followers forward went the cavalry headed by Gianni Colonna (BULW., Rienzi 5, 3.). Away went Claudio (SHAKSP., Much Ado 3, 3.). Away went the four long-tailed.. horses (DICKENS, Pickw. 2, 20.). Heavily swung back the massive gates at his approach (BULW., Rienzi 1, 4.). O swiftly can speed my dapplegray steed (SCOTT, L. Minstr. 1, 24.). Long and deeply did I cogitate upon the future (MELVILLE, Digby Grand 15.). Welle have ye judged, well ended long debate (MILT., P. L. 2, 390.). etc.

Auch adverbiale Kasus von Substantiven kommen in Betracht: The same day went Jesus out of the house (MATTH. 13, 1.). Three times was the sally led from the gate; three times were the Romans beaten back (BULW., Rienzi 5, 3.).

Präpositionale Glieder aller Art wirken eben so: In the window. . lay Spencer's Fairy Queen (JOHNSON, Lives I. 1.). In the church was I (COLER., Picc. 2, 3.). In purple was she robed (BYRON, Ch. Har. 4, 2.). Near that village stood an ancient and stately hall (MACAUL., Hist. of E. II. 196.). At the same time came the disciples unto Jesus (Matth. 18, 1.). In those days came John the Baptist (3, 1.). Upon their ruins was founded the formidable house of Douglas (SCOTT, Minstr. I. 99.). Into your hand are they delivered (GEN. 9, 2.). Towards that heaven will we (CARL., Past a. Pres. 1, 6.). With her vanishes Duke d'Aiguillon and Company (Fr. Revol. 1, 1, 3). To such straits is a Kaiser driven (Fred. the Gr. 5, 6.). With still less judgment did he choose blank verse as the vehicle of rural sports (JOHNSON, Lives II. 80.). With these bad terms was I obliged to comply (WARREN, Diary 1, 1.). With eyes averted prayed he (SCOTT, L. Minstr. 2, 20.). Between them lay, during a considerable time, a middle party (MACAUL., Hist. of E. I. 48.). etc.

Die Inversion des Subjektes wird in allen Fällen durch anderweitige reichere Bestimmungen desselben, namentlich auch durch folgende Relativsätze unterstützt; die Verba, bei denen sie sich am meisten erhält, sind Intransitive und Hülfs- und Modalverba, welche zur Bildung und Umschreibung von Zeitformen verwendet werden. Beispiele von Partikeln sind zahlreich in älterer Zeit. Altengl. Her is the blisse of paradiis (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. II. 375.). Her is mete, her is drinke (ib.). Her enndenn twa goddspelless (ORM 241.). 3ent ryd Maximon (I. 123.). Ther com a wolf (II. 274.). Ther is joye (I. 49.). Per was po strif at Rome (R. OF GL. p. 90.). Pere passe men the ryvere of Danubee (MAUNDEV. p. 7.). Þer wes moni dunt izeuen (Lazam. III. 74.). par com Eneas (I. 7.). Therfore hathe white thorn many vertues (MAUNDEV. p. 13.). Fro thens was he translated in to Paradys (p. 67.). Ther above is Godes riche (WRIGHT, Роp. Treat. p. 132.). Ther thurf urneth the wateres (p. 137.). Perto had he no right (LANGT. p. 86.). par inne weren his late feoond (Lazam. I. 27.). Þæraffterr wurrp itt efft to nohht (ORM 10960.). Pider com Edgar (LAZAM. I. 91.). Tho was Darie sore agast (ALIS. 4586.). pa cleopede he eorles tweie (LAZAM. III. 42.). Þa com pat word to him (I. 8.). danne ged he to a ston (WRIGHT a. Halliw., Rel. Ant. I. 210.). Thanne is thother half durk (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p. 134.). Penne seide he to Wendoleine (LAZAM. I. 101.). Now sit Darye on a hulle (ALIS. 4144.). Nu wunieo þar inne fueles (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 129.). Now skulkes Dauid aboute (LANGT. p. 243.). Now

wol I speke of the remedies (CHAUC., C. T. p. 196. I.). Afterward cam his brother (GAMELYN 89.). And yit say I more (CHAUC., C. T. p. 159. II.). Seppe hap Engelond ybe ywerred (R. or GL. p. 3.). Sippenn warrp Elyzabeth.. wipp childe (ORM 231.). Euer habbe y [add. þe] loued as my fader (R. or GL. p. 30.). Ever stood Gamelyn even upright (GAMELYN 335.). Euere wes Artur ærhoe bideled (Lazam. III. 33.). And anon begonnen othere Lordes to do the same (MAUNDEV. p. 41.). Selden deyeth he out of dette (P. PLOUGHм. 9187.). pus er many þat trowes na ping (PRICKE OF CONSC. 303.). pus er pai bunden (3214.). pus fel Adam (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 224.). pus seide Brutus (Lazam. I. 30.). So priketh hem nature (CHAUC., C. T. 11.). So fare we alle (MORRIS, Allit. P. p. 15.). Forthi seide the aungel (P. PLOUGHм. 262.). Of goth the skyn (CHAUC., C. T. 3309.). Up styrt hir Alisoun (3822.). Up roos thanne an advocate (p. 151. II.). In goth the speres (2604.). Out goon the swerdes (2610.). Forth goth Alisaundre (ALIS. 1083.). Forth will i go (WRIGHT, Anecd. p. 12.). Doun than cam his brother (GAMELYN 151.). Agein answered the champioun (254.). Wel havest thou said (WRIGHT, Anecd. p. 9.) etc. Welle wide sprong pas eorles word (Lazam. III. 43.) etc. Ags. Hér fôr se here tô Lundenbyrig (SAX. CHR. 872.). Her ærest gesceôp êce drihten .. heofon and eordan (CEDм. 112.). pær väs Vulfrun genumen (SAX. CHR. 943.). pær vas cirm micel (ANDR. 41.). på väs Matheus.. comen (40.). på cvædon på englas (GEN. 19, 12.). på stôd he nacod on pam strande (APOLLON, OF T. p. 11.). pänne ford gevât.. Laurentius (MENOL. 143.). Nú sceal liffred pone vêrgan heáp vrâðum âhreddan (CYNEV., Crist 15. Grein). Hvîlum uppâstôd..egesa ofer ŷolio (ANDE. 443.). Oft gesamnodon side herigeas (652.). Sva hî âlŷsde lifes caldor.. þät þæra afre ne com ân spelboda (Ps. 105, 10.). Sva on Sŷne beorg somod up cymed mägenfolc micel (CYNEV., Crist 876. Grein). pus sindon hâten hamsittende fäder and môdur (ANDR. 686.) etc.

Adverbiale Bestimmungen durch Kasus und präpositionale Glieder sind eben so in früherer Zeit im weitesten Umfange mit der Inversion des Subjektes verbunden, obgleich, wie die meisten Partikeln, nicht mit Nothwendigkeit. Altengl. Four & tuenti wynter lasted pis sorow (LANGT. p. 40.). Seuen zere was he kyng (p. 23.). At Siforde setin kinhis monie (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 170.). Euene azeyn Fraunce stonde pe contre of Chichestre (R. or GL. p. 6.). In that desert duellyn manye of Arrabyenes (MAUNDEV. p. 63.). Before that chirche is the ymage of Justynyan (p. 8.). Under boske shal men weder adide (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 113.). Of hym com pe gode Bruyt (R. or GL. p. 10.). Peo while com pe eotene faren (LAZAM. III. 31.). Inne Griclonde was a zung mon (I. 17.). Mid him com moni Aufrican (II. 6.). To wrotherhele was he wroght (P. PLOUGHM. 9154.). To wroper heore hele habbed heo such werc idon (LAZAM. I. 21. sq.). Ags. Py ilcan geare slôgon East-Engle Beornvulf (SAX. CHR. 823.). Be sûðan him syndon Svafas (OROS. 1, 1.). On ôore healfe Donua pære eá is pät land Carendre (ib.). On pisse abbudissan mynstre väs sum brôðor (Beda 4, 24.). On anginne gesceôp se älmihtiga fäder þysne middaneard (BASIL., Hexam. 2.). Fram pam Vôdne âvôc eall ûre cynecynn (Sax. CHR. 449.). Mid him fêrde pes cynges stivard (1124.). Vid pone here gefuhton Osric.. and Äðelvulf (860.) etc.

6. Negative Partikeln wie never, neither, nor an der Spitze bewirken oft für sich die Invertirung des Subjektes; negative Partikeln, welche in solchem Falle mit anderweitigen adverbialen oder präpositionalen Bestimmungen in Verbindung stehen, haben ebenfalls häufig ein invertirtes Subjekt im Gefolge.

Never met we.. on hill, in dale (SHAKSP., Mids. N. Dr. 2, 2.). Never was there a mind keener or more critical than that of Middleton (MAcaul., Essays III. 4.). Never were such thrice-magnificent Carnival amusements (CARL., Fred. the Gr. 6, 3.). Neither do the spirits damn'd Lose all their virtue (MILT., P. L. 2, 482.). Neither was I offended (SCOTT, R. Roy 3.). The tale is long, nor have I heard it out (ADDIS., Cato 4, 3.). Nor is this much to be regretted (MACAUL., Hist. of E. I. 44.). No sooner was he aware of this, than he repented (LEWES, G. I. 57.). Not only does he master it.. he seems so bent on reaching the gaol that he scarcely thinks on anything else (I. 66.).

Seit ältester Zeit zeigt der negative Satz die Neigung zur Inversion des Subjektes, wenn eine negative Partikel den Satz anhebt. Altengl. Nis nower non trewe (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 130.). Ne may he newir for-farin (I. 176.). Ne sal pu pi wif bi hire wlite chesen (I. 178.). Ne gladieth me no gest (I. 124.). Ne was I never er now.. Somound unto your court (CHAUC., C. T. 7201). Thou ne has no champioun Ne fighte canstow nat (5050.). Ne con ich saien non falsdom (WRIGHT, Anecd. p. 4.). Ne shal ich never have reste ne ro (p. 9.). Nought was forgete the porter Ydelnes (CHAUC., C T. 1942. cf. 2023. 2313.). No more did Gospatrik (Langt. p. 79.). No dorste no mon him bystryde (ALIS. 706.). Never ne hadde he mo in al his lif (CHAUC., C. T. 13421.). Never bifor in Wales was don so grete greue (LANGT. p. 91.). Noiper bi Norp no bi Soup com him never help (p. 41.). Næs ich nauere of Ardure afæred (LAZAM. III. 36.). Nis he in nare kudde pe hit þe maze icudoe (III. 41.). Ne scalt pu næuer halden dale of mine lande (I. 131.). Næs næuere king nan (II. 563.). Ne may nan man her wurrpi ben (ORM 17158.). Ags. Ne lôh ic, ac pu loge (GEN. 18, 15 ). Ne dear ic hâm faran (44, 34.). Ne beót eóvre dada dyrne (COD. EXON. 130, 12.). Ne vås pät ongin svyle (123, 22.). pät næfre forlæteð lifigende god eorl on eordan (ANDR. 459.). Auf næfre pflegt im Hauptsatze das Subjekt zu folgen.

7. Auch wenn der Hauptsatz als Nachsatz mit oder ohne Konjunktion oder Adverb auftritt, steht öfter das invertirte Subjekt nach dem Prädikatsverb.

But when the day-blush bursts from high, Expires that magic melody (BYRON, Bride 2, 28.). Wherever flagged his own, or failed the opposing, force, glittered his white robe, and rose his bloody battle-axe (BULW., Rienzi 5, 3.). While the government of the Tudors was in its highest vigour, took place an event which etc. (MACAUL., Hist. of E. I. 44.). If love can sigh For one alone, Well pleased am I To be that one (TH. MOORE, Nat. Airs). If the town was heedless, not so were the stars (Lèwes, G. I. 15.). Not as the world giveth give I unto you (JOHN 14, 27.). The smaller compass that the realme doth holde, The easier is the swey therof to welde (FERREX A. PORR. 1, 2.). The greater the new power they create, the greater seems their revenge against the old (BULW., Rienzi 2, 8.).

Dass im Nachsatze dieselben Einflüsse, wie bei jedem anderen Hauptsatze maassgebend werden können, versteht sich von selber. Doch ist die Hinneigung zur Inversion des Subjektes namentlich in früher Zeit sichtbar. Altengl. Wher so me eny mete deles, Gest thou nout withoute (WRIGht a. Halliw., Rel. Ant. I. 111.).

Janne he lieth to slepen, sal he nevre luken de lides of hise egen (I. 209.). Seðen hie henen wenden, atlai pat lond unwend (I. 129.). Right als Hardeknout had left alle pat folie, Com Edward, Eilred sonne (LANGT. p. 56.). By so that thow be sobre.. Darstow nevere care for corn (P. PLOUGH M. 9016.). If men lyvede as mesure wolde, Sholde nevere more be defaute (9053.). If he naked man se, ne wile he him nogt neggen (Wright a. Halliw., Rel. Ant I. 212.). pa wile pe heo tweoneden pus, clepede Membricius (Lazam. I. 39.). pohh patt he se pe lape gast, Niss he rihht nohht forfæredd (ORM 679.). Häufig ist die Inversion, wenn dem Nachsatze ein Korrelat zum Nebensatze beigegeben ist: Ther parfit truthe and poore herte is.. Ther is Charité the chief chambrere (P. PLOUGHM. 9112.). When mon is in treye and tene, Thenne herith God ys bene (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 113.). Whan nothing ne halth hit up.. Thanne fallith hit softe adoun (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p. 137.). Whan he wend haf passed po pat gon him dryue, pan were aryued in Humber pritty schippes & fyue (LANGT. p. 16.). As the male is plentinouse . . among trees of wodes, so is my derling among sones (Wright a. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 40.). pa pis child was feir muche, pa luuede he a maide (LAZAM. I. 12). Penne ich was on bedde iswaued..pen com biuoren pa fairest ping (II. 234.). Annd tohh patt tiss Elyzabæp.. Wass puss off Aaroness kinn, pohh sezzp pe Goddspellwrihhte etc. (ORM 303.). Dasselbe findet im Hauptsatze nach dem Relativsatze statt: Wose lat is wif his maister wurpen, sal he never ben his wordes loverd (I. 180.). Ags. Syotan he com ofer Vätlinga-stræte, vorhton hi pät mæste yfel (SAX. CHR. 1013.). Gif þu þat angin fremest..forhele ic incrum herran, pät me hearmes svâ fela Adam gespräc (CDM. 575.). pâ hî pâ pät gebed gefylled heafdon, pâ com þær sum vif (GUTHLAC 1.). Mid pi pe he þâs pinge väs sprecende.. pâ færinga geseah he sumne fiscere gân (APOLLON. OF T. p. 11.). Ær þær være ænig spere gescoten, ær fleáh påt Englisce fole (Sax. Chr. 1055.). Svâ hvile man svâ pe lifigende tô him bringo, onfô se fîftig punda goldes (APOLLON. OF T. p. 8.). Dies ist bei korrelaten Partikeln im Ags. die gewöhnliche Wortstellung, woraus dem Nebensatze gegenüber die invertirte Stellung des Subjektes im Nachsatze als entschiedene Gewohnheit erhellt.

B. Im fragenden Hauptsatze, dessen Subjekt nicht ein fragendes Fürwort ist oder von einem adjektivischen Interrogativ begleitet wird, ist die invertirte Stellung des Subjektes die Regel.

What need we fear who knows it? (SHAKSP., Macb. 5, 1.). Thoughts, whither have ye led me? (MILT., P. L. 9, 473.) How do you guard your property? (SCOTT, Qu. Durw. 16.). Are you a Christian? (ib.) Why should not the generosity of our poet be equally interesting to us? (LEWES, G. I. 8.) What is this Fingal? (MARRYAT, P. Simple 1, 12.) Will nothing move you? (BYRON, Fosc. 1., 1.). Dagegen: Who is your leader and commands you? (SCOTT, Qu. Durw. 16.). etc. Auch kann die Frage die Form einer Behauptung annehmen, deren wirkliche oder ironische Fraglichkeit nicht durch die Inversion, sondern durch den Satzton bezeichnet wird: They will not banish me again? no, Let them wring on (BYRON, Fosc. 1, 1.). Auch kann die Frage im Sinne einer anderen Person als indirekte Frage auftreten: How it is to be cured? (CARL., Past a. Pres. 1, 4.)

No

Nimmt die Frage den Charakter der Verwunderung und des Ausrufes an, so begegnen wir theils der Inversion des Subjektes, theils der

Wortstellung des behauptenden Satzes: What visions have I seen! (SHAKSP., Mids. N. Dr. 4, 1.) How modestly has he spoken of himself! (BEN JONS., Catil. 5, 6.) How foolish was 1! (WARREN, Diary 1, 1.). On what small and insignificant things do our fates depend! (ib.) neben: What taste some people have! (SHERID., Riv. 2, 2.). Oh, how pleasant it must be! (COOPER, Spy 2.) Alas! how pale thou art! (BYRON, Manfr. 3, 4.) Die Inversion in der Frage ist althergebracht. Altengl. Hast pou forzete pe gret wo? (R. or GL. p. 24.) Wat penkestow for to do? (ib.) Lovest thou wel dame Margeri? (WRIGHT, Anecd. p. 8.) Whonene beo ze? (LAZAM. I. 61.). Whær ært pu? (II. 327.) Ags. Slapst pu? (MARC. 14, 37.) Lufast pu me? (Joн. 21, 15.) Hû mäg he? (GEN. 29, 6.) Hvät sceal ic vinnan? (CDM. 278.) Hvät scal þe svá láolic strid vio pînes hearran bodan? (659.) For hvî ne fixast pu on sæ (THORPE, Anal. 106.). Als Frage erscheint auch der Satz in Form der Behauptung. Altengl. And pou hast now forsake My dozter, þat schulde be pi wif, & to a kemelyng take? (R. or GL. p. 25.) Das Ags. geht darin weiter: Ve ôores sceolon âbîdan? (MATH. 11, 3.) Hû ve singað? (Ps. 136, 5) [quo modo nos contabimus?] Svâ lange ic eóv polige? (MARC. 9, 19.) [How long shall I suffer you?] Forhvan pu pät sele gescot.. unsŷfre bismite? (COD. EXON. 90, 28.) [Why didst thou.. defile?] Das Interrogativpronomen als Subjekt tritt, wie jetzt, vor das Verbum: Hva meahte me svile gevit gifan? (CEDM. 668.).

Dass der Ausdruck der Verwunderung mit einer fragenden Partikel oder einem Fürworte seit frühester Zeit in doppelter Wortstellung vorkommt, ist natürlich. Ags. Eálâ! hù leás and bû unvrêst is pisses middan-eardes vela! (SAX. CHR. 1087.) Hû pu gleavlice mid noman ryhte nemnad være Emmanuhel! (Cod. Exon. 9, 6.) Eállâ hû egeslic peós stov ys! (GEN. 28, 17.) Hû vundorlîc pîn nama ys! (Ps. 8, 1.)

C. Imperativsätze lassen das prominale Subject der Personalform des Verb nachtreten; ihnen schliessen sich in Betreff des Subjektes überhaupt meist Wunschsätze oder umschriebene Imperativsätze an.

Do thou stand for me! (SHAKSP., I. Henry IV. 2, 4.) Vex not thou the poet's mind (TENNYSON p. 41.). Pour ye wine! (MRS. HEMANS p. 12.) Do you begin! (SHAKSP., Rich. II. 1, 1.) Be we bold! (COLER., Picc. 2, 1.) Perish the baubles! (GOLDSM., She Stoops 2.) May I be poor and free! (COWPER p. 5.) O'er roses may your footsteps move (BYRON p. 308.). Beim Konjunktiv und in Umschreibungen desselben kommt auch die umgekehrte Stellung vor: God forbid! Heaven defend! - The Lord judge between me and thee! (GEN. 16, 5.)

Altengl. Help thu me! (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 101.) Nail we him opon a tre (I. 101.). Ille might thou spede! (Town. M. p. 11.) Hail seo pu Luces! (LAZAM. III. 2.) Lete we hit pus stonden (II. 217.). Live him beo Drihten! (I. 3.) Ga we nu till patt ilke tun (ORM 3390.). Ne be ze nohht tærzæness! (14025.) Ags. Hâl väs pu! (MATH. 27, 29.) Hâle vese-ge! (28, 9.) Up-âhebben ve his naman (Ps. 33, 3.). Vurde gôd se ende (SAX. CHR. 1066.). Vaxan hi hira reáf (Jos. 19, 10.). Daneben: Altengl. Of noping ge ne drede! (R. or GL. p. 140.) God almiztten be her-inne! (WRIGHT, Anecd. p. 3.) God the iblessi (p. 6.). Mahowne the shelde (Town. M. p. 127.). Ags. Hî vädlian! (Ps. 108, 9.) D. Nebensätze sind im Allgemeinen hinsichtlich der Stellung des Sub