Colombia and the State of Peru, there was concluded and signed a treaty, additional to that of perpetual union, coalition, and confederation, on the 6th of July, 1822, by Plenipotentiaries sufficiently authorized on both sides, the tenour of which is literally as follows:

In the name, &c.

The Government of the Republic of Colombia on the one pait, and that of the State of Peru on the other, being animated by the most sincere desire to terminate the calamities of the present war in which they have been involved by the government of Spain, determined to employ all their resources and forces by sea and land to maintain their liberty and independence; and, desirous that this league may be general among all the states of America heretofore Spanish, in order that, strongly and powerfully united, they may in common sustain the cause of their independence, which is the first object of the present contest; they have nominated Plenipotentiaries to discuss, settle, and conclude a treaty of union, coalition, and confederation, viz.

[Here follow the names of the negotiators, Mosquera and Monteagudo, as in the preceding treaty.]

Art. 1. In order to tighten the bonds which hereafter are to unite both states, and remove any difficulty that may arise, or in any way interrupt their good understanding and harmony, an assembly, composed of two Plenipotentiaries on each part, in the same terms and under the same formalities which, according to established usage, are observed in the nomination of ministers of the same class near the governments of foreign nations.

2. Both parties bind themselves to interpose their good offices with the governments of the other states of America, heretofore Spanish, in order to enter into the present compact of union, coalition, and confederation.

3. As soon as this great and important object has been attained a general assembly of all the American States, composed of the Ple nipotentiaries, shall meet for the purpose of cementing in a more solid and formal manner those intimate relations which ought to exist between all and each of them, and serve as counsel under great difficulties, as a point of contact in common dangers, and as a faithful interpreter of their public treaties, when difficulties arise, and as an arbiter and conciliator in their disputes and differences.

4. The Isthmus of Panama, being an integral part of Columbia and the most adequate for such an important meeting, that republic is gratified by having the oppor tunity of offering to the Plenipo tentiaries who shall compose the assembly of the American States, all the aid which hospitality be tween fraternal nations, and the sacred and inviolable character of their persons, demand.

5. The State of Peru contracts the same obligation, if by the events of war, or by the consent of the majority of the American States, the said assembly should take place on its territory in the same terms as promised by the republic of Columbia in the preceding article.

6. The present compact of union, bond, and confederation, shall not in any way interrupt the exercise of the national sovereign ty of each one of the contracting parties, either as regards their law

and the establishment and form of their respective governments, of their relations with other foreign nations. They, however, expressly and irrevocably bind themselves not to yield to the demands of indemnities, tribute, or exactions, which the government of Spain may seek to establish for the loss of her old supremacy over these countries, or any other nation in her name, and representing her, and not to enter into any treaty with Spain, or any other nation, to the detriment and injury of the present independence, sustaining, on all occasions, and in all places, their respective interests with the

dignity and energy of free, independent, friendly, allied, and confederated nations.

7. The Republic of Colombia specially stipulates to maintain on foot, 4,000 men armed and equipped for the purpose of concurring in the objects indicated in the preceding articles. Its national marine will always be disposable for the execution of these stipulations.

8. The States of Peru will contribute, on its part, with its maritime force, and a number of troops equal to that furnished by the republic of Columbia, (Signed as before.)

of December the Coronation took place, and from this time Buona parte, having obtained all that he wanted of the Pope, began to prepare for depriving him of all his power. "At one time," says he to Mr. O'Meara, "I had in contemplation to take away all his temporal power, and make him my Almoner." In the third volume of Las Casas' Journal, Buonaparte is described as speaking in most contemptuous terms of the discussions which took place on the part of the Pope with him at this period.

On the 16th of May, 1805, the Pope reached Rome on his return, and was received with great joy by his subjects. In the course of 1807, Buonaparte having made many demands on Pius VII. with a threat of occupying his capital on non-compliance, the latter on the 2nd of February, 1808, published a solemn protest against such occupation. This was answered, on the 2nd of April following, by a decree, in which Buonaparte said, "considering that the Pope had constantly refused to make war on the English, the provinces of Ancona, Urbino, and Macerata should be annexed to the kingdom of Italy." His holiness sent a deputation to pray that the rigour of this decree might be softened, but Buonaparte replied to them, "Your bishop is the spiritual chief of the church, but I am its emperor:" and on the 17th of May, 1809, he issued a decree, annexing the Pontifical States to the French Empire. Pius VII. opposed to all these violences nothing but Christian humility, combined with the most unbending firmness. He never would anathematize the English nation-he never would make war on them he never would declare that they were the

Buona

enemies of the church. parte caused him to be seized by night, and dragged, at nearly 70 years of age, from Rome to Fontainbleau, where he was kept as a State prisoner until the downfall of the tyrant in 1814, when he was immediately restored to his dominions, proceeded to revisit them without delay, and once more reentered Rome, in the midst of a population enthusiastically delighted at his restoration. He immediately employed himself in re-organizing all the public institutions, and has ever since devoted himself unceasingly to the affairs of the church, leaving the direction of civil and temporal affairs almost wholly to his minister, cardinal Gonsalvi.

Pius VII. was mild and amiable; he abounded in real Christian cha

rity; and, though so long subjected to the most unjust persecutions, never evinced the least symptom of a vindictive spirit towards his enemies; whilst to his friends or benefactors, and particularly to the English Nation and Government, he alway's testified the warmest gratitude.

He was indeed greatly attached to the English, towards whom, on every presentation at his court, he manifested kindness. The Pope would never permit an Englishman, when he was presented to him, to indulge in the well-known ceremony of kissing the great toe. This old relic of Popish superstition was, on these occasions, converted by the good old man into a cordial and affectionate embrace.

He died at Rome, on the 20th of August, after a most eventful life of 83 years and 6 days, of which he had governed the Roman Catholic Church for the long period of 23 years, 5 months, and 6 days.

THOMAS ERSKINE was the third and youngest son of Henry David Erskine, tenth earl of Buchan, in Scotland, the representative of a family, which filled in the ancient times of the Scottish monarchy, the highest situations of public trust, as privy councillors and ambassadors, as guardians during minority, and as lord high treasurers, and regents of the kingdom of Scotland. He was born about 1750, and educated partly at the high school, Edinburgh, and partly at the university of St. Andrew's. At the age of 14 Mr. Thomas Erskine embarked at Leith, on board a king's ship, as midshipman, with the late sir John Lindsey, the nephew of the first earl of Mansfield; it is a singular circumstance, that he never re-visited his native country until a few ago.

years

He never, it is believed, had the commission of lieutenant, but acted for some time in that capacity by the appointment of his captain. His reason for quitting the navy is said to have been the slender chance of obtaining promotion; and as he had only served as an acting lieutenant in consequence of the friendship of his commander, he was unwilling, after having been honoured with such a distinction, to return to sea in the inferior capacity of midshipman.

On quitting the naval service he entered the army as an ensign in the royals, or first regiment of foot. This was in the year 1768, and happened not so much from inclination, it is said, as because his father, with a small and strictly entailed estate, had not the means of assisting him, with convenience,

to pursue one of the learned professions. He went with his regiment to Minorca, in which island he spent three years, and continued in the service about six.

During the period Mr. Erskine served in the army, he acquired considerable reputation for the acuteness and versatility of his talents in conversation. Mr. Bos well, who met him about this time in a mixed company in London, mentions, in his Memoirs of Dr. Johnson, the delight which the doctor had himself felt from the ability of a gentleman, who was no other than the subject of this memoir, while discoursing on some temporary topic which, at that time, happened to be an interesting question of dispute in the circles of the metropolis.

Whether the consciousness of these powers, or the suggestions of his friends, or the embarrassments of a scanty income, first invited him to make preparations for the study of the law, it is of no importance to inquire.

It has, however, been said, that Mr. Erskine had no merit whatever in embarking in so new and arduous a pursuit; but that it was literally and most unwillingly forced upon him by the importunities of his mother, the countess of Buchan, after the death of his father and that the hopes of succeeding in it were fortified and kept alive, against his own prepossessions, by her counsel and persuasions.

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Mr. Erskine was about twentysix when he commenced his course of legal study. He entered as a fellow-commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge, in the year 1777;