495

Appendix to Opinion of FRANKFURTER, J., concurring.

Sacrilege: "the stealing of sacred Things, ChurchRobbing; the Crime of profaning sacred Things, or alienating to Laymen, or common Uses, what was given to pious Uses and religious Persons." Coles, An English Dictionary (London, 1732).

Blasphemy: "reproach."

Sacrilege: "the robbing of God, the church, &c." Bullokar, The English Expositor (14th ed., London, 1731).

Blasphemy: No entry.

Sacrilege: "The Robbing of a Church; the Stealing

of holy things, or Abusing of Sacraments or holy Mysteries."

Defoe, A Compleat English Dictionary (Westminster, 1735).

Blasphemy: “vile or opprobrious Language, tending to the Dishonour of God."

Sacrilege: "the stealing of sacred Things, Church robbing."

Bailey, An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (London, 1742).

Blasphemy: "Cursing and Swearing, vile reproachful Language, tending to the Dishonour of God." Sacrilege: "the stealing of Sacred Things, Church Robbing; an Alienation to Laymen, and to profane and common Purposes, of what was given to religious Persons, and to pious Uses."

Martin, A New Universal English Dictionary (London, 1754).

Blasphemy: "cursing, vile language tending to the dishonour of God or religion."

Sacrilege: "the stealing things out of a holy place, or the profaning things devoted to God."

Appendix to Opinion of FRANKFURTER, J., concurring. 343 U.S.

Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language (2d ed., London, 1755).

Blasphemy: "strictly and properly, is an offering of some indignity, or injury, unto God himself, either by words or writing."

Sacrilege: "The crime of appropriating to himself

what is devoted to religion; the crime of robbing heaven; the crime of violating or profaning things sacred."

Rider, A New Universal English Dictionary (London, 1759).

Blasphemy: "an offering some indignity to God, any person of the Trinity, any messengers from God; his holy writ, or the doctrines of revelation, either by speaking or writing any thing ill of them, or ascribing any thing ill to them inconsistent with their natures and the reverence we owe them." Sacrilege: "the crime of taking any thing dedicated to divine worship. The crime of profaning any thing sacred."

Profane: "to apply any thing sacred to common use. To be irreverent to sacred persons or things. To put to a wrong use."

Gordon and Marchant, A New Complete English Dictionary (London, 1760).

Blasphemy: "is an offering some indignity to God himself."

Sacrilege: "is the crime of appropriating to himself what is devoted to religion; the crime of robbing Heaven."

Buchanan, A New English Dictionary (London, 1769). Blasphemy: "Language tending to the dishonour of God."

Sacrilege: "The stealing things out of a holy place."

495 Appendix to Opinion of FRANKFURTER, J., concurring.

Cunningham, A New and Complete Law-Dictionary (London, 1771).

Blasphemy: A long definition reading in part: "Is
an injury offered to God, by denying that which
is due and belonging to him, or attributing to him
what is not agreeable to his nature."
Sacrilege: "Is church robbery, or a taking of things
out of a holy place; as where a person steals any
vessels, ornaments, or goods of the church. And
it is said to be a robbery of God, at least of what
is dedicated to his service. 2 Cro. 153, 154.

. . . an alienation to lay-men, and to profane or common purposes, of what was given to religious persons, and to pious uses."

Kenrick, A New Dictionary of the English Language (London, 1773).

Blasphemy: "Treating the name and attributes of the Supreme Being with insult and indignity." Sacrilege: "The crime of appropriating to himself what is devoted to religion; the crime of robbing heaven, says Johnson; the crime of violating or profaning things sacred."

Profane: "To violate; to pollute.-To put to wrong use."

Ash, The New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language (London, 1775).

Blasphemy: "The act of speaking or writing reproachfully of the Divine Being, the act of attributing to the creature that which belongs to the Creator."

Sacrilege: "The act of appropriating to one's self what is devoted to religion, the crime of violating sacred things."

Appendix to Opinion of FRANKFURTER, J., concurring. 343 U.S.

Dyche, A New General English Dictionary (London, 1777).

Blasphemy: "the reproaching or dishonouring God, religion, and holy things.'

Sacrilege: "the stealing or taking away those things

that were appropriated to religious uses or designs." Sacrilegious: "of a profane, thievish nature, sort, or disposition."

Barclay, A Complete and Universal English Dictionary (London, 1782).

Blasphemy: "an offering some indignity to God, any person of the Trinity, any messengers from God, his holy writ, or the doctrines of revelation." Sacrilege: "the crime of taking any thing dedicated to divine worship, or profaning any thing sacred." Profane: "to apply any thing sacred to common use. To be irreverent to sacred persons or things." Lemon, English Etymology (London, 1783).

Blaspheme: "to speak evil of any one; to injure his fame, or reputation."

Sacrilege: No entry.

Entick, New Spelling Dictionary (London, 1786).
Blasphemy: "indignity offered to God."
Blasphemer: "one who abuses God."

Sacrilege: "the robbery of a church or chapel."
Sacrilegious: "violating a thing made sacred."
Burn, A New Law Dictionary (Dublin, 1792).
Blasphemy: "See Prophaneness."

Profaneness: A long definition, not reproduced here. Sacrilege: "robbing of the church, or stealing things out of a sacred place."

Sheridan, A Complete Dictionary of the English Language (6th ed., Phila., 1796).

Blasphemy: "Offering of some indignity to God."
Sacrilege: "The crime of robbing a church."

495 Appendix to Opinion of FRANKFURTER, J., concurring.

Scott, Dictionary of the English Language (Edinburgh, 1797).

Blasphemy: "indignity offered to God."

Sacrilege: "the robbery of a church, &c."

Richardson, A New Dictionary of the English Language (London, 1839).

Blasphemy: "To attack, assail, insult, (the name,

the attributes, the ordinances, the revelations, the will or government of God.)"

Sacrilege: "to take away, to steal any thing sacred, or consecrated, or dedicated to holy or religious uses."

Bell, A Dictionary and Digest of the Law of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1861).

Blasphemy: "is the denying or vilifying of the Deity, by speech or writing."

Sacrilege: "is any violation of things dedicated to the offices of religion."

Staunton, An Ecclesiastical Dictionary (N. Y., 1861). Blasphemy: A long entry.

Sacrilege: "The act of violating or subjecting sacred things to profanation; or the desecration of objects consecrated to God. Thus, the robbing of churches or of graves, the abuse of sacred vessels and altars by employing them for unhallowed purposes, the plundering and misappropriation of alms and donations, are acts of sacrilege, which in the ancient Church were punished with great severity."

Bouvier, A Law Dictionary (11th ed., Phila., 1866). Blasphemy: "To attribute to God that which is con

trary to his nature, and does not belong to him, and to deny what does; or it is a false reflection uttered with a malicious design of reviling God."