times followed them; the position of organized labor and the Socialists on such problems as armaments; the effect of war on food supplies, banking conditions, and the like; the burdens of maintaining armies and navies and of supporting the pensioners resulting from war.

3. The Division of Intercourse and Education is the third and in some respects by far the most important. As its purpose is to educate the public opinion of the world toward universal peace, the plan and scope of its work is not so easily defined. It is in charge of President Nicholas Murray Butler, of Columbia University, and maintains a bureau at Paris with an advisory council of distinguished men from the several nations already actively interested in the problem. It aids the international peace bureau at Berne and a similar organization at Brussels, and is now endeavoring to bring about a better understanding and a closer relation between the countries of South America and the United States and between Japan and the United States, by interchange of lecturing professors and in other educational ways.

As

The importance of this work of international intercourse and education becomes apparent when one thinks of what controls the forces that make for peace or for war. an editorial in the World's Work for February says, so far as individuals go, it is the great rulers and their cabinets and advisers and the great bankers of the world upon whom they must rely for "the sinews of war." But "Behind them are strong, blind forces-such as the pressure of German manufacturers for wider markets and the clash in those markets of German and English trade; and such as the increasing population of Japan that requires and will continue to require more room. Peace meetings and the codification of arbitrations and careful study of economic facts do not touch these strong, blind forces with directness." Men must be made to think. War must be put in its true light as a destroyer of treasure, morals, and life. It must be robbed of its old-time glory. But above all a truer and humaner conception of civilization must be developed. There must be education away from the primitive fighting instincts. While the whole Carnegie peace program tends in this direction, the friendly intercourse and educa

tion of the nations in better things furnishes the most hopeful promise for universal peace.

THE HAGUE COURT.-The completion of the Palace of Peace at The Hague calls renewed attention to the Hague Court, which has for its purpose the settling of international disputes by arbitration. The Hague Court was established in 1902, following the epoch-making Hague Peace Conference of 1899, which authorized its creation. The method of procedure in making use of its good offices is as follows: The Governments involved may ask for and establish, for consideration of the controversy, special tribunals, joint commissions, or refer the case to a single arbiter of their own choice. But, if they choose the Hague Court, they must select the judges for the arbitration from its general panel or list. This list or panel of Hague Court judges is made up of persons appointed for a period of 6 years by the Powers signing the arbitration agreement. Each may contribute to the extent of 4 persons, and altogether they compose what is known as the Permanent Court. From among these members each party in dispute chooses one to act as arbitrator. The two arbitrators choose a third person as an umpire. If they do not agree on a choice, each of them proposes two members of the Court, exclusive of course of their own members, and from these four an umpire is chosen by lot. The umpire presides over the tribunal, which renders its decisions on the basis of a majority vote. Eleven cases of dispute, any one of which might have led to serious consequences, have already been settled in this manner. A twelfth dispute is now before the Court. It is between France and Italy concerning the seizure of three French ships during the Turco-Italian War.

THE PEACE PALACE.-The Peace Palace at The Hague, Holland, which was presented to the nations of the world in behalf of the cause of universal peace by the Hon. Andrew Carnegie, was completed during the year. This wonderful building, which cost $12,500,000, contains great audience chambers, salons, corridors, council-rooms both large and small, as well as complete suites for the accommodation of distinguished guests. It has every modern convenience and has been made as beautiful as liberal expenditure could make it. It has been suggested that this new

Peace Palace should be made the permanent home of a board of consultation, or court of international law, made up of famous jurists and statesmen from the great countries of the world, to sit as a board of judges or as arbitrators on all questions of international dispute.

THE PEACE CENTENARY.-The end of a century of unbroken peace between the two great English-speaking nations of the world, in 1914, is a matter of such tremendous import that full preparations for the event are well under way on both sides of the water. On the part of Great Britain it is now proposed to erect a statue of Washington in Westminster Abbey and to purchase Sulgrave Manor in Northamptonshire, the ancestral home of the Washington family, and to maintain it as a place of pilgrimage for all who are interested in the history of English-speaking people. As this ancient building has over its doorway the Washington coat of arms which suggested our Stars and Stripes, Americans would undoubtedly regard this act of England as a doubly gracious one, honoring both the great leader in peace and war and the emblem whose significance he did so much to establish. On the part of the United States it is proposed to erect a statue of Queen Victoria in Washington, of the Earl of Chatham and Edmund Burke in appropriate places, and to build a free international bridge at Niagara Falls for the ready exchange of commerce and good will between this country and the great English colony which is our neighbor on the north. An interesting program of historical study of the Century of Peace is also suggested for the schools in the autumn of 1914.

The Nobel Prizes.

The Swedish scientist Alfred Bernhard Nobel, who died in 1896, left by his will a large part of his fortune to be devoted to the encouragement of science and literature and to the promotion of peace. The bequest provides for five annual prizes, valued at nearly $40,000 each, to be awarded, without distinction of nationality, for the most important discoveries in physics, in chemistry, in physiology or medicine, for the most distinguished work of an idealistic character in literature, and for the best effort of a

person or a society in behalf of the promotion of peace and the brotherhood of man. With the exception of the last, the prizes are awarded at Stockholm upon the decisions of the Swedish Academies. The peace prize, however, is awarded at Christiana by a committee of the Norwegian parliament.

The 1912 prize for literature was awarded to Herr Gerhart Hauptmann, the German novelist, poet, and dramatist, whose later literary efforts have been marked by a high degree of dramatic and poetic idealism. The 1911 prize in literature went to Maurice Maeterlinck, and the 1910 to Paul Heyse. Doctor Alexis Carrel, of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, was granted the 1912 prize in medicine. This is the first time that the medical prize has come to this country, it being awarded to Doctor Carrel for his researches during the past two years, which have demonstrated the possibility of continuing the growth and activities of living tissues and vital organs after they have been removed from the body. The first Nobel prize to come to this country was awarded to President Roosevelt, in 1906, for his efforts in behalf of peace between Russia and Japan. Professor A. A. Michelson, of the University of Chicago, was awarded the prize for physics the next year (1907).

CHAPTER VIII

SOCIAL PROBLEMS (Continued).

Morals and Religion.

AN ANCIENT EVIL.-Under this heading an editorial in the Outlook for May 18 discusses the form of vice which has, in the past, been regarded as an unfit subject for public consideration, and knowledge of which must absolutely be withheld from young people. "The tacit understanding among respectable people that certain forms of vice are to be kept from the knowledge of young women and to be ignored in public discussion is the last surviving trace of the ancient heresy of the inherent vileness of the body and its appetites. Children who are to feel the tempestuous force of passion are left in dense ignorance of its nature, and allowed to receive their first knowledge of the great and sacred functions of the body surreptitiously, and in forms which are vulgar if not corrupting. Girls are sent to great cities to earn their living in dense ignorance of the moral dangers which will surround them; left to walk along paths so perilous that a single false step may commit them to a life of shame. It is a terrible fact that the ranks of the unhappy women who sell, not their time or labor, but themselves, are augmented by the silence of unwise mothers, whose false modesty sends their daughters to the awful fate of the prostitute.

"The stupidity of giving boys and girls the most careful training of brain and taste and muscle, and ignoring instruction in the matter most vital to their health of body and of soul, would be inexplicable if one did not remember the false ideas of modesty in which so many people have been bred. To leave young people in ignorance of the forces and laws of the physical life is a crime on the part of parents. This knowledge ought always to be given by fathers and mothers; it is almost impossible to give it wisely through books, though a few books convey it without dan