of 1873 has been submitted to the Landtag. This, Education for September states, is interesting more because of the way in which it discloses modern educational tendencies in that kingdom than on account of its provisions, which will undoubtedly be modified at any rate.

The provisions of the bill which are of most interest are: (1) Each community is left free to decide whether it will establish a general Volksschule or several different kinds of separate schools, such as elementary, middle, and higher; (2) the denominational character of the schools is maintained, but it is required that where sectarian schools for all exist, children must attend the schools representing the faith of their parents-however, if there is no separate school for children of a certain faith, they must go to school, but will be exempted from attendance upon the religious instruction in the school and must instead be provided with religious instruction according to the doctrines of their own church; (3) the principle is firmly established that the education of the child must rest on a moral and religious basis; (4) private instruction shall be given only by men and women who have passed the state examinations, and private schools may employ only such teachers; (5) the number of pupils to a teacher is reduced from a maximum of 60 in the Volksschulen to a maximum of 50; (6) the right of the local clergyman to supervise the work of a school having no regular head master is abolished, and the supervision of the schools is now placed in charge of professionals only, excepting that the supervision of religious instruction is still left to the clergymen; (7) attendance at continuation schools is made obligatory for both girls and boys, these continuation schools to give instruction in general subjects common to all the schools and in special matters suited to the local industrial requirements, the girls to receive instruction in domestic economy as well as in the trades and commercial pursuits that are open to them in the business and industrial world.

EXPERIMENTAL PEDAGOGY.-In 1906 an Institute for the study of Experimental Pedagogy and Psychology was established at Leipsic. As stated in its Prospectus, the purpose of the institute is that of training its members in the

method and principles of experimental pedagogy and psychology, and of forming a properly equipped centre for independent scientific work along these lines. Some form of experimental work would seem to be almost fundamental in the building up of a system of scientific pedagogy. And that the work done at this centre in Leipsic is appreciated is evident from the number and character of those contributing to its support. Among these are the noted investigators Wilhelm Wundt and Wilhelm Ostwald. That its value is appreciated even by those who do not entirely accept the experimental methods is shown by a letter accompanying one of the contributions: "As a Herbartian, I am naturally unable to declare myself a follower of the experimental methods, but I believe that teachers should support every method which is intended to establish a scientific basis for pedagogy." To this the writer added, however, "It is also important, on the other hand, that the experimental method should show whether it has any real value for pedagogy."

A NEW NORMAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.-Forty years. ago higher education for women was practically unknown in Germany. Beyond occasional courses in modern languages, literature, and the history of art, in finishing schools for young ladies, there were no opportunities for women to get the higher schooling so freely provided for men. Even in recent years women have had difficulty in securing anything approaching equal facilities for high-school and university instruction. As early as 1871 Frau Henrietta Goldschmidt founded a Society for Family and Public Instruction which had as one of its specific objects the enlarging of the educational opportunities so as to include her own sex; and the opening in Leipsic of a new high school for women in the autumn of 1911 is in reality a triumph of her efforts.

The institution is known as a Normal High School, although it is in effect a college where scientific lectures are delivered, usually by professors celebrated in their special lines of endeavor. A special feature of the college is its Museum of Methods of Instruction, where new ideas in pedagogy are examined and put to practical test. There are five divisions in this department, dealing respectively

with matters pertaining to: (1) Domestic training; (2) public playgrounds and their care; (3) benevolent institutions; (4) educational institutions with particular objects; (5) societies for the encouragement of higher ideals of instruction among the lower classes. Other fields of work are to be gradually introduced into the Museum's work. Special fields for practical work in the city of Leipsic are being opened up to the students. Every educated woman over eighteen years of age is admitted as an auditor to all the lectures and practical courses of the college. The fees are but nominal, only about $2.50 for a term if one lecture a week is taken and $3.50 if two or more are taken. This enables a great number of young women to develop a training which is very valuable in the education of children.

A PLEA FOR CO-EDUCATION.-It is interesting to note that some of the leaders in the movement which is opening liberal education opportunities to women in Germany have declared for co-education in secondary schools as it now exists in Baden. These leaders recognize the significant fact that providing similar educational opportunities for boys and girls in separate school plants, on any large scale, is an unnecessary and often prohibitive duplication of cost. The necessity of the struggle of the women in Germany for higher education, and their present efforts to secure the means of meeting their preliminary requirements in the secondary schools of that country, are hard to reconcile with the generous encouragement usually accorded to every educational movement in that highly enlightened land. A remnant of the prejudices which cause it, however, still exists in the attitude of some of our own higher institutions of learning toward admitting women to equal advantages, and on equal terms with men to all their courses.

THE WOMAN'S EXHIBITION IN BERLIN.-The Outlook, in its issue for March 30, gave an account of an exhibition in Berlin, early in the year, in which everything displayed was either made, arranged, or managed by women. In conjunction with the exhibition a congress was held at which such questions were considered as: The function of girls' schools as a preparation for domestic or professional life; the importance of the woman's movements as affecting the

relation of the sexes and as preparing women for family and social life; the advisability of having a weibliches Dienstjahr, on terms of compulsory social-welfare service for women that would correspond to the compulsory military service which is regarded as a part of a German man's duty to his country. This exhibition should mean something to the whole social and educational world, as well as to the 10,000,000 women of Germany who in one form or another earn their daily bread by labor outside of the home. Fortunately, neither English nor American women are called upon to do the hard manual and physical labor that falls upon so many German women. But the organizers of the exhibition endeavored to show such women, as well as all other German women, how they might better equip themselves for their struggles for a livelihood amid presentday economic conditions. And in this respect the exhibition should prove helpful to the women of other countries.

USE OF MOVING PICTURES.-The Prussian Ministry of Education is reported to be considering the feasibility of employing moving pictures in certain courses of its higher institutions. With this end in view a number of film manufacturers have been given an opportunity to demonstrate what they can do in the preparation of films along the lines desired. Moving-picture films are already available along a number of anatomical, biological, and bacteriological lines, and manufacturers seem to feel confident in both Germany and the United States that an enormous field for their products will be opened up when educators fully realize the value of moving pictures as a means of life-like illustration of educational topics.

THE SOCIALISTS.-There has been a great increase in the strength of the Socialists in the German Reichstag. A Socialist, in an election held early in the year, even defeated the Conservative candidate in the Emperor's own district of Potsdam, which is the chief imperial residence and the chief garrison town. The Socialists in the Reichstag now number 110 members as against 42 Radicals, 46 Liberals, 93 Clericals (Roman Catholics), 29 Particularists, and 69 Conservatives.

The editor of the World's Work thinks this great gain in the Socialist membership of the German parliament rep

resents dissatisfaction with the present government rather than belief in the doctrines of Socialism. "What a pity," he says, "it is that the Emperor, with all his ability and brilliancy, is not sufficiently alive to the movement of the age to throw off the trammelling superstition of 'divine right,' break the shackles of bureaucracy, and put himself at the head of the popular awakening which has suddenly made Germany, despite its Mediæval government, one of the most progressive and prosperous of modern nations, and which might make it, under democratic rule, led by an Emperor as sympathetic with the aspirations of the people as he is bold, energetic, imaginative, and magnetic, the most enviable of all!"

Holland.

TRAINING FOR FOREIGN CIVIL SERVICE.-It may be of interest to note that the higher technical school at Delft provides special courses in agriculture, engineering, and building, with special reference to the needs and conditions of the Dutch colonial possessions in Malaysia. As New Guinea and Borneo are two of the largest islands in the world, Java the richest and most populous, and the Moluccas, or "Spice Islands," among the most famous, the importance of sending well-trained men for commercial and administrative service in this field is exceedingly important. The Government of Holland has made excellent provision in this school for the training of candidates for such service and also pays sufficiently liberal salaries to its employees in these foreign fields to attract and hold good men. addition to preparing for a chosen line of training, a candidate must learn the native languages of Malaysia, the history and ethnology of the natives, and must acquaint himself with the main features of the Mohammedan religion, which prevails in these islands.

In

But what is of more interest to the educational world is the fact that a strong movement has recently arisen for educating the natives. This has created a great demand for teachers who must be supplied from the mother country. These teachers must also be prepared in the languages and characteristics of the people. The average salary offered for this teaching is said to be high.