In a few days they were all captured and Andrews and seven of his men; who had gone into the expedition with full knowledge of its character, were executed as spies. Some of the others finally escaped and others were exchanged.

The Federal officer was probably correct in his views who said that Andrews and his bridge burners "took desperate chances to accomplish objects of no substantial advantage."

In all the campaigns east of the Mississippi River in 1862 the soldiers of Georgia appeared to great advantage. At Shiloh the Washington Light Artillery of Augusta under Capt. Isadore P. Girardey, and attached to the brigade of John K. Jackson, did splendid service and suffered heavy loss, while the Mountain Dragoons of Capt. I. W. Avery proved worthy of their comrades of the infantry and artillery.

Although the battle of Shiloh, which began with such glorious promise and closed with such disappointment of exalted hopes, had failed of its main object, yet coupled, with subsequent movements of the western Confederate armies, it gave a decisive check to the triumphant march into the heart of the Southwest which Grant had planned and begun immediately after his great victory at Fort Donelson. The bare escape from overwhelming disaster at Shiloh brought Grant into such temporary disfavor at Washington that men of less ability were put ahead of him.

While vacillation characterized Federal movements in the West, Gen. Braxton Bragg with Kirby Smith conducted a campaign, in which by rapid movements and brilliant strokes the Confederates recovered Cumberland Gap and all East Tennessee, with the greater part of Middle Tennessee, and bore their victorious standards through Kentucky to the banks of the Ohio.

The brilliant campaign of Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, his skillful march to form a junction with Robert E. Lee at Richmond, followed by the raising of the siege of the Confederate capital in the Seven Days' battles, the northward march of the Army of Northern Virginia after the defeat of Banks at Cedar Run (or Slaughter Mountain) and Pope at Second Manassas (Bull Run), with the crossing of the Potomac and the march into Maryland, broke up the whole Federal plan of campaign in the East even more effectually than the Kentucky campaign had done in the West.

The Kentucky campaign closed with the drawn battle of Perryville. In Maryland Stonewall Jackson captured a Federal garrison and rich supplies at Harper's Ferry, while D. II. Hill, McLaws and Longstreet held in check a much larger force under McClellan, who did not succeed in forcing the passes of South Mountain until it was too late to prevent Jackson's great success. The battle of Sharpsburg, or Antietam, where Lee and Jackson repulsed more than double their numbers led by McClellan, was nevertheless a drawn battle, because the brave Southrons found it impossible to make a farther northward advance.

The Union army now resumed the aggressive, but in such a halting and timorous manner that it was brought to a halt for several months by the decisive Confederate victory at Fredericksburg in Virginia, the drawn battle of Murfreesboro (Stone River) in Tennessee and the disastrous repulse of Sherman's attack by a much smaller Confederate force under Stephen D. Lee at Chickasaw Bayou, near Vicksburg, Mississippi.

In all these marches and battles the officers and men of the Georgia commands by their heroic deeds shed undying luster upon the proud escutcheons of the Empire State of the South.

In July of 1862 the armed cruiser Nashville ran the blockade into Savannah with a cargo of arms. This vessel was the first armed cruiser of the Confederate States.

In November, 1862, Col. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, with his regiment of South Carolina negroes, committed many depredations on the Georgia coast.

To take a retrospective glance:

In the fall of 1861 an election was held for members of Congress under the permanent government of the Confederate States which was to take the place of the Provisional Government, put into operation at Montgomery in February, 1861.

The following were elected to the House of Representatives from Georgia:

First District, Julian Hartridge; Second District, C. J. Munnerlyn; Third District, Hines Holt; Fourth District, A. H. Kenan; Fifth District, David W. Lewis; Sixth District, W. W. Clarke; Seventh District, R. P. Trippe; Eighth District, L. J. Gartrell; Ninth District, Hardy Strickland; Tenth District, Augustus R. Wright.

The Legislature elected Benjamin H. Hill and John W. Lewis to represent Georgia in the Confederate Senate.

In the fall of 1863 the Legislature elected to the Confederate Senate Benjamin H. Hill and Robert Toombs. The latter resigned and Governor Brown appointed John W. Lewis to serve until the Legislature should meet. That body elected Herschel V. Johnson in place of Mr. Toombs.

In the fall elections the following gentlemen were elected to the Confederate House of Representatives:

First District, Julian Hartridge; Second District, Wm. E. Smith; Third District, Mark H. Blanford; Fourth District, Clifford Anderson; Fifth District, John T. Shewmake; Sixth District, J. H. Echols; Seventh District, James M. Smith; Eighth District, George N. Lester; Ninth District, Hiram P. Bell; Tenth District, Warren Akin.

Several of Georgia's members of Congress served in the Confederate army. Hon. James M. Smith rose to the rank of colonel. Lucius J. Gartrell became brigadier-general and was wounded in battle. Hon. W. E. Smith lost a leg and M. H. Blanford an arm. Col. George N. Lester lost an arm. Hon. Hiram P. Bell served as colonel of the Forty-Third Georgia and was wounded at the battle of Chickasaw Bayou in Mississippi.

On November 6, 1861, the newly elected State Legislature convened at the capital and chose Hon. John Billups of the Twenty-seventh District president of the Senate and Hon. Warren Akin, of Cass, Speaker of the House of Representatives. It was at this session of the Legislature that the division of the state into forty-four senatorial districts first went into effect. Messrs. George A. Gordon, David A. Vason, Timothy M. Furlow, J. T. Shewmake, Wm. Gibson, Miles W. Lewis, L. M. Hill, Wier Boyd, A. J. Hansell and Hiram P. Bell were among the leading senators; while prominent in the House were: Messrs. J. H. R.

Washington, T. M. Norwood, L. N. Trammell, George N. Lester, Milton A. Candler, J. A. Render, R. J. Bacon, E. G. Cabaniss, Thomas G. Lawson, Peter E. Love, Benning B. Moore, B. H. Bigham, James S. Hook, George T. Barnes and Wm. Schley. During this session the name of Cass County was changed to Bartow, in honor of the gallant Francis S. Bartow, who fell at Manassas. It was also in protest against the sectional attitude of Gen. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, for whom the county had originally been named.

The message of Governor Brown to the Legislature in November, 1862, thus described some of the military work of the year: Of $5,000,000 appropriated $2,081,004 had been expended; 8,000 state troops had been employed and supported for six months; the state's quota of Confederate war tax, $2,500,000, had been paid; a state armory had been established in the penitentiary which was turning out 125 guns a month.

To the above report may be added that the Confederate Government had since the summer of 1861 built immense powder works on the canal at Augusta which had proved as useful in supplying ammunition for the armies of the Confederacy as the Tredeger works at Richmond had been in providing all kinds of arms. But a vast proportion of arms and other military supplies of the Confederates were the rich spoils of their numerous victories.

Governor Brown had earnestly opposed the conscription acts of the Confederate Government and had submitted to the Legislature the question of their constitutionality. That body referred the matter to the State Supreme Court which fully sustained those acts.

Some important war measures of the Georgia Legislature of 1862 were: Acts restricting the cultivation of cotton to three acres a hand, for the purpose of diversifying agricultural industry and making the people self-supporting; appropriating $500,000 to supply the people with salt; $100,000 for cotton cards; more than $500,000 for obstruction of rivers; $400,000 for the relief and hospital association; $1,500,000 for clothing for Georgia soldiers; $2,500,000 for the support of widows and families of dead or disabled soldiers; $1,000,000 for a military fund and $300,000 to assist in removing indigent non-combatants from any part of the state threatened with invasion.

The governor was also authorized to raise two regiments for home defense and to impress slaves for the defense of Savannah. It is well to add here that Georgia factories were supplying the people of that and other states with cotton fabrics, turning out uniforms for Confederate soldiers and making good dress goods for citizens. Georgia had been quite an extensive manufacturing state for many years before the war and did not lack for skilled spinners and weavers.

CHAPTER VIII

OPENING OF THE YEAR 1863-ADMIRAL DUPONT SENDS THE MONTAUK AGAINST FORT MCALLISTER, ON GENESIS POINT-ONLY AN EARTHWORK FEEBLY GARRISONED-REPELS TWO SEPARATE ATTACKS. THE MONTAUK DESTROYS THE RATTLESNAKE-IS IN TURN TORPEDOED-ADMIRAL DUPONT MAKES A LAST DESPERATE ATTEMPT-ABANDONS GEORGIA WATERS-FORREST, NEAR ROME, GEORGIA, CAPTURES A BODY OF TROOPS UNDER COLONEL STREIGHT-ILL-FATED ATTACK UPON FEDERAL MONITORS MADE BY THE ATLANTA IN WARSAW SOUND-VICKSBURG AND GETTYSBURG-GEORGIA FEELS THE SHOCK OF AN INVADING HOST THE DEFENSE OF CHATTANOOGA GEORGIA COMMANDS IN THE ARMY OF GENERAL BRAGG-ROSECRANS CONCENTRATES HIS FORCES NEAR LEE AND GORDON'S MILL IN GEORGIA-THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA-LONGSTREET COMES TO THE SUPPORT OF BRAGG-DRIVES THE FEDERALS BACK TO CHATTANOOGA WITH GREAT SLAUGHTER-HOOD WOUNDED GEORGE H. THOMAS, OF THE FEDERAL ARMY, MAKES A GALLANT RECORD CHICKAMAUGA, THE GREATEST BATTLE FOUGHT ON GEORGIA SOIL-MISSIONARY RIDGE-HARDEE'S GALLANT SUPPORT OF BRAGG CLEBURNE AT TAYLOR'S RIDGE, SAVES WAGON TRAINS-THE CONFEDERATE ARMY GOES INTO WINTER QUARTERS AT DALTON—GovERNOR BROWN ORGANIZES A FORCE OF HOME GUARDS, 18,000 STRONG -MAJ.-GEN. HOWELL COBB IN COMMAND-GEORGIA'S LOSS OF LIFE THE HEAVIEST OF ANY STATE AT THE CLOSE OF 1863-GOVERNOR BROWN ELECTED FOR A FOURTH TERM.

Written in coöperation with Prof. Joseph T. Derry.

At the beginning of 1863 the United States authorities began to collect in southern waters a fleet of nine iron-clads with intent to capture Fort Sumter and Charleston Harbor. Admiral Dupont, commander of the fleet sent one of these, the Montauk, against Fort McAllister, an earthwork on Genesis Point, which guarded the approach to Savannah by the Ogeechee River. Its main armament was one thirty-two-pound rifled gun and one eight-inch columbiad and the little fort was manned by a small garrison under Maj. John B. Gallie, supported by other troops under Col. Robert A. Anderson. The Montauk under John L. Worden, who had fought the Virginia in Hampton Roads, assisted by four wooden gunboats attached Fort McAllister on January 27, 1863, and after a few hours bombardment withdrew defeated.

But Worden resolved to try it again and with the same vessels made a more determined attack February 1, suffering another defeat, although the Confederates paid for their victory by the death of the brave Major Gallie.

The armed cruiser Nashville (now called the Rattlesnake), which in the previous July had run the blockade into Savannah with a cargo of arms, while trying to get to sea again, ran aground not far above the obstructions in the Ogeechee, February 27, 1863. On the next morning Worden steamed down with his vessel under the guns of Fort McAllister and from a distance of 1,200 yards poured in so heavy a fire as to blow up the Rattlesnake. But on the other hand the Montauk had been so much injured by the explosion of a torpedo in the channel, that she was compelled to run upon a bank out of range of the guns of the fort to repair damages, while her pumps with difficulty kept her afloat. The most formidable attack upon Fort McAllister was made on March 3d by three new monitors, the Passaic, Patapsco and Nahant assisted by mortar boats. These boats for seven hours hurled 11 and 15-inch shell and shot at the fort and all night the mortar boats kept up the din with no result except the slight wounding of two men and the temporary dismounting of the 8-inch columbiad and the 32-pound rifled gun. The dawn of March 4th showed every damage repaired and the guns remounted and ready for action.

Admiral Dupont, who was preparing for a grand naval attack upon Charleston, concluded to waste no more ammunition upon Fort McAllister.

On the night of April 26, 1863, Col. A. D. Streight at the head of 1,500 Federal troopers set out from Tuscumbia, Alabama, for the purpose of destroying railroads and machine shops, of which there were some very important ones in North Alabama and Georgia. But N. B. Forrest, the brilliant Confederate general of cavalry, with a force of about one-third the strength of the enemy, by rapid pursuit, persistent attacks and a skilful game of bluff caused the surrender of Streight and his whole command, May 3rd, not far from Rome, Georgia. Forrest sent his captives as prisoners of war to Richmond, Virginia.

But the Georgians during these same early days of May were winning renown on the right, center and left of the Army of Northern Virginia, which under Lee and Jackson gained at Chancellorsville one of the most marvelous victories recorded in the history of those heroic days, and two months later Georgia's soldiers at Gettysburg wrote their names high upon the roll of fame.

Coming nearer home we find the record of a raiding expedition, which, setting out from St. Simon's Island on June 8th for the purpose of destroying the Confederate salt works near Brunswick, met with defeat. But other raiders from the Union fleet on June 11th burned the town of Darien.

It will be remembered that in November, 1861, the ship Fingal had run the blockade and landed at Savannah a valuable cargo of arms and ammunition for the Confederates. This ship had been converted into an ironclad and named the Atlanta in honor of Georgia's then young and rapidly growing center of commerce and manufactures. This new Confederate ironclad with a gallant crew under the command of Lieut. Wm. A. Webb entered Warsaw Sound, June 17, 1863, for the purpose of attacking two of the best monitors of the Federal fleet, the Weehawken and Nahant. But the Atlanta was not suited for shallow water and running fast aground within 600 yards of the Weehawken, with heavy

Vol. II-11