g concerns that do no meat packing-decreased between 1900 and 1904, the lue of products increased except in the case of wholesale slaughtering, for hich a decrease is reported. The value of products for the combined slaughterg industries in 1904 was 27.8 per cent of the value of all products manufactutred the district, and over four times the output of the selected industry next in nk. The average number of wage earners engaged in the manufacture of undry and machine shop products and of clothing exceeded the average numer employed in the slaughtering houses. Many industries, moreover, had a rger number of establishments than this important industry.

The manufacture of clothing was second in rank among the leading industries 1904. This industry is also wholly within the city. It is segregated into men's othing and women's clothing, and has had a large increase since 1900.

The third industry in rank was the iron and steel industry, for which the strict is well situated, being convenient to the coal fields of Illinois and the iron re regions of Lake Superior. Of the value of iron and steel products over 95 per ent was credited to Chicago, the remainder being widely distributed throughout me district. no gruseli

An allied industry, the manufacture of foundry and machine shop products, as fourth in rank in value of products and first in the average number of wage arners. Printing and publishing ranked next and was followed by an industry or which the district is prominent the manufacture of steam railroad cars.

The Philadelphia distriot comprises an area of 501 square miles, of which the ity of Philadelphia covers an area of 130 square miles. The population of the district in 1900 was 1,537,994, that of the city 1,298,697. The The Philadel- number of establishments in the district in 1905 was 7,780, of hia District. which 7,087 were in the city of Philadelphia. The capital invested in 1905 was $622,081,779, of which $520,178,654 was inside he city. The average number of wage earners was 261,456, 228,899 of them nside the city. The total of wages paid was $123,093,436, $107,640,307 inside the ity. The value of products was $677,781,117, of which $591,388,078 was inside he city.

The textile industries are the characteristic manufactures of the district, and of these the manufacture of worsted goods was the most important, rated by value of products. There were, during 1900, 700 textile factories, which toether reported a value of products amounting to $119,871,184, or 20.6 per cent of the total for all industries. In 1904 the number was 693, and the value of products had increased to $128,343,320, or 18.9 per cent of the total. The proporional decrease shown is due to the decrease in several of the industries included, woollen goods and the dyeing and finishing of textiles leading in this respect. The textile industries gave employment to more wage earners than any other group of industries in the district, the average number in 1900 being 70,084 and in 1904 67,334.

Among the textiles, worsted goods led in value of products, and had, in addition, the greatest percentage of increase, but the manufacture of hosiery and knit goods required the employment of the largest average number of wage earners. Carpets and rugs, an industry that cannot be shown separately for the district, because there were less than three establishments outside of Philadelphia, ranked second in value of products, the total for Philadelphia alone being $25,232,510.

Ranking next to the textile group, but exceeding any single textile industry in every item, was the manufacture of foundry and machine shop products. More wage earners were employed in this than in any other single industry shown in the selected list. In a district with a great number of textile and other factories requiring machinery, the high rank of this industry is not unlooked for; the demands for the products of these shops, however, are not by any means entirely from within the district, for this industry includes the manufacture of locomotives, for which Philadelphia is noted, and that of stoves and furnaces.

The refining of sugar, an industry attracted to the seaboard where imports can be easily handled, ranked third among the industries of the district, according to value of products. In average number of wage earners it was relatively low in rank. This industry was wholly within the city of Philadelphia.

Printing and publishing ranked fourth in value of products. Of its branches newspapers and periodicals had the greatest value of products, but the book and job work had the greatest average number of wage earners.

The area of Boston city in 1905 was 38 square miles and that of the outlying district 464 square miles, making a total of 502 square miles for the district.

The population of Boston in 1900 was 560,892, and the population The Boston of the other cities and towns in the district 688,612, making a total District. population for the district of 1,249,504. The area added to Boston Jaisy to form the industrial district is therefore a little more than twelve times as great as the area of the city, and the population of the added area is about one and one-fourth times that of Boston. In 1905, according to the state census, the population of the city was 595,380 and that of the district 1,354,653. anf The number of establishments in the district in 1905 was 4,870, of which 2,747 were in the city of Boston. The capital invested was $311,088,956, $131,562,822 being inside the city. The average number of wage earners was 160,481, of whom 59,180 were in the city of Boston. The total of wages paid was $83,864,219, of which $31,873,185 was paid in the city. The value of products was $457,254,360, the value for the products of the city being $184,351,163.

The boot and shoe industry, the leading industry of the district, was of greater importance outside of the city of Boston than in the city proper, since Boston had only 16.8 per cent of the product.

Another of the principal manufactures was rubber boots and shoes, and all of the establishments engaged in this industry were located outside of Boston.

A feature that is noteworthy in this time of localization of slaughtering and meat packing near the great grazing grounds is the presence-mostly in Cambridge and Somerville-of that business as a leading industry.

Only a comparatively small proportion of the textile industry of the state was reported for the district; a great centre of this manufacture lies within the surrounding cities and towns. Boston itself had only 17 factories engaged in the manufacture of textiles. These establishments employed 1,751 wage earners and produced an output valued at $4,115,503.

Other principal industries include the printing and publishing of newspapers, periodicals, books and music; the tanning, currying and finishing of leather; the manufacture of foundry and machine shop products, of clothing, and of electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies. The leather industry is an industry accompanying the boot and shoe industry; nearly all of the establishments are located outside of Boston, most of them being in the smaller cities and towns.

The city of Allegheny became a part of the city of Pittsburg on December 6, 1907, but as the statistics herein shown are for 1900 and 1905, when the cities

The Pittsburg-
Allegheny District.

were separate, it is deemed proper to refer to them as the statistics of Fittsburg-Allegheny. The total area of this district was 198 square miles, Pittsburg embracing 29 square miles and Allegheny 7, and the remainder, or 162 square miles, being in the boroughs and townships outside of the central cities. The population of this district in 1900 was 623,342, of which Pittsburg-Allegheny had 451,512, or 72.4 per cent. The number of establishments in the district in 1905 was 1,859, of which 1,562 were in Pittsburg-Allegheny. The capital invested was $443,889,824, of which $260,765,394 was in Pittsburg-Allegheny. The average number of wage earners was 106,064, of whom 71,618 were in Pittsburg-Allegheny. The total of wages paid was $60,920,554, $39,805,046 being paid in Pittsburg-Allegheny. The value of the products was $383,490,468, of which $211,259,153 was paid in Pittsburg-Allegheny.

The iron and steel industries are the predominant ones in the district. Of the total value of products for all kinds of industries, $233,371,972, or 60.9 per cent, was returned for these industries, nearly the whole, or $222,182,110, of this being the value of the products of blast furnaces and steel works and rolling mills. Apparent decreases in production are shown for two of the classificationsstructural ironwork and all other industries-but this is due primarily to a change in classification from one census to the other. In 1904 some plants that were otherwise classified in 1900 were included with the "iron and steel" industry. Nevertheless, there was a decrease in the number of establishments, as a result of the concentration of concerns.

The difference between the enormous output of the fron and steel Industries and the products of the industry next in rank is very great. The allied industry of foundry and machine shop products had a value of $24,436,440 in 1904. For purposes of comparison, establishments making locomotives and those manufacturing stoves and furnaces, not including gas and oil stoves, are included with foundries and machine shops, since they were so included in 1900. A slight decrease in products is apparent here also. Of the large industries, electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies and slaughtering show big gains notwithstanding the business depression; while for the industry of cars, which as here shown includes railroad repair shops, a decrease is registered.

Glass is not an important industry in the district, its prominence being in the surrounding municipalities; and petroleum refining is even less noticeable. The industries that are planted and flourish merely because of the aggregation of people in their immediate neighborhood may be noted among the selected industries; and most of them show evidences of prosperity.

There are 206 square miles in the industrial district of St. Louis, of which 61 square miles are in the city. In 1900 the population of this district was 638,134; of this total 575,238, or 90.1 per cent, was credited to the The St. Louis city of St. Louis. The number of establishments in the district District. in 1905 was 2,603, of which 2,482 were in the city of St. Louis. The capital invested was $289,133,806, of which $265,936,570 was in the city of St. Louis. The average number of wage earners was 91,684, of whom 82,698 were in the city. The total of wages paid was $47,366,813, of which $42,642,358 was paid in the city. The value of products was $319,709,859, of which $267,307,038 was for the products of the city.

The leading industry shown in 1905 was wholesale slaughtering and meat packing. Of the value of these products 70.2 per cent was reported for the district just outside of St. Louis. The manufacture of tobacco was second in rank, and furnished employment for almost as many wage earners as the slaughtering and meat packing industry; its output, however, was valued at a little more than one-half of the value of products for the foremost industry, and had more wage earners than either of the industries preceding it in value of products. Other industries of importance in value of products, and especially in number of wage earners., include boots and shoes, cars, foundry and machine shop products and the iron and steel manufacture.

The Baltimore industrial district covers an area of 246 square miles, and in 1900 had a population of 568,653. The city of Baltimore embraces an area of 30 square miles, and its population in 1900 was 508,957, or 42.8 The Baltimore per cent of the total for the state. The number of establishDistrict. ments in the district in 1905 was 2,243, of which 2,163 were in the city of Baltimore. The capital invested was $166,770,882, of which $148,763,503 was in the city of Baltimore. The average number of wage

The third largest city of Norway is Trondhjem, which on December 1, 1910, had a population of 45,228.

rners was 71,432, of whom 65,224 were in the city. The total of wages paid s $28,924,307, of which $25,633,550 was paid in the city. The value of products s $202,659,272, of which $151,546,580 was paid in the city.

The manufacture of clothing was the foremost industry. Its products were lued at $22,630,358, and it gave employment to 10,297 wage earners. Next in tput valued at over $12,500,000. The largest establishments were located at arrow Point, about six miles from the corporate limits of Baltimore.

The smelting and refining of copper was really the leading industry for the strict, but the totals can not be shown without disclosing the operations of indidual establishments. The industry was located at Canton, just outside of Balmore. Other leading industries which can not be shown without disclosures are ke, cotton goods, refining of petroleum and shipbuilding.

he Cincinnati istrict.

This district embraces an area of 151 square miles, of which 42 square miles the area of Cincinnati. Besides Cincinnati there are in the district two cities of sufficient population to be shown by specified industries in 1905-Covington and Newport, in Kentucky-one having over 42,000 and the other over 28,000 inhabitants in 1900. The population of the district in 1900 was 473,282; of this 325,902, or 68.9 er cent, were in Cincinnati. The number of establishments in the district in 905 was 2,600, of which 2,171 were in Cincinnati. The capital invested was $170,69,226, of which $130,271,811 was inside the city. The average number of wage arners was 72,735, of whom 58,584 were in the city. The total of wages paid was $33,383,730, of which $27,389,569 was paid in the city. The value of the roducts was $203,095,605, of which $166,059,050 was in the city.

The leading industry for the district in 1904 was liquors, distilled, representng 58.7 per cent of the product. Cincinnati had 79.7 per cent of the total roduct for the district and 75.2 per cent of the distilled. Another of the prinipal manufactures was clothing. Soap was a prominent industry, but it can not -e shown separately for the district.

Among the other leading industries were foundry and machine shop products nd slaughtering, with products valued at substantially the same, between $13,00,000 and $14,000,000; boots and shoes, having products valued at over $10,000,00; printing and publishing, with an output valued at more than $8,000,000, and arriages and wagons, tobacco and furniture, with products of over $6,000,000 piece.

The population of the district in 1900 was 420,508 and that of the city alone 381,768, or 90.8 per cent of the total. The area of the district was 200 square miles, of which the city had 39. or 19.5 per cent. The number The Cleveland of establishments in the district in 1905 was 1,720, of which 1,616 District. were in the city. The capital invested was $164,691,287, of which $156,321,095 was inside the city. The average number of wage earners was 66,801, of whom 64,041 were in the city. The total of wages paid was $35,356,918, of which $33,450,303 was paid in the city. The value of products was $179,184,277, of which $171,923,636 was paid in the city.

The iron and steel industry was the chief manufacture in the Cleveland district. The output was nearly $50,000,000, and more than 13,000 wage earners were employed, this number being approached in no other industry save that of foundry and machine shop products, which was second in rank, with about half as large an output as that of the combined branches of the iron and steel manufacture. Clothing and slaughtering and meat packing, two industries both located wholly within the city, ranked third and fourth, respectively, with values between $10,000,000 and $10,500,000. Among other important selected industries were petroleum refining, textiles and automobiles. The last named industry had the wonderful growth of nearly thirtyfold in the four and one-half years between the censuses. The printing and publishing industry had nearly $6,000,000 in value of products.

The area of the industrial district of Buffalo is 201 square miles, and its population in 1900 was 385,498. Of the area, Buffalo has 42 square miles, or 20.9 per cent, and of the population in 1900 352,387, or 91.4 per cent. The Buffalo The population at the state census of 1905 was 376,587 for the city District. and 423,390 for the district, increases of 6.9 and 9.8 per cent. The number of establishments in the district in 1905 was 1,631, of which 1,538 were in the city of Buffalo. The capital invested was $188,384,845, of which $137,023,114 was in the city. The average number of wage earners was 48,794, of whom 43,567 were in the city. The total of wages paid was $24,795,927, of which $21,621,762 was paid in the city. The value of products was $168,111,658, of which $147,377,873 was in the city.

The leading industry in the district in 1904 was iron and steel, and it is one that had the largest percentage of increase. In 1900 three establishments-all in Buffalo-manufactured iron and steel products valued at $2,624,547; in 1904 there were seven establishments, with products valued at $16,946,746. This increase of over fivefold was almost wholly in the district outside of the city of Buffalo, the great works at Lackawanna being the chief contributors.

Slaughtering had almost as large a value of products as iron and steel in 1904. This industry was carried on almost wholly within the city. Another large industry was that of foundry and machine shop products. An industry for which the district has long been known, that of flour and grist mill products, was almost entirely within the city. The value of these products in 1904 was almost three times their value in 1900.

The industrial district of Minneapolis-St. Paul embraces 155 square miles of territory and in 1905 had a population of 472,362, an increase of 25.5 per cent over

the population in 1900. Of the area, Minneapolis occupies 49 The Minneapolis- square miles and St. Paul 52 square miles, the two, therefore, St. Paul District, having 101 square miles, while the remainder of the district has only 54 square miles. This is an unusual division of territory for industrial districts, since most if not all of the others have a much larger area outside than within the chief city. Of the population in 1905 458,997, or 97.2 per cent, were within the two cities. The number of establishments in the district in 1905 was 1,586, of which 1,490 were in Minneapolis-St. Paul. The capital invested was $108,209,964, of which $102,536,078 was in the two cities. average number of wage earners was 37,044, of whom 36,034 were in the two cities. The total of wages paid was $19,148,285, of which $18,628,278 was paid in the two cities. The value of the products was $161,803,458, of which $159,481,120 was in the two cities.

The

The overshadowing industry of the district was that of flour and grist mills, with products valued at $83,146,983. In this industry there was an increase in every particular in 1904 as compared with 1900.

The next important industry, measured by value of products, is the manufacture of lumber products. This industry furnished employment for over 5,000 wage earners, a larger number than that engaged in any other industry in this district. In this district, as in others, as the forests have disappeared in a locality, the lumber and timber products have decreased. Printing and publishing ranked third in value of products, the manufacture and repair of cars fourth and the manufacture of the output of foundries and machine shops fifth.

The industrial district of San Francisco includes certain cities and towns forming an area of 203 square miles. It embraces all of San Francisco County and The San Francisco District.

parts of Alameda and San Mateo counties. In 1900 San Francisco had a population of 342,782, or 75.5 per cent of the total population for the district. The number of establishments in 1905 was 2,621, of which 2,251 were in San Francisco. The capital invested was $119,442,395, of which $102,362,378 was in San Francisco. The average number of wage earners was 44,875, of whom 38,429 were in the city. The total of wages paid was $28,906,745, of which $25,015,427 was paid in the city. The value of products was $159,033,080, of which $137,788,233 was for the products of the city. The leading industry for this district in 1904 was slaughtering and meat packing, with an output valued at over $15,000,000, which is a very considerable increase over the value in 1900. The value of products was about equally divided between San Francisco and the outside territory, the former showing 58.1 per cent and the latter 41.9 per cent. Of the total value of these products for the state this industrial district had 71.1 per cent.

The industry next in rank was printing and publishing, with one branch producing newspapers and periodicals and the other doing book and job work. The value of products was over $10,000,000, and more than 3,000 wage earners were employed.

The manufacture of foundry and machine shop products was third. The number of wage earners employed in this industry was larger than the number shown for any other selected industry. San Francisco had an output valued at 95.7 per cent of the total value of these products, which amounted to over $9,000,000.

Among other leading industries was bread and other bakery products, which is essentially a manufacture due to the presence of a large body of consumers in the immediate neighborhood. This industry had an output valued at over $5,500,000, and was followed by clothing, with products valued at nearly $5,000,000, and lumber to the value of more than $4,500,000. Products valued at over $4,000,000 were reported for liquors, and almost as much for the canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables, which industry forms one of the specialties of California. The textiles manufactured in the district were valued at nearly as much as the products of the various branches of the iron and steel industry.

The industrial district of Providence includes the city of Providence and a surrounding territory of 136 square miles, making a total of slightly more than

154 square miles. The city of Providence contains 18.2815 square The Providence miles, or only 11 per cent of the area of the district. According District. to the state census of 1905 the city of Providence had a population of 198,635 and the surrounding territory a population of 145,886, making a total of 344,521 for the industrial district. The number of establishments in 1905 was 1,237, of which 881 were in Providence. The capital invested was $171,177,887, of which $35.666,407 was in Providence. The average number of wage earners was 73,391, of whom 39,804 were in the city. The total of wages paid was $33,119,386, of which $19,554,958 was paid in the city. The value of the products was $156,299,965, of which $91,980,963 was for the products of the city.

The factory industries are characteristic of the manufactures of the district, and of these the textile industries are the most important. There were in the district during 1900 102 textile factories, including mills engaged in the associated industry of dyeing and finishing, which together reported a value of products amounting to $55,357,232, or 43.1 per cent of the total for all industries. In 1904 the number of factories had increased to 135 and the value of products to $72,791,040, or 46.6 per cent of the total for all industries. The cotton mills gave employment to the greatest number of wage earners in the textile industries, but the greatest value of products was reported for the manufacture of worsteds. Jewelry, foundry and machine shop products and silversmithing and silverware were important industries when measured by value of products. Many of the

econd largest city in Belgium is Antwerp, which on December 31, 1909, had a population of 317,171.

machine shops make a specialty of textile machinery, but a great variety of heavy and fine tools are manufactured which have a world-wide sale. Establishments located in Providence are credited with the manufacture of all of the silverware, practically all of the jewelry and about two-thirds of the foundry and machine shop products reported for the district.

TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS.

SINGLE TRACK RAILWAY. MILEAGE IN THE UNITED STATES.
(From statistics prepared by the Interstate Commerce Commission.)
*Mileage on June 30, 1909.

State or Territory.

Official. Unofficial.

Totals.

Propor-
tion to
total
mileage.

Increase
Over June

Number of miles of line per 100

30, 1908.

square miles of

territory

*Does not include mileage of switching and terminal companies. Decrease. #See notes below. Excludes mileage in Alaska (302.92 miles, unofficial), and Hawaii (149.34 miles). On basis of 2,970,038 square miles, which covers "land surface" only and excludes Alaska and Hawaii.

Note. The single track mileage on June 30, 1910, was 240,438.84 miles a gain for the year of 3,640.77 miles. Details of the mileage distribution of 1910 are not yet available. OTHER TRACK MILEAGE.

On June 30, 1910, the extra track mileage reported by the railroads was: Second track, 21,658.74; third track, 2,206.39; fourth track, 1,488.78; yard track and sidings, 85,581.93.

The third largest city in Belgium is Liege, which on December 31, 1909, had a population of 176,893.