LEE chief of the expedition against the whisky insurgents, 1794; and again a member of Congress, 1799. In his celebrated eulogy on Washington, prepared by direction of Congress, occur the words," First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." In 1809 he was confined for debt in Spottsylvania Co., Va., and wrote his "Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department." Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-94; American statesman; b. Stratford, Va.; son of Thomas Lee; was early chosen to the House of Burgesses, where he at once took a commanding position on the side of popular rights, and was in Congress, 1774–79, 1784-85, and 1787. He was the author of the famous motion of June 7, 1776, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States," etc., and advocated the Declaration of Independence in a bold and brilliant speech. During 1780 he was for a portion of the time in the field at the head of the militia of Westmoreland Co. He was U. S. Senator from Virginia, 1789-92, and, though not a Federalist, supported the administration of Washing ton with zeal. Lee, Robert Edward, 1807-70; American military officer; b. Stratford, Va.; son of Gen. Henry Lee; was graduated at West Point and assigned to the engineers, 1829; chief engineer on the staff of Gen. Scott in the Mexican War; superintendent of the Military Academy, 1852-55; promoted colonel, 1861; resigned on the secession of Virginia; and was made commander of the Confederate forces in Vir ginia with the rank of major general. He took no important part in the war for more than a year. On June 3, 1862, he was given command of the Army of N. Virginia, and on the 26th began against the Union army under McClellan the Seven Days' battle, which resulted in its virtual abandonment of the siege of Richmond. After the defeat of Pope at the second battle of Bull Run, August 29th and 30th, Lee entered on the invasion of Maryland, which was baffled by McClellan at Antietam, September 16th and 17th. He then recrossed the Potomac into Virginia, and, having taken possession at Fredericksburg, was attacked on December 13th by Burnside, who was signally defeated. Hooker, Burnside's successor, turned Lee's left flank, and gained his rear. Then ensued the battle of Chancellorsville, May 2-4, 1863, in which Hooker was worsted. Having gathered all the available forces in the Carolinas and Virginia, Lee moved into Pennsylvania, and fought the battle of Gettysburg with the Union army under Meade, July 1st-3d. On the first day, when only parts of each army were present, the Confederates gained decided advantages. Those gained by them on the second were apparent rather than real. On the third day they met with a sig nal repulse. Lee, closely followed by Meade, retreated into Virginia and took position on the Rapidan, where, having lost about half his army in the campaign, he remained during the following winter. Meade's offensive movement in November was easily checked. When the spring campaign of 1864 opened, LEECH LAKE Lee had about 60,000 men strongly intrenched on the S. bank of the Rapidan. To combat these Grant had about 140,000. On May 4th Grant moved to turn the Confederate army by the right. The Rapidan was crossed without opposition, and the army proceeded to the S. The line of march lay through the W. verge of the Wilderness. Lee attacked his opponent while moving through this wooded region, and the bloody but indecisive battle of the Wilderness followed, May 5th and 6th. Grant undertook to outflank Lee by marching that place first, where his forces intrenched on Spottsylvania Courthouse. Lee reached themselves, and severe fighting ensued, which 12th. On the 18th Grant moved S. from Spottculminated in another indecisive battle on May sylvania, and Lee was gradually forced back toward Richmond until the close of May, when the Confederates stood at bay, strongly intrenched, on the Chickahominy. Grant's attack on June 3d at Cold Harbor was signally repulsed. On June 12th Grant marched down the Chickahominy to the James, which he crossed, and took up a position near Petersburg, from which the S. communications of Richmond could be assailed. Lee crossed the Chickahominy and the James, and undertook the defense of the Confederate capital. The subsequent operations in Virginia thereupon resolved themselves mainly into the siege and defense of Petersburg. This lasted until April, 1865, when, Grant having fairly passed around the extreme right of the Confederate defenses, and having broken through the lines, Lee abandoned Petersburg and Richmond, April 2d. The Confederate army retreated and was closely pursued by Grant. On the 9th Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse. The list of paroled prisoners contained 27,805 names, but of these hardly a third had arms. Although Lee had in February been appointed general in chief, with the command of all the forces of the Confederacy, the capitulation only applied to the army in Virginia; but the surrender of this army virtually brought the war to a close. After the war Lee retired into private life. In October, 1865, he became president of Washington College, at Lexington, Va., the name of which was after his death changed to Washington and Lee Univ. Leech, John, 1817-64; English illustrator and draughtsman; b. London; began his artistic career by making lithographic drawings illustrating "Bell's Life in London," and in 1837 illustrated Theodore Hook's story, "Jack Legends," "Punch's Pocketbook," and Surtee's Brag." His etchings for Barham's "Ingoldsby sporting novels, extended his reputation. He made woodcuts for Hood's Comic Annual, Dicken's "Christmas Carol," Gilbert à Becket's 'Comic History of England" (in which were also some etchings), the periodical Once a Week, etc. He worked for Punch for twenty years, his last drawing appearing November 5, 1864. Leech Lake, body of water in the N. part of Cass Co., Minn.; is about 20 m. long, 16 m. wide, and discharges its waters into the Mississippi by the Leech Lake River. LEECH Leech, any one of the members of the order Hirudinei. Leeches have an elongate flattened body (nearly cylindrical in a few), terminated at either end by a sucking disk. The mouth is in the center of the anterior sucker, and in the jawed leeches it is surrounded by three radiating jaws, each of which is double, the halves Jes 1. LEECH. 2. ANTERIOR EXTREMITY MAGNIFIED. 3. JAW DETACHED. 4. PART OF BELLY MAGNIFIED. each resembling a segment of a circular saw. By means of these the leech makes the incisions through the skin which were so familiar in the days when blood letting was regarded as a panacea for every ill. Two kinds of sense organs occur a varying number of eyes on the front segment and organs possibly of taste or smell on the other segments. The sexes are united in the same individual. Leeds, town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on the river Aire; 55 m. W. of Hull. It is a parliamentary and municipal borough, and a county in itself. The public buildings include the Royal Exchange, Corn Exchange, Municipal Art Gallery and Museum, Coliseum, General Infirmary, Yorkshire College, grammar school (founded, 1552), Mechanics Institution, and the parish church, St. Peter's. Leeds is the chief center of the woolen manufacture of the United Kingdom. Owing to iron and coal mines in the vicinity, it manufactures locomotives, engines, mill machinery, steam plows, etc. Brass founding is a considerable industry. Boots and shoes, cigars, chemicals, terra cotta wares, and faïence are among other articles produced. Leeds has easy access by water to Liverpool and Hull by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Aire and Calder navigation. Estimated pop. of municipal borough (1908) 477,107. Leeuwarden (lö'wär-den), capital of Friesland, Netherlands; 10 m. from the sea, 70 m. NE. of Amsterdam; is intersected by numerous canals; contains the Stadhuis, royal palace, government house, palace of justice, orphanage, exchange, and many benevolent and educational institutions; has manufactures of linen, paper, musical instruments, and gold and silver LEFEBVRE-DESNOUETTES ware, and a considerable trade in cattle, swine, butter, flax, and spirits. Pop. (1907) 35,189. Leeuwenhoek (lö'wen-hôk), Antonius van, 1632-1723; Dutch naturalist; b. Delft; was originally a merchant and afterwards an optical instrument maker; was among the first to employ the microscope in anatomical and physiological investigations, of which he made a great number by means of simple microscopes of his own construction. He was particularly distinguished for his discovery of the red globules of the blood, 1673, of the infusorial animalcules, 1675, and of the spermatozoa; 1677. Lee'ward Is'lands, colony of Great Britain; in the W. Indies, N. of the Windward Islands colony. The colony was created, 1871, and embraces the islands of Antigua, St. Kitts, Dominica, Montserrat, and the British portion of the Virgin Islands, with their dependencies (Barbuda, Redonda, Nevis, Anguilla, etc.); area, 701 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 127,536; seat of government, Antigua. Lefébure-Wély (lė-fa-bür'-va-lē'), Louis Jacques Alfred, 1817-70; French organist and composer; b. Paris; was one of the greatest organ players of the French school; compositions include an opera, a cantata, three masses, three symphonies for orchestra, upward of 200 pieces for the pianoforte, and numerous organ pieces in all styles. Lefebvre (lė-favr'), François Joseph (Duke of Danzig), 1755-1820; marshal; b. Ruffach, Alsace; became general of division, 1794; distinguished himself especially at the battle of Fleurus; on June 4, 1796, he led the van of Kléber's army against the Austrian position at Altenkirchen; on March 25, 1799, at Stockach, successfully resisted for several hours with 8,000 men a force of 36,000 Austrians; aided Bonaparte to overturn the Directory; became a senator, and, 1804, marshal. At Jena he commanded the foot guards. Danzig surrendered to him, May 24, 1807, after a siege of fifty-one days, and he was made duke. He subsequently served in Spain, at Eckmühl and Wagram, and in Russia as commander of the Imperial Brigade. His most brilliant exploit was his campaign in Spain, 1808. took Bilbao, and defeated the British under Blake on November 7th. In 1814 he commanded the left wing of the army opposing the invasion of the allies, but after the abdication of Napoleon he submitted to the Bourbons, and was made a peer by Louis XVIII. He Lefebvre-Desnouettes (-dã-nô-ět’), Charles (Count), 1773-1822; French soldier; b. Paris; distinguished himself at Austerlitz; became general of division, 1808; began the siege of Saragossa, but soon joined the corps of Bessières; and was taken prisoner and sent to England. While on parole he escaped, and, 1809, commanded the chasseurs against Austria; greatly contributed to the victory of Bautzen, May 21, 1813; and finally fought with great intrepidity at Fleurus and Waterloo. Having deserted the Bourbons on Napoleon's return from Elba, he was after the second restoration condemned to death and fled to the LEFUEL U. S., where he attempted to found a colony of French refugees at the South. He received 150,000 fr. under Napoleon's will, and was shipwrecked off the Irish coast. Lefuel (lė-fü-ěl'), Hector Martin, 1810-80; French architect; b. Versailles; became architect of the palaces of Meudon and Fontainebleau, chief architect of the national palaces, and Prof. in the School of Fine Arts; built the Palace of Fine Arts for the Exposition of 1855, and completed the new Louvre, 1857, after modifying the plans of Visconti. Leg, any limb of an animal that is used in supporting the body, and in walking and running; in a narrower sense that part of the human limb from the knee to the foot. The human leg has two bones, the inner called the tibia or shin bone, the outer called the fibula or clasp bone. The tibia is much the larger of the two, and above is connected with the thigh bone to form the knee joint, the fibula being attached to the outer side of its head. In front of the knee joint, situated within a tendon, is the knee cap or patella. The lower end of the tibia and of the fibula enter into the ankle joint, the weight being conducted to the foot by the tibia. (See FOOT.) In the foreleg are muscles which extend the foot, and on the back of the leg are two large muscles which form the bulk of the calf of the leg, and which unite in a thick tendon, the tendon Achilles. These muscles are used in walking, jumping, etc. LEGHORN Retrospective Reviews," "The Quest of the Golden Girl," "If I Were God." He traveled and lectured in the U. S., 1898. Legʻate, in ancient Rome, the title given to an ambassador, or to the lieutenant of the supreme civil and military magistrate; in ecclesiastical history, the title of the representative of the pope in his intercourse with sovereigns or with national churches. At present the resident ambassadors or legates of the Holy See near first-class powers are called nuncios, and those at second-rate courts internuncio. Legazpe (la-gǎth'pā), Miguel Lopez de, 151072; Spanish commander; b. Zumarraga, Guipúzcoa; went to Mexico, where for several years he was chief secretary of the city government; commanded an expedition fitted out by the viceroy, Velasco, for the conquest of the Philippines, 1564. The first Spanish settlement, called San Miguel, was founded at Zebú, and various expeditions were made to the other islands. The conquest of Luzon was begun 1570, and, 1571, Legazpe founded Manila. Legendre (lė-zhändr'), Adrien Marie, 17521833; French mathematician; b. Paris; became professor in the Military School of Paris, 1774; succeeded D'Alembert in the French Academy, 1783, and, 1787, was appointed, with Cassini and Méchain, to connect the observatories of Greenwich and Paris by a series of triangles. In 1794 he published his chief work, “Eléments de géométrie," which has been translated into all languages. Legge (lég), James, 1815-97; Scottish sinologist; b. Huntley, Aberdeenshire; went as missionary to the Chinese, 1839; returned to England, 1873, and, 1875, was made Prof. of the Chinese Language and Literature at Oxford; and Character of Confucius," "The Religions of China," and some minor works. Leg'acy, gift of personal property by will. In Rome a legacy was an injunction to an heir to give or pay to a third person a part of the inheritance; in American law, it is a bequest of goods or chattels by testament. Such testamentary disposition must be admin-published "The Chinese Classics," "The Life istered by the executor or other representative of the testator, though the legatee acquires an inchoate right to the legacy under the will itself. Legacies are general, specific, or demonstrative. A legacy is general when it does not bequeath a particular thing or part of the estate by distinguishing it from all others of the same kind, as the gift of a horse without indicating any particular horse. A legacy is specific when it refers by particular description to a certain chattel, showing an intention that the legatee shall have the very thing, and not an equivalent value. Demonstrative legacies are such as are general in their nature, but to be satisfied out of a particular fund. A legacy lapses if the legatee die before the testator, or if after his death, yet before the contingency happened upon which the legacy was to vest. Statutes in many of the states extend the benefit of legacies to the lineal descendants or other heirs of legatees; and the consequences of lapse may always be avoided by special provisions in Leg'horn (Italian, LIVORNO), capital of province of Leghorn, Italy; on a tongue of land between the mouth of the Calambrone on the N. and the lowest spur of the Tuscan Apennines on the S.; 62 m. WSW. of Florence. A navigable canal connects it with the Arno, which enters the sea 7 m. N. of the town, and smaller canals intersect it in various directions. There are two harbors, the old and the new, the latter-S. of the former and overlooked by the large lighthouse-being capable of receiving vessels of heavy tonnage, and even ships of war. The first notices of Leghorn are of the ninth century, and relate to the building of a church there, but it had little importance for a long time. At the close of the fourteenth century it was under the protection of the French king, who, 1407, sold it and its territory to Genoa for 26.000 gold ducats. Genoa ceded it, 1421, to Florence for 100,000 gold florins, and this republic, aware of the value Le Gallienne (lẻ găl'yen), Richard, 1865- of her new possession, spared no pains to in; English author; b. Birkenhead; works crease its prosperity. Under the Medici the include "Volumes in Folio," George Mere- harbor was improved, the fortifications were dith: Some Characteristics,” “The Book Bills | strengthened, and exceptional privileges and of Narcissus," "English Poems," "The Relig- immunities granted to the inhabitants; relig ion of a Literary Man," "Prose Fancies," ious toleration was also established, so that "Robert Louis Stevenson, and other Poems," | merchants of all nations flocked thither. To the will. LEGION ward the end of the eighteenth century Leghorn fell into the hands of the French, who impoverished it by forced contributions and forced loans, from which it recovered but slowly. It has a beautiful cathedral and a costly synagogue. The import trade embraces cotton, wool, cutlery, hardware, etc., and colonial products generally. The export trade is in silks, straw hats, borax, coral, and many of its own manufactures, which consist chiefly of oil, soap, tobacco, salt, etc. Pop. (1901) 98,321. Le'gion, military organization of the ancient Romans, combining all the constituent elements of an army, and numbering from about 3,000 to about 6,000 men. LEIBNITZ man (beans, peas, vetches, soy, lupines, peanuts, etc.) or for domestic animals (clover, alfalfa, vetches, sanfoin, etc.), wood for fuel or construction (locust, rosewood, mora, wattles, etc.), dyes (indigo, red sandalwood, camwood, Brazil wood, logwood, etc.), gums (tragacanth, kino, tolu, copal, copaiva, acacia, etc.), medicines (species of Acacia, Cassia, Astragalus, Tamarindus, Glycyrrhiza, etc.), ornamental plants (species of Lupinus, Lathyrus, | Wistaria, Robinia, Phaseolus, Acacia, Mimosa, etc.). Lehigh (lē'hi) Riv'er, stream in Pennsylvania; rises in Pike Co.; traverses a region remarkable for its beauty and famous for its great production of anthracite coal; passes the Blue Ridge at Mauch Chunk, and at Easton unites with the Delaware; is nearly 100 m. long, and for 70 m. has been improved for slack-water navigation. Lehigh Univer'sity, institution founded and endowed by Asa Packer, of Mauch Chunk, Pa.; located at S. Bethlehem, in the midst of the great engineering, metallurgical, and mining industries of Pennsylvania. It comprises a school of literature, having three courses of study, the classical, the Latin scientific, and Leg'islature, law-making body of a national or state government. In modern constitutional the course in science and letters; and a school countries there prevails a threefold division of of technology, which has six distinct courses, the functions of government: (1) The legis- civil engineering, mechanical engineering, minlative department, or legislature, which makes ing and metallurgy, electrical engineering, the laws and exercises more or less complete chemistry, and architecture. There are five control over their administration, especially buildings devoted to the general purposes of with regard to public finance; (2) the judi- instruction, and also a chapel, a library buildciary department, or the courts, which expounding, an astronomical observatory, and a gymand apply the laws; and (3) the administrative department, or the executive, which enforces them. For the composition of national legislatures, see articles on the countries. See CONGRESS; REPRESENTATION. Legna'no, town in Italy, province of Milan, about 17 m. NW. of the city of Milan; is famous for the victory won by the Lombard League over the Emperor Frederick I, May, 1176. So complete was the success of the league that Frederick concluded the Peace of Venice in the following year, and subsequently the Treaty of Constance (1183), substantially guaranteeing the independence of the cities. Pop. of commune (1901) 16,668. Legumin (lē-gü'min), one of the vegetable proteids, or, as they are sometimes called, albuminoids; is very similar in its chemical properties and composition to animal casein, the substance of cheese-that is, of curd of milk-occurs extensively throughout the vegetable kingdom, but is more especially found in various kinds of seeds and nuts; derives its name from the fact that, with starch, it makes up almost the whole substance of the seeds of leguminous plants, such as peas and beans. Legumino'sæ, family of dicotyledonous flowering plants, with alternate, stipulate leaves, separate and mostly irregular petals, a single simple ovary (rarely 2-15 ovaries), in fruit producing a legume (i.e., a beanlike pod), The species (7,000) present numerous exceptions to these characters. Many species are of great economic importance, yielding food for nasium. The university has about 60 professors and instructors, over 700 students in all departments, about 123,000 volumes in its library, scientific apparatus valued at $100,000, grounds and buildings, $1,250,000, and productive funds, $1,065,000. Leibnitz (līp'nits), Gottfried Wilhelm, 16461716; German philosopher and mathematician; b. Leipzig; son of the actuary of the university; took the doctor's degree in law at Altdorf, 1666, and declined a professorship in the university; removed to Frankfort, 1667, where he published his famous essay, " New Method of Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence"; was appointed by the elector a member of the Court of Appeals, 1670; was especially interested at this time (and subsequently) in effecting a reconciliation between Protestants and Roman Catholics. To the German electors he submitted a memorial, counseling a united Germany as the only means of giving peace to Europe, and in order to divert Louis XIV from mak ing war with Germany submitted in person a memorial, pointing out the conquest of Egypt as the key to India and the humiliation of Holland. Napoleon afterwards carried out the scheme in order to threaten Great Britain's power in the East. During a residence in Paris he was initiated by Cassini and Huyghens into deep mathematical studies that resulted in the discovery of the differential calculus, 1676. In 1676 Leibnitz took an office at the court of the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who, 1678, conferred on him the rank of counselor, and later made him LEICESTER 66 custodian of the Wolfenbüttel Library. In | 1698, at the request of his former pupil, the Princess Sophia, he removed to Berlin, and there established the scientific society which grew into the Univ. of Berlin. The great literary work of his life, a history of the House of Brunswick, occupied much of his time after 1687. His other works include Theory of Concrete Motion," " Theory of Abstract Motion," " Essay of Theodicea on the Goodness of God, the Liberty of Man, and the Origin of Evil," "New Essays on the Human Understanding," Preëstablished Harmony," "Monadology (1714), in which he developed his metaphysical system, "De Arte Combinatoria." Leibnitz's writings are astonishing for their number and variety. His unpublished manuscripts fill the whole side of one of the rooms of the Hanoverian library, and range over the subjects of law, history, theology, speculative philosophy, mathematics, and all the natural sciences. There is scarcely a branch of human knowledge which his wonderful mind did not explore and enrich. Leicester (les'ter), Robert Dudley (Earl of), 1533-88; British courtier; son of the Duke of Northumberland; became the favorite of Queen Elizabeth, who created him Earl of Leicester, 1564, and, 1566, proposed his marriage with the Queen of Scots, but later his secret marriage with the widow of Essex aroused the anger of the queen. He was sent to the Low Countries as captain general, 1585 and 1587, but displayed no capacity; was, 1588, generalissimo of the troops raised on the threatened invasion of the Spanish Armada. Leicester, capital of Leicestershire, England; on the Soar River; 97 m. NNW. of London; is a parliamentary and municipal borough and a county in itself; is well built, and has many wide and attractive streets; is the center of a great agricultural and wool-raising district, and is principally engaged in the manufacture of hosiery, boots and shoes, and elastic fabrics. The old townhall is supposed to occupy the site of a hall which belonged to a guild of Corpus Christi, and contains, with some old carvings, stained glass supposed to be of Henry VII's time. The new townhall (1874-75) is an extensive edifice in the Queen Anne style. Among the chief remains of Leicester Castle, which existed before the Conquest, is a portion of the Great Norman Hall in which several parliaments were held in the fifteenth century. On the N. side of the Newark (New Wark), an area added to the castle by Henry, Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby, father-in-law of John of Gaunt, is Trinity Hospital, founded by him, 1330, for fifty old men and five women as their nurses. Wyggeston's Hospital for twelve men and twelve women and three chaplains was founded, 1513, by William Wyggeston, and rebuilt on a new site. To the N. of the borough and on the bank of the Soar are the remains of Leicester Abbey, founded 1143, where, 1530, Cardinal Wolsey came to ask "a little earth for charity," and, dying, was buried in the precinct. St. Nicholas, the oldest of the churches, dedicated abt. 1224, is an example of very rude early Norman. St. LEIGHTON Margaret's, a beautiful stone edifice erected 1444, is Early English and Perpendicular. Leicester was a Roman station, and many remains of the Roman occupation have been discovered in it. The castle, said to have been founded 914, and to have been rebuilt after the Conquest, had fallen into such dilapidation that when Richard III passed through the town on the eve of the battle of Bosworth, he preferred sleeping at the Blue Boar, a hostelry long since destroyed. In the Civil War Leicester held for the Parliament, was taken by the Royalists, and retaken by Fairfax. Its modern history presents few features of interest. Est. pop. (1908) 240,172. Leichhardt (lich'härt), Ludwig, 1813-(probably) 1848; German explorer; b. Trebatsch, Prussia; traveled through Italy, France, and England, and went, 1841, to Australia, where he made a great name for himself as an explorer. The results of his first minor travels were published in "Beiträge zur Geologie von Australia." His large tour from Moreton Bay on the E. coast to Port Essington on the N. coast (1844-46), he described in his "Journal of an Overland Expedition in Australia from Moreton Bay to Port Essington." In December, 1847, he started on a still greater expedition across the continent from E. to W., but the last report which came from him was dated Fitzroy Downs, April 8, 1848, and later researches have confirmed that he perished on the trip. Leiden (li'den). See LEYDEN. Leif Erikson (lef ĕr'ik-sun), or Er'icsson, abt. 970-1021; Norse navigator, son of Eric the Red. About the end of the tenth century he went from Greenland to Norway, where he was converted to Christianity, which, upon his return, he introduced into Greenland. Abt. 1000 A.D. he sailed W. with an exploring party to seek the land sighted, but not explored, some years before by Bjarne Herjulfson, and discovered the continent of N. America, which he called Markland ("Woodland ”), or Vinland (“Wineland "), on account of the abundance of wild grapes growing there. He is supposed to have landed in Labrador, Newfoundland, or on the New England coast, and he may have established a colony on the latter. His voyages, as narrated in the Icelandic sagas, are confirmed by the historian Adam of Bremen. A monument to "Leif the Discov. erer was erected in Boston, Mass., 1887. Leighton (lä'ton), Frederick (Lord), 1830–96; English historical, genre, and portrait painter; b. Scarborough; studied in Berlin, Florence, Frankfort, Brussels, and Paris; exhibited "The Procession of Cimabue's Madonna" at the Royal Academy, London, 1855. It was bought by the queen, and after that he studied in Paris four years under Ary Scheffer; became a Royal Academician, 1869; knighted, 1878, when he was elected president; created baronet, 1885; made an officer of the Legion of Honor, 1878; corresponding member of the Institute of France; member of the Academy of St. Luke, Rome, and Academy of Florence; elevated to the peerage, 1896; was a distin |