Polarising Javanese Society: Islamic and Other Visions, C. 1830-1930

abangan Akkeren anti-Islamic Arabic Babad Kědhiri bangsa Batavia Bramartani Brawijaya Buda budi Budi Utomo Bupati called chapter Christian conflict Coolen cultuurstelsel Děrmagandhul dhalang Dutch Dutch colonial East Java elite European hajis hajj Harthoorn Hoezoo Ibid identity Indonesian Islamic reform Islamisation Java's Javaansche Javanese culture Javanese Islam Javanese language Javanese society Javanese-speaking Jawa Jellesma Kartini Kědiri Khoen Swie king KITLV knowledge kawruh kraton kyai leaders Leiden literature Madiun Majapahit Mangkunagara Mecca missionaries MNZG modern mosque movements Muhammad Muhammadiyah Muslims mystic synthesis Naqshabandiyya Netherlands ngelmu nineteenth century observed onderwijs organisation Pakubuwana pasisir peasant pesantrens pilgrimage pious Poensen population Prabalingga prayer pre-Islamic priyayi Prophet published Purwalělana Pustakaraja putihan Qur'an Raden Ratu religion religious reported Ricklefs Ronggawarsita Sadrach santris schools Semarang Serat social Sufi Sufism Sultan Suluk Sunan Surabaya Surakarta tarekat transl translation Tunggul Wulung village wayang Wedhatama wrote Yogyakarta