MUSIC

thirteen notes, and usually ascends by sharps and descends by flats.

Intervals in music (ie, the distance from any one note to any other) are reckoned al❘ ways upward and inclusively by the number of names of notes they contain, both limits to the interval being counted Thus C to E is a third, both C and E being counted in the interval. Every piece of music is divided into portions equal in time, called measures, which are separated from one another by vertical lines called bars. The term bar is often loosely applied to the measure as well as to the line. The exact length of the measure is indicated by a sign at the beginning of the piece of mu sie Common time, indicated by a C, is written after clef Another form of common time is marked with a é. Another method of indicat ing time (or rather more correctly, rhythm) is by figures, in the form of a fraction. The fig ures of the denominator are either 2, 4, 8, or 16, and the numerator shows the number of these fractional parts in the measure. Besides common time, which may be indicated in two ways, there is triple time, which can only be marked by figures, these are †, t, or . The of jest of the division of musical passages into measures is to indicate their rhythm. Notes, like words or syllables, are accented or unde cented The strongest accent is given to the first note of a measure In common time of four notes to the measure the third has a sub ordinate accent When a curve is placed over two notes in the same degree, but not in the same bar, the two notes are played as one of the length of both, and the first note requires the accent This displacement of the accent in called syncopation. If the curve is written over notes of different degrees it is called a slur, and indicates that the notes are to be played or sung smoothly, as if gliding into each other When an opposite effect in want ed that is when the notes are to be produced distinct and detached tataccato), a dot in placed over them The various degrees of louiness and softness which occur in a piece of music are indicated by such Italian words as furte, loud, fortianimo, very loud, piano, wift, pianissimo, very soft In order to save time in writing music various abbreviations

variety

Melody is a particular succession of sounds in a single part A med sly genera y consists of an even manber of phrases, this number may be four eight twelve or sixteen and gen erally ripen with a line in a verse of portry In or Jer to pral are an agreeable ameliniy may pass from the form of wae in which it started to another gen to the the most nearly related to it that of the dominant or sul«l minant This change from one key into another is called modulation When several via vs or instrum nts produce at the same instant sun is different in itch and me av mulined as to cause an agreea) je sensalı in the evnih nation is called karməni and the proper method of ex mbining these sun is in cand the art of harm my ties of notre taxen by a ange vie or instru ment capable of print að Y te at a 1. 19. Called a parf

ur parts are by far

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MUSIC

| the most common; but five, six, seven, eight and even more numerous parts are common in the ecclesiastical compositions and madrige of the old masters.

History-lhe first public use of muse by every people has been in religious rites and ceremonies. The music of the Hebrew wors was of an elaborate character, and was pro ably derived from Egypt. To the Egyptian priests, the Greeks seem also to have owed their ideas of music. The Romans derived ali their public music from the Etruscans, and the art was for a long period confined to sa ered uses. St. Ambrose (elected Archbishop of Milan, 374) may be regarded as the father of the music of the Western Church, as he n only composed and adapted music to the dif ferent portions of the Church service, but de termined the musical idiom in which it was to be cast by selecting a set of simple sales from the exceedingly complicated system of the Greeks. His reputation has, however been somewhat obscured by the next great musical reformer, Gregory the Great, whose epoch is fully two centuries nearer our own The great est name, however, of the early Middle Ages is that of Guido Aretino (died 1050) The names which he gave to the notes, Ut (for Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, are universally used to this day. i was afterwards added The maille of the fourteenth century gives us the first example of four part music, in a mass per formed at the coronation of Charles V of France (1360) and composed by Guillaume de Machault. By this time the organ had reached some degree of mechanical perfection and sev eral Belgian musicians visiting Rome in the last years of the fourteenth century carried with them the first masses that had ever been seen there in written counterpoint

The first Roman school was founded by Claude Gondimei (1510 72), among whose pra pils was the great composer, Giovanni Pier luigi Palestrina (1524 94), Carissimi, bora abt. 1600, was the first great master of the sacred cantata in ita various forms He is said to have been the teacher of Alessandro Scarlatti, the founder of the Neapolitan school. With this school begins modern musical prac | tice: better methods of fingering the keyed instruments, and of bowing the stringed in struments, not to speak of improvementa in the instruments themselves and above ali these in importance and diffruity, the art of

Binging

An entirely new ers was opened by the vent of Haniel, who may be mand to bi ng tas England rather than Germany

the mi-l fle of the eighteenth century rm the
career of 1 subast an Ha h ́en led Germant
has indisputably held the highest pla
music. Ganark, Haydn, Mozart In man
Bach, and many others before and after
mach of the sweetness which they un ted
German strength to their study of the Ita an
masters H-1 in Beethoven. Weber
and Mendelom in the

traces of *
are hillen and new em tonal and poætur obe
ments begin to End their way intu
Against the best works of the German masters
those of the purely sensuous Italian aloud are

MUSK

Mus'kellunge. See MASCALONGE.

MUSKRAT

represented by Donizetti, Bellini, and Verdi. | shops, marble and granite works, furniture Of the later German school, claiming as its factories, tanneries, woolen mills, iron and starting point Beethoven's "Ninth Symphony," steel works, breweries, and brick and tile in which poetry and music form a perfect works. Pop. (1904) 20,897. whole, the chief exponents have been Wagner and Liszt, though with these must be cited the names of Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Berlioz, Chopin, and Franz. Among the more recent composers may be noted the names of Gounod in France, Rubinstein and Brahms in Germany, Dvořák in Bohemia, Boito in Italy, Grieg in Scandinavia. See HARMONY; MELODY.

Muskin'gum, longest river wholly in Ohio; formed at Coshocton by the confluence of the Tuscarawas and the Walhonding rivers; thence flows generally SE., 112 m. to the Ohio at Marietta.

Musk'melon, fruit of the Cucumis melo, a plant of the gourd family, which is probably indigenous to India and adjacent parts of Asia. Among the more than eighty varieties of muskmelon are the cantaloupe, distinguished by hard and more or less warty or rough rind, often deeply furrowed, deriving its name from Cantaluppi, near Rome, where these melons were early grown from Eastern sources; the netted melon, common in the U. S., which keeps until midwinter; the dudaim or Queen Anne's pocket melon, about the size of a turkey's egg, grown simply for its delicious perfume; the sugar melon, oblong in shape; the serpent melon or snake cucumber, grown chiefly as a curiosity; and the chito melon (vegetable orange, melon apple), about the size of a hen's egg, used for pickles or conserves.

Musko'ka, lake, river, and county of Ontario, Canada; on the E. side of Georgian Bay; name is loosely applied to the entire district from Severn River to Lake Nipissing, and NE. to the Ottawa River. Thus defined it is about half as large as Maine.

Musk Ox, sole member of a peculiar ox family; so named from the musky flavor of the bulls and old cows; is about the size of a small heifer; horns large

at the base, in old
males almost meet-
ing on the fore-
head; body heavy
and legs short;
coat very long,
thick, dark-brown
hair; feeds on
grass, lichens, and
the twigs of pine
and willow. The
animal is at pres-

20 in. high at the shoulder, of a grayish brown,
sometimes tinge, sometimes mottled with light
er blotches. The hair is long and coarse. Antent confined to the
lers are lacking, but the male has a pair of
long canine teeth in the upper jaw.

Muske'gon, capital of Muskegon Co., Mich.; on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Muskegon River; 38 m. NW. of Grand Rapids; has a water frontage of 12 m. on an enlargement of the river locally known as Muskegon Lake, and one of the best harbors; nearly landlocked and open all the year, on Lake Michigan, with regular steamer communication with all important lake ports. It contains the Hackley Manual Training School, Hackley Public Library, Hendricks and Hauber hospitals; is largely interested in various branches of the lumber interest; and has foundries, machine

extreme N. parts

MUSK Ox.

of the N. American continent, where it ranges over the barren grounds to the N. of lat. 60°, roaming in summer to the islands within the Arctic Circle.

Musk'rat, name applied in different countries to several ratlike mammals distinguished by musky exhalations. (1) In N. America it is conferred on the Fiber zibethicus (by some called also musquash), a rodent of the family Murida. It is some 15 in. in length, with a tail of 10 in.; is aquatic, sometimes building houses like those of the beaver, and oftener burrowing in river banks. Its fur (the "river sable" of commerce) is extensively sold in

Europe. (2) In India the name is given to | librarian of the Department of the Interior and the Crocidura myosurus, a large, ratlike shrew,

white that of Hals native in all parts bate, and cultivated to gardens in the i | Ha a mustard seeds are smail gular t Jew; brown or externas and you ie white are larger, and of a light echt

MUTATION

ternally. Flour of mustard consists of a mix ture of the two kinds of seeds, ground and sifted. As sold, it is generally adulterated with wheat flour and turmeric. Such adulteration is infallibly betrayed by the presence of starch grains, which are absent in pure mustard. Mustard flour is a popular condiment, and was known to the ancients. It has also medicinal uses. The moistened flour applied to the skin is a powerful irritant and vesicant, and is much used as a counterirritant to re

lieve internal pains and spasms. A tablespoon

ful diffused in a tumbler of water and swallowed acts as a prompt nonnauseating emetic, often convenient in cases of poisoning.

Mutation. See UMLAUT.

Mutes, in phonetics, sounds that are the result of a check on the breath or the breaking of a check; commonest illustrations are k, g, t, d, p, b.

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MYRIAPODA

Archæological Society, 1886-88, added much to our knowledge of the importance of Mycenæ, for they brought vast treasures to light, and opened up an entirely new chapter in the history of early art.

Mycerinos (mis-ê-ri'nus), sixth king of the fourth Egyptian dynasty; builder of the third largest pyramid at the SW. of Gizeh. In 1837 Col. Vyse found his stone sarcophagus intact and also some pieces of the wooden coffin in The former was lost at sea his pyramid.

off Gibraltar. The inscriptions of the latter show a definite form of the Egyptian belief in a future existence. His reputation for piety was enduring, and the thirtieth and sixtyfourth chapters of the Ritual of the Dead were said to have been discovered during his reign, being then already old.

Mycetozo'a. See MYXOMYCETES.

My'er, Albert James (familiarly known as

Mu'tiny, In'dian. See INDIAN OR SEPOY OLD PROBABILITIES), 1824-80; American meteMUTINY.

orologist; b. Newburg, N. Y.; graduated at Hobart College, 1847, and at Buffalo Medical College, 1851; entered the U. S. army as assistant surgeon, 1854; on special duty in the signal service, 1858-60; during the Civil War rendered distinguished services in or

Mutsuhito (môt'sô-shto), Emperor of Japan; ascended the throne February 3, 1867. His administration is notable for the great reforms that have been introduced and the remarkable development of the empire. The official desig-ganizing, instructing, and commanding the nation of his reign period is Mei-ji (mã'jē).

signal corps; made chief signal officer in the army, 1866; introduced a full course of study Muttra, Mattra (müt'rä), or Mathura of signals at West Point and Annapolis; or(mäth'o-rä), town of British India, in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh; on the ganized the meteorological division of the sig nal office; instituted a system of cautionary Jumna; is a very ancient and celebrated city, day and night signals for lake and ocean navimentioned by Ptolemy as the "Modoura of the gation, a system of reports for the benefit of gods," a railway station, and capital of a dis- interior commerce, and a series for farmers; trict of the same name. As the birthplace of brigadier general, 1880; author of "Manual of Krishna it is venerated by the Brahmans, and Signals for the United States Army and Navy.” visited by a great number of pilgrims. The shores of the river are provided with gorgeous flights of steps, and the city contains an immense temple, which once possessed idols of gold and silver, with eyes of diamonds. These were carried away by foreign conquerors. Sacred apes and swarms of holy parrots and peacocks are kept here. Pop. (1901) 60,042.

Myc'ale, modern SAMSUM; extreme W. branch of Mt. Mesogis, in Lydia, Asia Minor, terminating in the promontory called Trogylium (now Cape Santa Maria). In the narrow channel between this promontory and the island of Samos the Persian fleet was defeated and destroyed by the Greeks, 479 B.C. It is probable that at the time of the battle there was a town -Mycale or Mycallessus-at the foot of the promontory, but no certain account of it is extant.

Myce'næ, or Mycene, one of the oldest cities of Greece; on a rocky eminence in the plain of Argos, in the Peloponnesus; was the residence of the Pelopidæ, and at the time of Agamemnon was the principal city of Greece. In 468 B.C. it was totally destroyed, and it was never rebuilt, but the remains of it, the cyclopean walls, the gate of lions, and the treasury of Atreus, are among the grandest and most interesting antiquities in Greece. The excava tions of Schliemann, 1876, and of the Greek

Mylit'ta, goddess worshiped in Babylon, Assyria, and Persia; corresponding in some respects to the Greek Aphrodite Urania; was the great cosmic principle, the great mother, who produced all life in conjunction with Bel (or Baal), her male counterpart. She was worshiped under a variety of names in Asia, and in Greece she was known now as Cybele and now as the Artemis (Diana) of Ephesus.

Myocardi'tis. See HEART DISEASE.

Myo'pia, shortsightedness due to excessive convexity of the cornea or to convergence of the visual axes of the eyes. The defect is remedied by concave glasses.

Myriapoda, class of elongated animals with segment bodies. Popularly they are known as centipedes, millipedes, galley worms, and army worms. In structure they show considerable similarity to the so-called Protracheata (Peripatus) and some of the annelid worms, on the one hand, and to the Hexapoda, on the other. Half of the group (Chilopoda) have undoubted Hexapodan atlinities, while the other half (DipIn both groups lopoda) must stand by itself. the number of legs varies greatly. Thus among the Diplopoda Pauropus has 9 pairs, Polyrenus 15, the Polydesmida have 28 to 31, and the Polyzonida from 56 to 196 or more. Among