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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-Continued:

drainage companies; rights of railroad company.

insurance companies are not "citizens" with guarantee of priv-

$75

ileges and immunities.....

§ 87

delegation of power to Secretary of War as to bridges.

constitutional and legislative powers of State.
Fourteenth Amendment does not limit subjects for exercise of po-

lice powers...

act of Congress to incorporate North River Bridge Company,
constitutional. . . .

§ 127

§§ 132-146

$149

statute appointing railroad commission when not unconstitu-
tional as establishing joint rates, etc..

delegation to railroad commissioners not unconstitutional as del-
egation of legislative powers.

statute allowing certain subordinate agencies to prescribe form of
standard policy unconstitutional...

delegation of power to inspectors of coal mines not unconstitu-
tional...

§ 152

§162

§ 163

167

§ 167

validity of statute; power of railroad, etc., commission as to in-
crease of capital stock.....

statute constitutional which empowers Supreme Court to deter-
mine reasonableness of water rates.

statute constitutional which empowers courts of equity to pre-
scribe construction of railway crossings.

§ 169

§ 172

delegation of power to probate courts as to use of streets; when
constitutional. . . . . .

§ 173

§ 179

statute creating court of visitation when unconstitutional, ..
Fourteenth Amendment; review by Federal courts of action of
taxing bodies or state agencies. ...

$180

§ 182

delegation of powers to board of equalization not unconstitutional § 182
authorization to city to construct railroad not unconstitutional.. § 186
when delegation of exclusive power to city council to license, reg-
ulate, fix rates, etc., unconstitutional; ferries. .. .. .
when statute conferring powers as to toll roads and providing for
hearings and appeal is unconstitutional.
requirements to title of statute. .. .. ..

$188

§ 200

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title of acts which amend, revive or repeal.

privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. ....
same; discrimination; tax law; deduction of debts; creditors in

effect of new constitution where corporation dissolved and all its
property transferred to new corporation. .. ..
constitution; grant and limitation on powers of governments; ex-
press and implied powers; construction.

title to statutes; instances; incorporation; expropriation; rail-
roads; street railroads; bonds in aid of railroads; lien on and
sale of railroad; electrical conductors; fraudulent elections in
corporations; foreign corporations....

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§ 247

§ 286

§§ 289, 290

§ 291

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-Continued:

same; actions; statutes of limitations.

the Fourteenth Amendment; generally.

same; police power.

privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States.

due process of law. .....

equal protection of the laws.

new constitution; obligation of contracts.

jurisdiction of Federal court when exclusive; validity of state

statute.....

state rate statute prima facie valid.

limitations on power to tax.

validity of exemptions from taxation.

statute as to pressure of gas.

§ 293

§ 294

§ 295

§ 296

§§ 297-299

§ 300

§ 334

note (p. 700) § 416

note (p. 701) § 416

8 417

8 456

Appendix C (p. 987)

Appendix C (p. 989)

Federal court has jurisdiction over questions of constitutionality

of statutes.....

New York statute appointing gas commission unconstitutional

Appendix C (p. 990)

statutes may be partly void, partly valid. .. .Appendix C (pp. 987, 1002)
See Construction or Interpretation of Constitutions; Construction
or Interpretation of Statutes; Due Process of Laws; Equal Pro-
tection of Laws; Interstate Commerce; Obligation of Contracts;
Privileges and Immunities of Citizens; Rate Regulation; Special
Acts; Taxation.

CONSTITUTIONAL POWERS,

of Federal government; source of franchise.

CONSTRUCTION OR INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTIONS,

§§ 120-131

Federal and state powers under constitutions; distinctions, §§ 120, 121
differences in rules as to, of Federal and state constitutions.
interpretation or construction; generally.

§ 121

§ 204

intent; effect given to every part; ordinary signification of words;
grammatical construction...

§ 205

context; ordinary and technical meaning of words; phrase or word
in different parts of instrument..

§ 206

plain language of constitution cannot be ignored; repugnant pro-

visions.

§ 207

meaning of constitution as understood by its framers; construc-
tion....

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constitutional prohibitions; proviso; exception from general
words......

§ 213

partially invalid provisions.

§ 214

charter of bank under special act; subsequent constitution pro-

hibiting such acts....

§ 215

CONSTRUCTION OR INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTIONS—Con-

tinued:

special acts; constitution prohibiting, not retroactive.

§ 215

exemption from taxation; effect of constitution repealing same.
taxing district incorporated by special law; subsequent constitu-
tion...

§ 215

8 215

statute partially invalid; railroad commission; rate regulation. .
prospective; retrospective..

§ 215

§ 215

corporations required to be formed under general laws; constitu-
tional amendment; not retroactive...

§ 215

contemporaneous; extrinsic matters; history; debates and pro-
ceedings in convention....

§ 216

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"ratify" and "approve" not equivalent to words "to adopt" or
"to incorporate into;" constitutional amendments. .... note, § 220
title of legislative enactment proposing constitutional amend-
ment...

§ 221

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when constitutional provision is self-executing; instances.

§ 226

when constitutional provision is not self-executing; instances. . . § 227

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statutes presumed valid until clearly shown unconstitutional.

Interstate Commerce Act; adoption of language of English Traffic
Act......

§ 121

§ 153

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constitutional law; interpretation or construction of statutes;
generally..

$228

invalidity for uncertainty; undue or unreasonable preferences,
etc., by corporations.

§ 230

judicial authority and duty to determine constitutional questions. § 229

CONSTRUCTION OR INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES-Continued:
presumption that legislative enactment constitutional; repug-

nancy must clearly appear..

§ 231

when statute void which provides for forfeiture as to receiving,

etc., telegraph messages..

§ 232

same; exception or qualification of rule..

§ 232

conflicting provisions; validating; interpretation or construc-
tion; two constructions. .

§ 233

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natural and reasonable effect and construction; ordinary or popu-

lar meaning; absurdity or injustice. ...

§ 238

literal meaning; intention and letter of statute.

§ 239

general and specific words or clauses; general legislation.

§ 240

of special words and clauses in grants of franchises or privileges to

street railway, railroad and electric light, etc., companies.
as to conflicting railroad grants; undivided moiety.

§ 241

§ 242

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order of arrangement; transposition; alteration; omission; rejec-
tions...

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public grants of franchises, privileges, etc.; construction against
grantee...

8 254

same; instances; railroads; street railroads; submarine railway;
gas, telephone, canal, water and turnpike companies; ferry,
eminent domain....

§ 255

same; instances; public land grants; railroad aid.

8*256

grant of exclusive franchises, rights or privileges; strict construc-
tion....

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effect of interpretation; beneficial reasons; natural justice and
equity; inconvenience; injury or hardship.

§ 261

contemporaneous construction; extraneous matters; history; de-

bates, etc..

§ 262

policy of government of legislative body or of law; public policy;

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CONSTRUCTION OR INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES-Continued:

words or provisions of prior statutes adopted in later act.
derivative statutes; construction of statutes adopted from foreign

§ 268

State or country. ...

§ 269

re-enactment; consolidation; revised statutes; codes...
construction by State of its statutes; how far respected in courts
of other States.....

§ 270

....

§ 271

construction of state constitutions and statutes by state courts;
how far respected by Federal courts.
same; exceptions or qualifications of rule..
same; instances; incorporation acts; eminent domain; corporate

§§ 272, 273

§ 274

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same; instances; exemptions from taxation; impairment of obli-
gation of contract as to taxation.

§ 278

same; instances; impairment of obligation of contract; Four-
teenth Amendment. ..

§ 279

same; instances; statutes penal in nature; trustees of corporations;
anti-trust laws.

§ 280

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validating statutes; waiver or correction of defects or irregularity. § 288
state rate statute prima facie valid... .... ....

note (p. 701), § 416

franchise tax; capital stock; meaning of terms; nature of tax. ...
exemption from taxation..

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§ 455

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with city to run street railway, when not a franchise.

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franchises are contracts based upon valuable consideration, note,

§63

charter of college as..

note,

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by irrigation company with consumer; liability of company for

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