Under this title we present a general view of the States embraced in the Germanic Confederation; a separate view of each of those States being presented in its alphabetical order.

The TREATY OF VIENNA (1815) divided Germany into 39 separate sovereignties, but that number has been reduced to 34. The sovereignties which are no longer found on the rolls of the German States are (1) the Principality of Gotha, which lapsed in 1826, the territory being divided between Cobourg and Meiningen; (2) the Duchy of AnhaltCöthen, which lapsed in 1847, the territory being attached to Anhalt-Dessau; (3 and 4) the Principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, which were annexed Prussia in 1849, upon the abdication of the reigning princes; and (5) the Duchy of Anhalt-Bernberg, which lapsed in 1863, upon the death of the last duke, the territory being now annexed to Anhalt-Dessau-Cöthen, the whole composing the Duchy of Anhalt.

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The remaining 34 sovereignties constitute what is known as the German Empire, being united in

a confederation (Deutsche Bund) of independent States under an Act of Constitution signed at Vienna June 8, 1815. According to the first article of that Constitution, the object of the Confederation is "the preservation of the internal and external security of Germany and the independence and inviolability of the several German States." The second article concedes equality of rights and privileges to the members of the Confederation, but the influence and votes of the States in the Diet or Assembly are arranged and established according to the relative importance of the States, as will appear in a subsequent table. The organ and representative of the Confederation is a Diet of Plenipotentiaries, which sits in permanence in the city of Frankfort-onthe-Main. This body acts in one of two forms,either as a General Assembly, or plenum, in which the States have votes according to their importance, but every State casting at least one vote; or as the Ordinary Assembly or Committee of the Confederation, in which 17 votes are divided among the 34 members according to a scale in the

The Committee of Confederation has not exerted much influence of late years. It was, consequently, proposed in 1863 to popularize the German representative system. On the 16th of August, the sovereign German Princes and the Burgomasters of the Free Cities assembled at Frankfort, when a plan of reform was laid before the Assembly by the Emperor of Austria. This plan proposes for the legislative and administrative affairs of the Confederation: (1) A Directory consisting of the Emperor of Austria, the Kings of Prussia and Bavaria, and two other princes taken from the minor States; (2) a Federal Council consisting of Commissioners casting 17 votes for the whole Confederation, subject to the revision of the Federal Assembly; (3) an Assembly of Delegates elected

by the representative bodies of the several States; (4) an Assembly of the Princes and of the Chief Magistrates of the Free Cities; (5) a Federal Tribunal.

In the Assembly of Delegates, the votes of the several States were to be as follow:-Austria and Prussia, 30 each; Bavaria, 10; Saxony, Hanover, and Würtemberg, each 6; Baden, 5; Electoral and Grand Ducal Hesse, each 4; Holstein, Luxemburg, Brunswick, Mecklenburg, Nassau, and Weimar, each 2; Meiningen, Coburg, Altenburg, Oldenburg, Anhalt, the two Schwarzburgs, Waldeck, Lippe, Lichtenstein, Frankfort, Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck, each 1,-making in all 128 votes. No definitive action has been arrived at on these propositions.

By the Act of the Congress of Vienna of June, 1815, the contribution of the various States to the army of the Germanic Confederation was fixed at one per cent. of the population, that is, the population possessed at that particular period, without taking into account a further increase or decrease of numbers. One-seventh of this army was to consist of cavalry; and ten pieces of artillery, with a proportionate number of artillerists, were to be furnished with every 1000 men. On this basis, the army o the Confederation consisted of

Within the Confederation (but not embracing all of the German States) is a Commercial Union, called the Zollverein. Formerly each of the States had its own separate system of customhouses, tariffs, moneys, weights, and measures, the existence of which was a serious embarrassment to commerce. It is the object of the Zollverein to consolidate all of these under one general system. The first measures towards the formation of the Commercial Union were proposed by Prussia in 1828, and since then the progress of the Zollverein is shown in the following

May 11, Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Altenburg, and the two Schwarzburgs. 1835, Feb. 20, Hesse-Homburg. May 12, Baden.

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66 Dec. 10, Nassau. 1836, Jan. 25, Frankfort. 1841, Oct. 18, Lippe-Detmold. 19, Brunswick. 1847, April 2, Luxemburg. 1851, Sept. 7, Hanover, Oldenburg, and Schaumburg Lippe.

The treaties which bind these States into the Zollverein are not of a permanent nature, but open to dissolution at stated terms.

The total revenue of the Zollverein in 1859 was 23,757,542 thalers. The thaler is about 73 cents of American money.

[For what concerns each of the individual States in the Germanic Confederation, see those States in their alphabetical order.]