MADISON

and perhaps its ablest advocate in the pages of The Federalist. He was a member of the first four Congresses, 1789-97, in which he maintained a moderate opposition to Hamilton's financial policy, and, gradually identifying himself with the Republican party, became from 1792 its avowed leader.

Madison was the author of the celebrated "Resolutions of 1798" adopted by the Virginia Legislature, in condemnation of the Alien and Sedition laws, as well as of the "Report (1800) in which he defended those resolutions, which is by many considered his ablest state paper. From 1801 to 1809 he was Secretary of State in Jefferson's Cabinet. Chosen President, 1808, by an electoral vote of 122 to 53, Madison was inaugurated at a period when the relations of the U. S. with Great Britain were becoming embittered, and his first term was passed in diplomatic quarrels, aggravated by the act of nonintercourse of May, 1810, and finally resulting in a declaration of war, June 18, 1812.

In the autumn

Madison was reelected by 128 electoral votes to 89 in favor of George Clinton. In 1815 a commercial treaty was negotiated with Great Britain, and, 1816, a national bank was incorporated by Congress. Madison yielded the Presidency, March 4, 1817, to his Secretary of State and intimate friend, James Monroe, and retired to his ancestral estate at Montpellier, Orange Co. For a long time he was rector and visitor of the Univ. of Virginia. In 1829 he sat in the state convention to revise the old constitution, but was too infirm to take part in the active work. His wife, Dorothy Payne, whom he married 1794, she then being a widow, Mrs. Todd, was celebrated for her beauty and accomplishments, and was long remembered in Washington as Dolly Madison."

Madison, capital of the State of Wisconsin and of Dane Co.; 82 m. W. of Milwaukee; is on an undulating isthmus between lakes Mendota and Monona, 210 ft. above Lake Michigan, and has lakes Waubesa and Kegonsa in its immediate vicinity; is the seat of the Univ. of Wisconsin, the State Institution for the Insane, Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, U. S. Govt. Building, State Capitol in park of thirteen acres, county courthouse, and county jail; and has manufactures of agricultural implements, machinery, printing presses, dynamos, flour, beer, carriages and wagons, and foundry and machine-shop products. Madison became the state capital, 1836. Pop. (1906) estimated at 25,128.

Mädler (měd'ler), Johann Heinrich, 17941874; German astronomer; b. Berlin. While holding a place in the normal school of his native city he, together with Wilhelm Beer, pub

lished, 1829-36, the celebrated chart of the

moon, in four leaves, and, 1837, the explanation of the chart. In 1836 he obtained an appointment at the observatory of Berlin, and in 184065 was director of the observatory at Dorpat, in Russia. His "Central Sun and searches into the System of Fixed Stars" were highly esteemed.

"Re

Mad'oc, legendary Welsh prince, who, according to Cambrian chroniclers, discovered

MADRAS

America more than three centuries before the discovery by Columbus (1170). He never returned from a second expedition. His landfall was supposed to be Nova Hispania or some part of Florida, since the Spaniards are said to have found there the traditions of a previous settlement by a strange race which had honored the cross. The decision of modern historical scholars is against the theory of Welsh discovery.

Madockawan'do, chief of the Etechemin Indians, on the Penobscot; figured prominently in the wars between the French and English colonies; and was the scourge of the New England frontier, 1690-94. The Baron de St. Castin married his daughter.

Madon'na, title of the Virgin Mary, and her. In medieval times the Madonna was the given especially to artistic representations of symbol of glorified womanhood and maternity, and feelings of chivalric devotion, blended with religious reverence, made her a prominent subject of Christian art. Among the best known Madonna," now hanging in the Dresden Galare three by Raphael-the famous "Sistine ery, his "Madonna of the Chair," in the NaGarden," in the Paris Louvre; Botticelli's tional Gallery, London, the "Madonna of the "Virgin with the Child and Little Saint John," in the Pitti Palace, Florence; Titian's Assumption of the Virgin," in the Academy of Venice, and Murillo's "Immaculate Conception," in the Seville Cathedral. See MARIOLATRY; VIRGIN MARY.

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Madras', native name CHENNAPATNAM, “ Chenappa's City"; official name, Fort St. George, third city of India; capital of the presidency of the same name; on the Bay of Bengal. The city, built on a sandy plain only a few feet above sea level, consists of Fort St. George (the first British possession in India) and of twenty-three villages, which have grown together into one municipality. In the center of the town, but immediately on the sea, stands Fort St. George, which, besides the barracks for the British troops and other military institutions, contains the council house, the arsenal, St. Mary's Church, and other public buildings. To the N. of the fort, but separated from it by a large esplanade, is Blacktown, the native town, poorly built, but densely populated; to the E. along the shore it is lined with handsome public buildings and business offices; on the S. side of the fort, but separated from it by the Cooum River, is the Mohammedan quarter. Other noteworthy buildings are the High Court, the lighthouse, visible 20 m.; the Church of Blacktown), Madras Club, observatory, MiliSt. Andrew, St. George's Cathedral, mint (in and gardens usually surround the private tary Orphan Asylum, hospital, etc. houses and contribute much to the beauty of the city.

Parks

Madras has large cotton mills, tanneries, ice factory, etc. It has several canals, the most important of which is the Buckingham, extending N. for 196 m.; is an important railway center, and is in direct steam communication with Europe and the principal ports of the East. It

MADRAZO

exports hides, spices, tea, coffee, indigo, cotton, and saltpeter, and imports cotton goods, canned goods, liquors, metals, horses, etc. Madras was founded, 1639, by Francis Day, of the E. India Company, who obtained a grant of land from the Rajah of Chandragiri in that year, and was made a presidency, 1653. In 1746 the fort was captured by the French, but restored two years later, and, 1758-59, it was unsuccessfully besieged by them. Pop. (1901) 509,346.

Madrazo (mä-thrä'thō), Federico de, 1815-98; Spanish historical and portrait painter; b. Rome, Italy; son of Don José de Madrazo (1781-1859), director of the Academy of Madrid and court painter to Ferdinand VII; studied under his father and under Winterhalter, in Paris; returning to Spain, was made court painter. His works include "Godfrey of Bouillon Proclaimed King of Jerusalem," "Maria Christina at the Sick Bed of Ferdinand VII," and portraits of Queen Isabella and of Fortuny, his son-in-law.

Madrazo, Raimundo de, 1841- ; Spanish portrait and genre painter; b. Rome, Italy; son of the preceding; was educated under his father and under Léon Cogniet, in Paris, where he spent the greater part of his life; awarded first-class medals, Paris Exposition, 1878-79; decoration of the Legion of Honor, 1878. His works include "After the Masked Ball," ""Fête During the Carnival," "Andalusian Singer," "After Vespers," and many portraits, including some of prominent Americans.

Mad'repore, group of coral-forming polyps belonging to the order of Hexactinia. The term is usually restricted to the tree corals of tropical seas, but in the broader sense it includes the greater portion of the reef-building forms. Madrid', capital of Spain and of the province of Madrid, a part of New Castile; is situated nearly in the center of the country; on the left bank of the Manzanares, a small stream which joins the Jamara and flows to the Tagus. The city is surrounded by a brick wall 20 ft. high and pierced by fifteen gates, of which the most remarkable is Puerta de Alcalá, 72 ft. high, at the foot of the street of Alcalá, which, three fourths of a mile long, traverses the city from NE. to SW., and forms one of the most magnificent streets in Europe. Among the public squares, of which Madrid numbers seventy-two, is the Puerta del Sol, once forming the E. entrance of the city. The government palace, the post office, and other public buildings are situated here; also the best clubs, hotels, and reading rooms. Plaza Oriente, situated between the royal palace and the royal theater, contains an equestrian statue in bronze of Philip IV; in the promenade skirting the place stand fortyfour colossal statues of kings and queens. Plaza Mayor contains an equestrian statue in bronze of Philip III; here the so-called autosda-fe were formerly celebrated. The bullfights take place in the Plaza de Toros, just outside Puerta de Alcalá. Among the numerous promenades and gardens, the Prado is the most remarkable-2 m. long, planted with beautiful trees, and in part adorned with magnificent fountains and statues.

MADURA

The royal palace, of granite and white marble, occupies an area of 220,900 sq. ft., and is surrounded with beautiful gardens. The royal museum has one of the largest and richest collections of pictures in Europe. Many of the churches, which number ninety, are beautifully decorated with paintings by the old masters, but none of them, excepting perhaps the cathedral, begun 1885, has architectural merit. The university, removed hither from Alcalá de Henares, 1836, has about 5,000 students. Here also are a royal observatory, a national library of over 300,000 volumes, medical school, theological seminary, military, engineering, and architectural schools, schools of art, law, industrial art, normal schools, etc., and a botanical garden. The manufactured articles include chocolate,

musical instruments.

beer, tobacco, carpets, tapestry, shoes, hats, plated ware, coaches, gloves, jewelry, fans, and tant. The retail business is mostly in the hands The commerce is imporof foreigners, especially Frenchmen; but wholesale transactions are carried on by native houses, and are very large, the city forming the entrepôt for the interior provinces. Madrid is first mentioned in history as a Moorish outpost, called Majerit, but was captured, 1083, by Alfonso VI of Castile. In 1560 Philip II made the place his capital. From this time it grew rapidly into a magnificent city, and became the center of the history of the Spanish people, political and literary. Pop. (1900) 539,835.

Mad'rigal, in music, the name of a certain species of composition, originally of a light, airy, joyous, and pastoral character. Madrigals are often of complex and elaborate structure, usually for voices alone, and consist of four, five, or more parts, in which the skill of the composer exhibits itself in fugues, canons, imitations, and other highly labored styles of writing. Compositions of this kind abounded in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and in their production the best masters appear to have found a congenial field for the exercise of their ability. It is supposed by some writers that the madrigal originated in Flanders.

Madura (mä-dô'rä), island of the Malay Archipelago, NE. of Java, comprising an area of 1,700 sq. m., and belonging to the Netherlands. The inhabitants, numbering about 630,000, are Mohammedans, and live in three kingdoms governed by native princes under Dutch superintendence. The chief product is salt, the manufacture of which is a government monopoly; principle industry, cattle raising; most important towns, Bankalang (the flourishing, chief town of Madura proper), Pamakasan (containing the residence of the regent), Sumenep, and the European town of Maringan.

Madura, city of British India; province of Madras; capital of the district of Madura; 270 m. SW. of Madras; carries on a considerable trade in cotton and tobacco; and contains some remarkable Hindu buildings, among which are the magnificent Pandiyan Palace, the great temple of Mahadeva, and a celebrated choultry, or inn, for pilgrims. A Roman Catholic mission was started here, 1606, and continued till the middle of the eighteenth century, when the