inscripta, ergastula, branded slaves, task-houses. Conf. "inscripta lintea," Sat. viii. 168. For ergastula, see note on Sat. viii. 180, and xi. 80. These branded slaves were sometimes called "litterati" or "stigmatici." Mart. viii. 75, 9 has "quatuor inscripti."

carcer, the prison on the latifundium. The ergastula were the ordinary cells in which the slaves slept.

25. Rusticus expectas, etc. "Are you so rustic as to expect?" perhaps a reminiscence of Hor. Ep. i. 2, 42.

28. respiret, take breath.

Conscia, an accomplice.

32. vitiorum exempla domestica, "vicious examples in our own family."

magnis . . . auctoribus, with the weight of authority.

Unus et alter, one or two. Conf. Tac. Ann. iii. 34, "Porro ob unius aut alterius imbecillum animum."

35. Titan, i.e. Prometheus. See notes on Sat. iv. 133, and viii. 133; and Hor. Od. i. 16, 13, "fertur Prometheus addere principi limo coactus particulam undique desectam."

37. orbita, wheel-track, and so path. So Cic. Ep. ad Att. ii. 21, "sic orbem rei publicae esse conversum ut vix sonitum audire, vix ingressam orbitam videre quis posset."

38. huius enim vel una, etc., for there is at any rate one powerful reason for this abstinence," viz.

40. imitandis turpibus, abl. of respect.

41. Catilinam, mentioned also in Sat. viii. 230. 42. axe. Conf. Sat. viii. 116, "Gallicus axis."

43. Brutus, the murderer of Caesar; always spoken of in terms of praise from his integrity and nobility of character.

Bruti.. avunculus. Cato the younger, whose sister Servilia was the mother of Brutus. He joined the Pompeian party in the civil war, and after the battle of Thapsus, 46 B.C., committed suicide at Utica. Conf. Sen. Ep. 97, 10, omne tempus Clodios, non omne Catones feret"; and Sat. ii. 40, "Tertius e caelo cecidit Cato.'

45. intra quae pater est. This is the reading of P. and S., but I somewhat reluctantly substitute it for the more familiar puer.

Procul o, procul inde. This, with the addition of ". pro fani," was the usual formula before a sacrifice.

Aen. vi. 258.

Conf. Verg.

46. pernoctantis, spending the night at another man's board. Conf. Sat. viii. 10 and 11.

51. quandoque, at some future time. Conf. Sat. v. 172. 52. morum quoque filius. The sentence is not quite symmetrical. After "similem . . . se non corpore tantum . . . dederit" we should have expected "sed quoque morum filium." Trans. "true son of your character."

"will ex

53. omnia deterius tua per vestigia peccet, aggerate every sin as he follows your footsteps." peccet is present tense because it implies a life-continued course of sin. 54. nimirum-ironical, as in Sat. vii. 78.

.

55. tabulas mutare. Conf. Sat. xii. 123, "delebit tabulas

." and "atque omnia soli Pacuvio breviter dabit."

56. Unde tibi frontem, sc. praestabis. Conf. Sat. viii. 9, "effigies quo tot bellatorum"; and Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 102.

frontem. The brow as the seat of authority; elsewhere of shame. Sat. xiii. 242.

57. senex, old man though you are.

58. ventosa cucurbita, a cupping-glass, so called from its gourd-like shape and the principle on which it acts. The cupping-glass is exhausted of air, when the pressure of the external air makes it adhere tightly to the skin, and the blood is attracted up into the vacuum. The action of the draught of air from outside is described by ventosa. The French for

cupping-glass is "ventouse." Cupping was considered a remedy for madness because it diminished the flow of blood to the brain; hence vacuum cerebro="brainless."

quaerat, is in need of, = requirat.

59. cessabit, will have a moment's leisure.

60. pavimentum, of marble mosaic.

168, Lacedaemonium orbem."

See note on Sat. xi.

columnas, of the peristyle or the porticus.

62. leve argentum, smooth silver plate, called also purum. vasa aspera, embossed vessels, called also caelata; see on Sat. i. 76; also described as toreumata, from TорEUTIKÝ, the art of working in relief.

66. porticus. See note on Sat. vii. 178.

68. illud non agitas, "you have no care for this."

69. omni sine labe, "without any stain."

72. et bellorum et pacis rebus agendis. viii. 169.

Conf. Sat.

74. ciconia. Conf. Verg. Georg. ii. 320, "Candida venit avis longis invisa colubris."

77. crucibusque relictis. Crucifixion was the usual punishment for slaves and common criminals. The bodies were left for days upon the cross, and were no doubt often eaten by birds of prey: Conf. Hor. Ep. i. 16, 48, "non pasces in cruce

corvos.

79. magni, when full grown.

80. arbore. As a fact vultures do not build their nests in trees but in the crevices of rocks. Juvenal, however, is seldom accurate in these matters.

81. famulae Iovis, eagles. Conf. Hor. Od. iv. 4, 1, "Qualem ministrum fulminis alitem," etc.

generosae

aves mean

83. inde, i.e. from the nest.

"other birds of prey."

85. quam primum praedam. Notice the antecedent attracted into the relative clause.

86. Aedificator, fond of building; used in a bad sense. Conf. Sat. i. 82, "quis totidem erexit villas"; Hor. Od. ii. 18, 19, “sepulchri immemor struis domos, marisque Baiis obstrepentis urges summovere litora"; and Sat. ii. 3, 308.

87. Caietae, on the Latian coast, not far from Formiae, where Cicero had a villa. It was said to have derived its name from the nurse of Aeneas, who died there. See Verg. Aen. vii. 2. Tiburis. See Sat. iii. 192. Its modern name is Tivoli; it was at the north-eastern corner of Latium, on the Anio.

88. Praenestinis in montibus, a little to the S. E. of Tibur. Horace calls it "frigidum Praeneste." See also Sat. iii. 190.

89. Graecis ... marmoribus. We have had Lacedaemonian marble mentioned in Sat. xi. 168. Marble was also got from Paros, Pentelicus in Attica, and Carystus in Euboea.

longeque petitis, from Numidia (Sat. vii. 182), and from Synnada in Phrygia, also from Egypt. For longe, conf. Sat. vii. 41.

90. Fortunae atque Herculis aedem. There was a very famous temple of Fortuna at Praeneste, which is no doubt referred to. The temple of Hercules was at Tibur. Conf. Mart. iv. 57, "Herculeos colles gelida vos vincite bruma, nunc Tiburtinis cedite frigoribus"; and 62, "Tibur in Herculeum."

91. Capitolia nostra. The plural is also used in Sat. x. 65. nostra implies the Roman Capitol, as opposed to the Capitols in other towns.

Posides was a freedman of Claudius, who gave his name to

some magnificent baths in the bay of Baiae, and who apparently built himself a very expensive house in Rome. Suet. Claud. 28.

92. Dum.

Notice the idiomatic use of dum with the present tense, though the principal verb is in the perfect. Conf. Sat. i. 60.

94. turbavit, threw into confusion, i.e. spent. Conf. Sat. vii. 129, "sic Pedo conturbat."

6. metuentem sabbata. A great many Romans, especially among the lower orders, looked with great respect upon the Jewish observances. There were also a great many Roman proselytes. Conf. Hor. Sat. i. 9, 68, Memini bene, sed meliore tempore dicam: hodie tricesima sabbata: vin' tu curtis Iudaeis oppedere?" Ov: Rem. Amor. 219, "nec te peregrina moventur sabbata"; and Pers. v. 184, "labra moves tacitus, recutitaque sabbata palles." Conf. Sat. iii. 296; and vi. 159, "Observant ubi festa mero pede sabbata reges, et vetus indulget senibus clementia porcis.'

97. nil praeter nubes et caeli numen adorant. This was an idea prevalent amongst the Romans from the fact that there was no image or statue in the Jewish temple, while they raised their eyes to heaven in praying. Conf. Tac. Hist. v. 5, “Iudaei mente sola unumque numen intelligunt .; igitur nulla simulacra urbibus suis, nedum templis sinunt.' Prof. Mayor quotes Strabo, p. 761, ἓν τοῦτο μόνον θεός, τὸ περιέχον ἡμᾶς ἅπαντας καὶ γῆν καὶ θάλατταν, ὃ καλοῦμεν οὐρανόν.

98. nec distare putant humana carne suillam. Conf. Tac. Hist. v. 4, "sue abstinent merito cladis qua ipsos scabies quondam turpaverat cui id animal obnoxium"; but see Leviticus, chap. xi.

99. praeputia ponunt, are circumcised, i.e. become real proselytes. Tacitus, Hist. v. 5, says that the reason of this rite is "ut diversitate noscantur: transgressi in morem eorum (i.e. proselytes) idem usurpant, nec quidquam prius imbuuntur quam contemnere deos, exuere patriam," etc. Compare with this "Romanas soliti contemnere leges.'

101. ediscunt, conf. line 124.

102. arcano

volumine. The Jews had no secret rites,

though the heathens, not understanding their religion, thought them mysterious. Tacitus says, 66 Moyses quo sibi in posterum gentem firmaret novos ritus contrariosque ceteris mortalibus indidit."

103 non monstrare vias is in apposition to the object of tradidit. The part of the law referred to is probably Deut. vii., where the Jews are warned against allying themselves with

the nations of Canaan. Tacitus says, "misericordiam inter se, adversus alios omnes hostile odium exercent.

104. quaesitum ad fontem, etc. Conf. St. John, iv. 9, "How dost thou, being a Jew, ask to drink of me, which am a Samaritan? for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans."

iubentur, are actually ordered, i.e. by their parents.

109. Fallit enim, etc. Conf. Hor. Ars Poet. 25, "decipimur specie recti."

111. frugi. See note on Sat. iii. 167.

tamquam frugi laudetur avarus. Conf. Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 194, "quantum discordet parcus avaro.'

112. tutela-abstract for concrete. Conf. Hor. Ep. i. 1, 103, (: rerum tutela mearum.

114. Hesperidum serpens-the dragon which guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides. See note on Sat. v. 152. Conf. Verg. Aen. iv. 484.

Ponticus-the serpent which watched the golden fleece in Colchis, and which was lulled to sleep by the charms of Medea. 115. adquirendi artificem. Some MSS. have atque verendum, which is probably a corruption; a master in the art

of making money."

66

116. fabris, dat. of advantage. They are compared to smiths, as if they forged their fortunes.

=

119. ergo is resumptive, “Well, then, the father too."

animi felices. Conf. the expressions “aeger animi,” “animi

pendeo.' It is not the same sort of gen. as "felices operum," quoted by Prof. Mayor, which is the gen. after an adjective of abounding.

122. eidem incumbere sectae, "to adhere to the same plan of life." Conf. Sat. viii. 76, "aliorum incumbere famae.

123. vitiorum elementa,

.66

'an alphabet of vice."

124. sordes, mean tricks; instances of these are in lines 126 seq.

66

126. Servorum ventres, etc. The rations of the slaves were served out to them either for the month (menstrua), or for the day (diaria). Conf. Sat. vii. 120, Afrorum epimenia"; Hor. Sat. i. 5, 69; and see Sat. x. 101, where one of the duties of the municipal "potestas" is vasa minora frangere.'

66

127. sustinet. Notice its construction with the infin., "bear to consume." Conf. Sat. xv. 88.