The Anatomy of FascismFrom the author of "Vichy France," a fascinating, authoritative history of fascism in all its manifestations, and how and why it took hold in certain countries and not in others. What "is" fascism? Many authors have proposed succinct but abstract definitions. Robert O. Paxton prefers to start with concrete historical experience. He focuses more on what fascists did than on what they said. Their first uniformed bands beat up "enemies of the nation," such as communists and foreign immigrants, during the tense days after 1918 when the liberal democracies of Europe were struggling with the aftershocks of World War I. Fascist parties could not approach power, however, without the complicity of conservatives willing to sacrifice the rule of law for security. Paxton makes clear the sequence of steps by which fascists and conservatives together formed regimes in Italy and Germany, and why fascists remained out of power elsewhere. Fascist regimes were strained alliances. While fascist parties had broad political leeway, conservatives preserved many social and economic privileges. Goals of forced national unity, purity, and expansion, accompanied by propaganda-driven public excitement, held the mixture together. War opened opportunities for fascist extremists to pursue these goals to the point of genocide. Paxton shows how these opportunities manifested themselves differently in France, in Britain, in the Low Countries, and in Eastern Europe-and yet failed to achieve supreme power. He goes on to examine whether fascism can exist outside the specific early-twentieth-century European setting in which it emerged, and whether it can reappear today. This groundbreaking book, based on alifetime of research, will have a lasting impact on our understanding of twentieth-century history. |
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action allies anti-Semitism army authoritarian authority became bibliographical essay Blackshirts Cambridge University Press Catholic chancellor chapter cism cist civil coalition communist conservative crisis cultural democracy democratic dictatorship Duce economic elections electoral elites Emilio Gentile enemies Europe European extreme Right Fascist Italy fascist leader fascist movements fascist parties fascist regimes force foreign France French German Hans Mommsen History Hitler Hitler and Mussolini Ian Kershaw Ideology industrial intellectual Italian Fascism Jewish Jews June labor Laterza Left liberal London majority Marxists mass ment militants military mobilization modern Munich murder Mussolini National Socialism nationalist Nazi Germany Nazi Party Nazism organizations Oxford University Press Papen Paris parliamentary percent PerĂ³n Philippe Burrin Pierre Milza political popular postwar radical Right Renzo De Felice Republic revolution Rome root rule socialists society squadrismo squadristi Sternhell success Third Reich tion totalitarian traditional Vichy violence vote wanted Weimar workers World York Zeev Sternhell