappling—and it is impossible not to see that wonderful success is opening on their efforts; but it is surely most inexpedient (at this critical moment especially) to employ ourselves in the labour of hewing stumblingblocks, for the purpose of casting them in the path which truly leads to the sanctuary.

If it be thus a duty towards our own Church to refrain from giving needless offence, equally do we owe it unto those Churches which are yet unhappily so burthened by their corruptions. Whatever pardonable motives and steps may have led to the first adoption of images, the people in Italy know nothing of the nice distinction between dulia' and latria,' by which the doctor or casuist repels the charge of idolatry. The Romanists are, as Jeremy Taylor truly observed, full as much Marians as Christians. How thoroughly deluding is the influence exercised upon their minds through the medium of painting, may be best understood by adverting to the admission of the amiable and accomplished author of the Poetry of Christian Art,' that images became an integral portion of religious worship." Such a subject as the Coronation of the Virgin,' which it is impossible to look at without pain and sorrow, is merely the last stage in the series of which the simplest Madonna is the first. And if we withhold from the Romanists the forcible testimony given by our abstinence from all approximation to these abuses in our places of worship, we deny them the best and most useful lesson which we can impart. It is by the silent protest of example, and not by mockery or scoffing, by fierce controversy and hard words and anger, by declamation on the platform, or vituperation in the newspaper, that the great schism which has rent the Church is to be healed.

**

*Le nombre des tableaux des autels n'en allait pas moins se multipliant presque à l'infini pour satisfaire à la piété des fidèles, pour qui l'image du Christ et celle de la Madonna étaient devenues une partie intégrante du culte religieux.'—Rio, p. 147.

ART.

ART. II.-The Plains of Troy. Illustrated by a Panoramic Drawing taken on the spot, and a Map constructed after the latest Survey. By Henry W. Acland, of Christ Church, Oxford. Oxford, 1839.

LORD BYRON, in Don Juan, calls Jacob Bryant a blackguard;'-not perhaps so much for going about to prove Helen an old woman in the last year of the war, a circumstance which, indeed, all the old reports of the case, except Homer's, sufficiently establish,-as for denying Troy to be in the Troad, and thereby diminishing the renown of the twice-swum Hellespont. Now, if a man who is wrong in controversy deserves, on that account, the imposition of this rough prænomen, then we fear that Bryant's breeding and gentility are hopelessly marred; otherwise, with some regard and much admiration for Helen, and nothing doubting that Homer's Troy is in Col. Leake's, or rather in our late venerable friend Le Chevalier's, Troad, we would venture still to recognise the tough old fellow of Eton as a respectable citizen in the literary republic-with something, it may be, of the revolutionary, or at least seditious in his heart, but whose direst errors were many times more useful than the blameless teachings of others, and whose wildest paradox, like the conflagration of an Indian jungle, whilst it cleared the country and purified the air, burnt serpents in their holes, and turned tigers abroad for hunters of renown. For true it is-and amongst the thousand claims which the name of Homer has upon the love and gratitude of mankind, it is not the least-that to the very questioning of his individual existence, and to the very denial of his subject and his scene, we owe more than to any other single cause or occasion that freer, deeper, and more instructive spirit of criticism on the precious monuments of antiquity, which in the course of the last thirty years has compelled the vast results of modern science, art, and personal research into its service,-carrying a torch into many a dark recess of the old world, and thence not seldom gathering up and reflecting light on the obscurities of things before our eyes.

In this great movement Bryant and his books were hinge and spring. For although the question of the composition of the Iliad and Odyssey had been previously flung into the arena of letters, and Bryant's primary point was apparently narrower, yet by reason of its rise in England, its direction against France in the person of Le Chevalier, and the seemingly kindred nature of its scepticism, it grew, and swelled, and caught fire, and blazed, and came flying all abroad upon the land in the gigantic form of the Trojan Controversy. Men and women and boys-if any such boys were-who had never heard of Troy before, heard of it now;

it whitened all library tables and darkened all schoolmasters' minds; it fluttered in pamphlets, and floundered in quartos, till Troy-weight was as familiar to collectors of books as to workers in gold. Realism and Nominalism wrought not more argumentation-the Immaculate Conception cost not more blood. For authors' blood-ink-was shed in streams; men fought, like Widdrington, to the stumps of their pens. Transmigrated heroes mixed, we doubt not, in that conflict; Le Chevalier, Morritt, Maclauren, Rennell, Gell, the British Critic of that day-but amongst them, and above them all, Jacob was seen-the growling, dangerous Ajax-the huge belaboured ass-quilled with penshots like a porcupine, forced by a host to retreat, yet ever and anon halting with a turn — ἐντροπαλιζόμενος — and with cuff oblique from a mutton-fist prostrating the over eager pursuer. No one, of course, now doubts that Bryant was wrong in his geographical dogma; and wrong in his historical dogma so far as the positive half of it is concerned; but he has supporters in the negative part of the position, and he is the immediate ancestor of divers learned theorisers on Homer-German, English, and Frenchwho owe to suggestions of his the germs of their respective lucubrations. The Trojan Controversy burnt itself nearly out; but the Homeric Question rose out of the extinct volcano, and even yet flies hagard over the crater.

We were led into this subject, which however we have no intention of following at any length, by a sight of Mr. Henry Acland's beautiful panoramic drawing of the Troad, and a perusal of the modest, but scholarlike, description with which he has accompanied it. He is, we believe, a younger son of Sir Thomas Acland, and at present an under-graduate at Oxford. Ill health seems to have induced a visit to the different countries round the Mediterranean and its adjacent waters; and a rather uncommon share of useful accomplishments has enabled him, whilst still in statu pupillari, to present to the public this pleasing memorial of his rambles through the Troad.

'The drawing was made,' he says, 'during three visits to the Troad, in the year 1838, without a thought of publication; and in the description (although I kept a copious journal), I have preferred, wherever it was possible, quoting from the works of authors well known.'

We sincerely wish that Mr. Acland had not so much distrusted his own scholarship and powers of description, and had given us some extracts from his own journal, recording, as no doubt it did, the first impressions made upon his mind by actual inspection of these famous scenes. For, whether it be that the Troad is a dull-looking spot in itself, or dull men only have described it (which certainly, however, is far from the fact)—no

book

book that we ever read has given so much as a lively picture of it in words. In this respect we can make no exception in favour of Mr. Acland; although we must of course add, that he has not even attempted to present that sort of view, but has pretty strictly limited himself to an orderly notice and illustration of the points of importance in his own drawing.

'I had at first,' he says, 'intended to state the theories of the most able writers on the subject, especially of those who have visited the Troad, and to point out such opinions as on the spot appeared to me the most probable: but a weak state of health, the original cause of my visiting the Mediterranean, has forced me to curtail this design; and I hope this may be admitted as some apology for the condition in which my Paper now appears.

A brief description of the country visible from the tumulus from which the Drawing is taken will form the sole subject of the following pages.

'My only wish is, that, incomplete as both the Drawing and the description may appear, they may afford some pleasure and information to lovers of classic ground, especially to such as have not within their reach the larger and more expensive works written on the subject.'—Preface, pp. 5, 6.

No lover of classic ground' will fail, we are persuaded, in receiving the pleasure and information designed for them in this work; and we cannot but regret that something of the hydrographer's and scientific draftman's art is not more common than it is amongst educated travellers, other than military or naval officers. One such drawing as this of Mr. Acland's is worth more, for all purposes of literature, than a dozen of those vaporous, die-away engravings which were born in England with the Annuals, and ought to die in the Annuals in which they are born. We wish, indeed, that our young Panoramist had not left us to puzzle sometimes for the tumulus under a bright cloud,' or Lemnos under the light sky;' but had helped the dim eye of a middle-aged inquirer, even at the expense of sea and sky, by a few figures corresponding with the names at the bottom of the Drawing. In general, however, the arrangement is very clear; and we can only regret that the author, instead of the sober tint he has adopted, did not contrive to give us land, water, and Vallonia oak proper. For those who have seen earth and ocean alio sub sole, know how much larger an element colour is in the landscape there, than in middle or northern Europe. Nature in those countries has a brighter complexion, though men and women have not.

Mr. Acland-who, we must premise, is an undoubting believer in the old full-bodied Homer, the writer, whether blind or not, of the forty-eight books of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and perhaps of the Hymns too-takes his stand on the tumulus of syetes

-Αισυήταο