MACDONALD M- DUFFIE male caplan and received a gold metal from His last command was that of the Mediterranean squadron American became general of division, 1795 Having been | od by Capt George Downie for which he was aj poantes Governor of h me and the Papal Ntates, 175m he comman-led in the battle at was to a le general in chief of the army • Najir was beaten by Suwarim on the Ireb bia June 17 1, me returned to Paria, and took the side of Napoleon in the Revolut.-n of is brumaire afterwarde hat the evalence of the en peror on acount of his stanch defense of Gen M reas He received a commani įmon and dating · about himarif a mach in the bat tie of Wagram Uat he was created Duke of Tarente and male a marshal in camp«M < g??&# of 1*12 14 he rendered distinguished services but was defeated by Huacher at Katzbach, Au gunt 26 1911 and altered firmly to Napoleon till his allocation lived in retirement during Macdonald imil in’shjt. Pers, 173 00: b Miten Island of M. Uist. bos ame emicirated, 1746 as the heroine of some of the remarkable adventures of Frinne Charles Pilward, the Young Pretender, whom she as led in encajing pursuit fram list to Me was imprisoned un board verwin ud war and in lamb n for several months med 1:47 married Aan Macd • n° 1, 17 m and mettled in Fayetteville, NC, 1775 Dat ing the Keyslut.mary War her husband served As an out in the Brit ah army and Hora re turned to the Iriand of Maye, where she died MacDonald, George, 1**4 1×05 Revittish nog el at and jet b Hint ey mus tiami, became 1st retired to dev to ng in lanta He David bi Annals M Dougall, Alexander, 1711 *G army offer biniami of Inlay, Nostiami, at tied near New York, 1775 texame a printer, and was imprisoned by the rok mal gouvern ment, 1770 for an alleged libelous ad Iresas He was appointed colonel of the First New York Regiment briga hier general 1776 and maje ateral 177i was engaged in the battles of Long Island, White Plains and Germantown and in the New Jersey campaign the posts on the Hudson, 1775 so was Minis ter of Marine for a short time 171 elected a delegate to Congress 1781 and 1754, to the New York Menate, 1783. McDowell, Edward Alexander, 161 1, American compamer and pianist h. New York City exturated at the l'aria Conservatory and in Germany In 1951 he was head of the Darmstadt Conservatory of Muse He re turned to the 1 in 18 and in 196 be came Prof of Music at Columbia Univ. His most important works include Nix Idyla after Gorthe “Mix Forms after Heine." Forvet Wandland Martiles,” “Lancelot and klaine,” etc. McDowell, Irvin, 1×18 KS, 1° 8. army June MACÉ Macé (mă-sà'), Jean, 1815-94; French author; b. Paris; best known by his "History of a Mouthful of Bread" and "The Servants of the Stomach," as well as his fairy stories; was professor in various institutions, and, 1866, founded in Paris "The League of Instruction." Mace, the dried arillus or inner coat investing the shell of the nutmeg, which is the kernel of the nut of Myristica fragrans, a tree of the Spice Islands (family Myristicacea) now naturalized in other hot regions. Mace of inferior quality is also produced by M. fatua of the same regions. Mace is used as a spice, and as an aromatic stimulant in medicine. It has also the slight narcotic power of the nutmeg, in a milder degree. It yields a volatile oil upon distillation, and a buttery, fixed oil when subjected to pressure. The oil of mace of commerce is, however, generally the fixed oil of the nutmeg, which is harder than the true oil of mace. Mace, in the fresh state fleshy and of a beautiful crimson, appears in commerce as a mass of flat, dry branching plates of an orangebrown color, and a taste and smell resembling those of nutmeg, but rather milder and pleas anter. See NUTMEG. Also (1) a weapon consisting of a wooden handle about 5 ft. long with metal head, usually a spiked ball, sometimes of other forms; was much used by knights in the days of plate armor, against which it was particularly ef fective, as a strong blow would frequently drive a spike through the plates; was also used as a weapon by priests, who were forbidden to carry a sword. Ornamental maces, sometimes of copper or silver, are now used as badges of authority by magistrates and in legislative assemblies. (2) A substitute for the cue in billiards. (3) A currier's mallet used in dressing leather. Macedo (mli-sā'dō), Joaquin Manoel de, 1820-82; Brazilian author; b. Itaborahy; be came Prof. of Brazilian History in Dom Pedro College, Rio de Janeiro; wrote novels, dramas, and comedies; was one of the chief forces in the literary and scientific life of Brazil in the nineteenth century; most important work the lyric poem "A Nebulosa," in which felicitous descriptions of the tropical nature of Brazil abound. Macedo'nia, or Mac'edon (the latter name being used by English writers to designate the state or empire, the former the land or province), ancient country of SE. Europe, Ñ. of Greece, the principal parts of which now form the Turkish vilayet of Selanik (Salonica). Its most ancient name among the Greeks seems to have been Emathia, and subsequently Maeetia or Maxetia, the people being called Macetæ. The name Macedonians is first applied The boundaries of to them by Herodotus. Macedonia varied at different periods. In the time of Herodotus it consisted only of the district extending from the confines of Thessaly to the river Lydias. The Kingdom of Philip, father of Alexander the Great, was bounded N. by the Scardus, Scomius, and Orbelus ranges, E. by the Rhodope range and Nestus River 10 D MCGEE (now Kara-su), SE. by the Ægean Sea, S. by the Olympus and the Cambunian Mountains, and W. by the N. prolongation of the Pindus and the river Drilo (Drin). It comprised the districts of Pæonia, Pelagonia, Lyncestis, Orestis, Pieria, Emathia, Chalcidice, Bisaltia, and others. The most important rivers were the Nestus, the Strymon (Struma), and the Axius (Vardar). Among the cities were: Ægæ, or Edessa, the residence of the early kings; Pella, of Philip and Alexander; Thessalonica (Salonica, now the largest town), of Cassander; Olynthus, Potidea, Chalcis, Amphipolis, Philippi, Stagira, Pydna, Dium, Pelagonia, Berea, Methone, Stobi, and Acanthus. Under the Romans the province of Macedonia included large portions of the neighboring W. and S. countries. Macedon, having been founded by Perdiccas I, first B.C. It was made the virtual mistress of Greece appeared in history under Amyntas, abt. 500 by Philip, 359-36, son of Amyntas II, and the greatest empire of the period by the conquests of his son Alexander, 336-23. It was broken by the victories of the Romans at Cynoscephalæ, over Philip V, 197, and at Pydna, over Perseus, 168, and made a Roman province after the final defeat of the Achæans, 146. Macerata (mä-cha-rä'tä), town in province of Macerata, Italy; about 30 m. NW. of Fermo; is surrounded by strong walls crowned by thirty-three towers, and at one of its six gates stands a triumphal arch. Among the public buildings are the cathedral, containing old mosaics and pictures of interest; the churches of Santa Maria delle Vergini, of much architectural merit, and that of Santa Maria della Pace, of the fourteenth century, and a palace of the thirteenth century, which is one of the finest specimens existing of the architecture of that age. There is a university founded, 1824, by Pope Leo XII. Macerata was built abt. 408 A.D. on the ruins of Ricina, a celebrated town of the territory of Piceno. Pop. (1907) 22,784. 66 Macfarr'en, Sir George Alexander, 1813-87; English composer; b. London; succeeded Sir William S. Bennett as Prof. of Music at Cambridge Univ., and a principal of the Royal Academy of Music, 1875; chief works in opera, "Don Quixote," "The Devil's Opera," "Robin Hood," She Stoops to Conquer," "Charles II," and "The Prince of Modena"; in oratorio, "St. John the Baptist," "Joseph," "The Resurrection," "King David"; in cantatas, "The Sleeper Awakened," "Leonard," "Christmas," "The Lady of the Lake," "Outward Bound," and music to Sophocles's "Ajax"; also composed five symphonies, several overtures, much church music, many songs and smaller works. McGee', Thomas d'Arcy, 1825-68; Canadian journalist; b. Carlingford, Ireland; became chief editor of the Pilot, Boston, Mass.; London correspondent of the Freeman's Journal, Dublin; secretary of the Irish Confederation, and an editor of The Nation. He fled to New York, 1848; afterwards settled in Montreal, where he became an ardent royalist; entered 139 MCGIFFIN MACHIAVELLI moned to the Vatican On refusing to obey ho in 1×7 he added in Parliament 1×5; chosen pres. Sent of the b.1 ecutive Council, 1964 male Minister of Agri founding the Antijaverty Mociety, and be a me quiture, 186;, denunced Fenianiam, and was ita president. A reconciliation was effected 13, and two assassinated at Ottawa, chief w rks include between 1 m and the Chur h *" (anadian Bal • O Connell and his Frien-la was restored to his rank and dignity America." " Protes la la "" Irish Mettiers in tant Reformation in Ireland," "History of Ire lan!" ~tatile I story of North America, * Mpwww hem and Addresses on the British Amet kan lake” the McGif fin, Philo Norton, 1860 08, American Chinurme naval oder, b Washington Ca, l'a. graduated at Annapolis, 1982, and bomo of a t-ly il meharged because of reduction of the navy lie went to China, 19) was appointed a pro frumur in the naval o ilege at Hentain, trans ferred to the new naval exilege at Wei hai wei, jun, of jaunted to command the ironclad Chen Jura at beginning of war with Japan 1994, was the hero of the terrible fight on the Yalu River, Peptember lith, following firal engagement between modern warsha jon was wounded, bilimind, and deafened by the premature discharge of a gun, but saved his skip the only (hibrae vreal that came out of the fight with credit, although she had been struck son) limen Refusing to our mit suicide, meux riding to custom for having suffered defeat, he went to New York, and in a moment of physical ag my because of his many woun-is, ked himmil in hompstal McGready (mħà grâ ̈!!), James, abt. 1758 W Pennsyl 1917, American clergym. A fi vania became a Pres! yterian minister in MacGregor, Johm, 1×25 92, Eng' sh travel Macha'on, in Greek myth' McGill, James, 1744 1919 Canadian philan thropist, b trang ▼, Notland, removed to fama la alt 11,9, for some time after arrival was engaged in the NW fur trade, subsequent ly be a me & merchant in Montreal He was fir many years a member of the larwet ( ana la kar, ament and afterwards of the Leginative | physican and bumulira puncila, was mainly instru mental in fusing the allege (now univer mitvi in Montreal which is named after him M-Gill Univer ́sity, educati-mal institution in Montreal Camaja, fumed 1811 by Jan va M Cecil and autumn,wenty eny -hed by many gen Lord Strathma and Mont •al pretend and eni wn! the K. val V... •ge W men tal and en' and the Maria nad }-g.new? M.. -10%m stry and Ma Maris where the v ite was w ur led by saved from death by Neator MACHINE AND RAPID-FIRE GUNS and navy. MACKENZIE See ARTILLERY; GUNNERY; MAGA almost universally condemned as designed to | ports" of the chiefs of ordnance of the army teach the vilest arts of despotism; but the researches of modern Italian scholars, and a better consideration of the political state of Italy in that age, have vindicated in some measure the name of its author from the opprobrium heaped upon it. The work is a calm and forcible exposition of the means by which tyranny may be established and sustained. Machine' and Rap'id-fire Guns, class of ordnance that has come into general use within very recent years. A machine gun is one that is loaded and fired by machinery. A rapidfire gun is distinguished from a machine gun by the fact that it is loaded by hand, and may be fired either by hand or by machinery; it is generally of larger caliber, and has but one barrel, while the machine gun may have more. In both classes there is practically no recoil. The fire of the machine gun is more rapid than that of the rapid-fire gun, but the latter delivers a comparatively rapid, well-aimed fire of large, armor-piercing projectiles, with relatively small weight of gun, while the former is generally limited in caliber to the small-arm ammunition; or, if it goes beyond this, as with the Hotchkiss revolving cannon, the weight of the gun becomes very great for the caliber. For these reasons machine guns are restricted to infantry fighting, and cannot cope with artillery. At present machine guns are preferably used on land for defensive purposes in fixed positions, such as the defense of ditches or defiles, and on shipboard they are mounted in the tops, and are intended to sweep the decks of the adversary. Rapid-fire guns are almost exclusively used in the navy against torpedo boats. By their power they are enabled to penetrate any armor that torpedo boats can carry, and by their rapidity and accuracy the chances of hitting in a given time are greatly increased. Mc'Intosh, John, 1755-1826; American soldier; b. McIntosh Co., Ga.; nephew of Lachlan McIntosh; was an officer of the Georgia line, 1775, and as lieutenant colonel defended the fort at Sunbury when it was besieged by the British. At the battle of Brier Creek, March 3, 1779, he displayed great bravery, but was forced to surrender. At the close of the war he settled in Florida, was seized and impris oned nearly a year at Havana, and then returned to Georgia. In the last months of the War of 1812 he served at Mobile. American McIntosh, Lachlan, 1725-1806; soldier; b. near Raits, Scotland; became brigadier general of Georgia troops, and accepted a command in the central army under Washington, who selected him to conduct a campaign against the Indians in the West, 1778. In 1779 he took command of the Georgia troops at Augusta, and bore an active part in After the repulse the siege of Savannah. there he retreated to Charleston, and became a prisoner of war. He was a member of Congress, 1784. Mackay (mă-ki'), Charles, 1814-89; Scottish author; b. Perth; 1834-44 was on the staff of the London Morning Chronicle; 1844-47, editor of the Glasgow Argus; 1860, established the London Review; 1862-65, was the American correspondent of the London Times. He published Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions," "The Scenery and Poetry of the English Lakes," A Man's Heart," Studies from the Antique, and Sketches from Nature," "Lost Beauties and Perishing Graces of the English Language," and several volumes of poems. Mackean (må-kēn'), Thomas, 1734-1817; signer of the Declaration of Independence; b. Londonderry, Pa.; 1765, attended the General Congress of the Colonies at New York, and was appointed Common Pleas Judge for New Castle Co., Del.; was a member of Congress from Delaware, 1774-83, and its president, 1781. In 1777 he was appointed Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, and officiated as President of the State of Delaware, for which he drew up a constitution; was Governor of Pennsylvania, 1799-1808. The machine guns embrace the Mitrailleuse, of France, the best known of the early weapons of this character, which had twenty-five barrels, grouped in parallel rows of five; the Gatling, of the U. S., consisting of a group of barrels around a central shaft; the Gardner, with two parallel barrels, side by side; the Nordenfelt, composed of from two to seven parallel barrels; the Hotchkiss, in which the barrels are made to revolve; and the Maxim, of the U. S., an automatic gun of a single barrel. Of the rapid-fire guns, the best known are the Hotchkiss, of various calibers, from the 1-pounder (1.46 in.) to the 100-pounder (6.10 in.); the Driggs-Schroeder, in which the breech block has a combined sliding and rotating movement; the Nordenfelt, in which the object of the Driggs-Schroeder is secured by different means; and the Maxim, which differs from the other guns of its class by being semiautomatic -that is, after the first fire all the operations are performed by the gun itself, except that it is necessary to introduce the cartridge by hand. Other guns of this character are the Albini, Armstrong, Canet, Gruson, and Krupp; Mackenʼzie, Sir Alexander, d. 1820; Scottish but the foregoing are types. Detailed de-explorer; b. Inverness; removed to Canada scriptions of the two forms in this class of when young; entered the service of the Northordnance the reader will find in the re- west Fur Company; passed eight years at McKees'port, city in Allegheny Co., Pa.; on the Monongahela River at the mouth of the Youghiogheny, both here navigable for steamboats; 14 m. SE. of Pittsburgh. It is the center of the greatest bituminous-coal region In the country and of the natural-gas wells; has the largest wrought-iron pipe works in the world, and manufactures of sawed lumber, locomotives, railroad cars, and glass; capital invested in "factory-system' manufacturing plants, 1905, $16.285,952; value of output, $23,054,412. Pop. (1906) 43,438. MACKENZIE on lake Athahawa, where McKINLEY there are rap le above which it is again navi be formed a project of an exjor ng expo! ti a to the N. Ocean, spent a year in Eng'and in the study of astrom my and navigat a, met out from Fort Chijjewvan, June 3 17wa withs four canoes and a party of twe've persons discovered and exp' red to lat 60° the great Mark erel, name of various salt water fishes river to wh h he gave his name, and in a sec of the genas Noomber (family Numbrudą). omd expect firm from Fort (511wwyan I mont important species in the e«mma Oktober, 17 #2 reated the Pa. 5 Okean at } rt Bret } arwan to e? ** ma kerel Roomber wombrus found in the N. Menzion, July, 1.83 Atlantic, and caught on the shores of both cun from sea to sea through (anada, kinglited, }~; Mackenzie, Alexander, 1×22 92. Canal-an statesman b near Pinkesi, Notland, re moved to Cana la 1942, texame a extractio and builder, represented E York in the Can the same in the Ibe mia Anmolly 1961 67 Maii nat for W kom l'ariament im7 2: . in the Ontario Annets,ly, 1×71 72 and was Treasurer of the province during Dat peromi He declined a seat in the Canadian ( imi, led the Ontario of jumit. n in the i-as-ta kom Parlament ise; 7), when he was elected tinenta in immense numbers, both by hooks and bria As a fresh fish the mackerel is of rich lealer of the entire reform og pum.t. ʼn of Can On the regnatin of sy jon Mada and event favor, it is also sa ted in great It affains a weight of 3 Tbs ad, Mr Mackenzie was cased on to form a quantities 11. Noven."? 7. which br thew administrată m Gravster and Yarmouth Mass are the great 19:1 taking the cwn of Frem et and. Minis centers of the mackerel fishery in the U. A ter of tabac Works which he held til he ani Markinac (mak'] nA), v "lage in Mackinas hia Cal-net resigned 49in in eximamen sarto uf Co, M ̈% on Ma-a nar 1 and lake Hurun The is ani the Cummervatives being returned to f N. of Marka tra.t met wie, was a pare of ms-20 3 m long by 2 m It was art ime juurtan e in the excom.al per. »f .mary sta tied by the Fren h. male a captured and its in'atian's ma a sored by * s* ac, 17x! and captured by the 1 in and is a jași af f has a god harter, and has large ex et Mackensie, Alexander Slidell, 1×03 48, kan haval fer. b New York, name 1 that of a kinzie was a 191; merved in the Mexi-terranean the W the Hrani: an waters and the Pa in ing he emmanžel the big Nimers, and ཧཱུྃ་ཎྜ་༦ imha passage from the mast of existem of a most uni ནསན་ངོས་།,།ཚ སློབ ལ དོན ཞ t 4 on board was da M-K.nley, William, 1843 191, twenty fifth Pra ent of the i, bNew am M " Morell, |