discovered, dragged forth, and put into prison at Minturnae. A slave was sent in to kill him, but, seeing Marius's eyes glaring at him through the darkness, ran out exclaiming, "I cannot kill C. Marius." Plut. vit. Mar. 36; Cic. in Pis. 43. 277. mendicatus Carthagine panis. On being released from Minturnae, Marius passed over to Carthage, where, on being warned by the praetor to depart, he bade him report to the senate that he had seen Marius sitting among the ruins of Carthage. Plut. vit. Mar. 40. 278. hinc, i.e. from too long a life. 280. circumducto captivorum agmine, i.e. in his triumph. The captives were led in chains before the triumphal chariot of the conqueror. 281. pompa. See line 36. For other instances of hiatus, see Sat. iii. 70, xii. 110, xiv. 49, xv. 126. opimam, rich in glory. Cicero has "praeda opimus." 282. de Teutonico . . . curru, i.e. from the chariot in which he triumphed over the Teutons. See notes on Sat. viii. 249 seq. See Wilmanns, 632. 283. provida Pompeio dederat Campania febres. This was in the year 50 B.C. Pompey was taken ill at Neapolis. Cicero thinks, with Juvenal, that it would have been well for his fame if he had died, Tusc. i. 35, 86, "Qui si mortem tum obiisset in amplissimis fortunis occidisset: is propagatione vitae quot, quantas, quam incredibiles hausit fortunas!" provida means foreseeing what was to come." See also Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 20. 284. multae urbes. The cities of Italy offered up public prayers for Pompeius, and had public rejoicings on his recovery. 286. victo caput abstulit. After Pharsalia Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was treacherously murdered on the sea-shore, his head being cut off before the eyes of Ptolemy, the young king of Egypt, 48 B.C. Hoc cruciatu, this mutilation. 287. Lentulus. P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura and C. Cethegus were left at the head of the conspirators at Rome, where they were to have murdered Cicero and set the city on fire, while Catiline himself joined the army in Etruria. They were both arrested by Cicero's vigilance, and subsequently strangled in the Tullianum, but their bodies were given up to their friends for burial, 63 B.C. Sall. Cat. 55. 288. integer, with his head on his shoulders. iacuit Catilina. Catiline died a soldier's death in the battle against the forces of C. Antonius, who delegated his command for the day to M. Petreius, 62 B.C. Sall. Cat. 60. 290. cum Veneris fanum videt. It was a custom for mothers, when they passed a shrine of Venus, of which there were several in the city, to pray for an abundance of her gifts of beauty and love for their children, especially for the girls. 291. usque ad delicias votorum, "proceeding even to the most whimsical of vows. deliciae is used in Sat. iv. 4 as a "fop"; and in Sat. vi. 47 there occurs the expression "delicias hominis," a foppish man, a petit-maître. See also xiii. 140. The genitives votorum and hominis are genitives of definition, as we should say "a darling of a man. The meaning is that the mother, in her eagerness that her daughter may be beautiful, makes all sorts of absurd and fond requests, "that her hair may be this, her eyes that, and her cheeks something else." Seneca, quoted by Prof. Mayor, has "usque in delicias amamur, we are loved even to the satisfaction of our whims and fancies. 99 66 292. gaudet Latona Diana. Vergil, Aen. i. 502, after describing Diana on the mountains, says, "Latonae tacitum pertentant gaudia pectus," a picture which Juvenal had in his mind. See also Hom. Od. vi. 102. 293. Lucretia. The well-known story of Lucretia and Sextus Tarquinius, "who wrought the deed of shame," is given by Livy, i. 57 seq. 294. Rutilae, some humpbacked woman. Verginia. The daughter of Verginius, a brave soldier who himself killed his daughter to save her from Appius Claudius, the decemvir, 449 B. C. Livy tells the story, iii. 44 seq. 295. suum, sc. vultum. 297. Rara est adeo concordia formae atque pudicitiae. Conf. Ovid, Her. xv. 288, who has "lis est cum forma magna pudicitiae. 299. veteres imitata Sabinos. The Sabines were alluded to as types of simplicity in Sat. iii. 169, "mensamque Sabellam.' Livy also (i. 18) says that the ancient Sabines had a severe and ascetic discipline, and that no race exceeded them in purity of life. 300. modesto sanguine, i.e. a blush. Conf. Sat. xi. 154. 303. custode et cura natura potentior omni-“nature, who is more effectual than any guardian or any watchfulness,' i.e. a modest disposition is the best safeguard. Conf. what Juvenal says in Sat. vi. 347, "sed quis custodiet ipsos custodes?" 304. non licet esse viro. The MSS. mostly have viros, but the singular seems preferable, and I therefore follow Jahn. Grammatically the dative and accusative are equally correct, as also after doкed in Greek. 305. ipsos audet temptare parentes, i.e. his parents sell him. 308. praetextatum. adulter." Conf. Sat. i. 78, "praetextatus Nero, a Nero, type of a class of despots. rapuit-gnomic aorist. 310. I nunc. occur in Juvenal. Notice the frequency with which these words 311. maiora to his greater beauty. discrimina, greater dangers, answering adulter publicus. Conf. Hor. Od. iv. 8, 8, “iuvenumque prodis publica cura.' 312. metuet quascunque mariti, etc., "he will fear every sort of punishment on the part of the angry husband; he deserves them all," etc. I have followed Weidner's punctuation. Bücheler puts the stop after debet, "whatever punishment he fears, etc., he deserves to undergo." With this Prof. Mayor compares Sat. v. 170, "omnia ferre si potes et debes.' For quascunque without a verb, conf. Sat. iii. 156 and 230, x. 359, xiii. 89, xiv. 42 and 210, etc. The reading of the interpolated MSS. is mariti exigere irati debent. Munro thinks the original reading was mariti exigere iratist, that when the st dropped out debent was added to make it grammatical, and then that P. omitted exigere for the sake of the metre. It is much more likely that the reading of P., which makes perfect sense, was the original one, and that some scribe, not understanding the construction, and taking irati mariti for nom. plur., changed debet to debent and added exigere. Jahn conjectures maritis iratis. 314. ut . . . numquam, so as never to 315. plus quam lex ulla, etc. Certain provisions on this subject were made by the lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis passed 17 B.C. and reinforced by Domitian. 324. Sed casto quid forma nocet? This is the reply of the mother. immo, nay rather. The derivation is from imo, "at the bottom," and so "at least.' The full form of imus is inimus, the superlative of in. 325. Hippolyto. Hippolytus was the son of Theseus. He was tempted by his stepmother Phaedra, daughter of Minos, king of Crete (hence called Cressa), and on proving inflexible was falsely accused by her to Theseus, in answer to whose prayer Poseidon caused his destruction. Bellerophonti. Bellerophon, son of Glaucus, was similarly accused by Stheneboea, wife of Proetus, king of Argos, whose guest he was; see Class. Dict. Conf. Hor. Od. iii. 7, "ut Proetum mulier perfida credulum falsis impulerit criminibus nimis casto Bellerophonti maturare necem.' 326. Erubuit. The subject of this is Cressa. hac. repulsa, at this repulse, i.e. of the virtuous Hippolytus. Another reading is haec, which would still have to refer, though ungrammatically, to Phaedra, and repulsa would then be a participle. ceu fastidita, as if she had received a slight." 327. excanduit, glowed with fiery passion. 328. se concussere, roused themselves to fury. 329. pudor-used here in a bad sense; not modesty, but shame of detected guilt. 330. cui nubere Caesaris uxor destinat. Messalina, the wife of Claudius Caesar, the most profligate of Roman women, compelled C. Silius, who was consul designatus and a young man, according to Tacitus, of honourable character, to put away his own wife, and actually to go through the marriage ceremony in all its details publicly with her, while her husband Claudius was at Ostia, 47 a.d. Tac. Ann. xi. 26, etc. 332. gentis patriciae. plebeian descent. This is inaccurate. Silius was of 333. parato flammeolo. The flammeum, of which this is the diminutive (see note on line 173), was a bridal veil, usually of a yellow colour. Conf. Mart. xii. 42, "Praeluxere faces, velarunt flammea vultus." Tyrius. See note on Sat. i. 27. genialis, sc. lectus. This was usually placed in the atrium of the Roman house. in hortis. Tacitus relates that when the crime was discovered by Claudius, Messalina fled to the horti Luculliani, where she was killed. 335. decies centena, i.e. milia=1,000,000 sesterces. This was the dos or wedding-dower, which was paid to the husband on the wedding-day. Conf. Sat. vi. 137, "bis quingena dedit.” ritu... antiquo probably does not refer to the amount of the dos, but only to the fact of its being paid at the time. A million sesterces, however, seems to have been a common sum among the rich. See above. Martial also refers to it, xi. 23. 336. cum signatoribus auspex. Tacitus, Ann. xi. 27, in his account of the marriage, says, "adhibitis, qui obsignarent." The marriage-contract, tabulae sponsales, had to be signed before witnesses. It defined the amount of the dos, as well as other matters. Hence Suetonius, Claud. 26, also speaking of this occasion, says, "dote inter auspices consignata.' The auspices (avis-spicio) took the omens and repeated some formula of words, as we must infer from the expression of Tacitus, loc. cit., “atque illam audisse auspicum verba." The custom was of course retained as a mere form without any meaning. 337. tu, i.e. Silius. 338. Non nisi legitime vult nubere. So Tacitus, loc. cit., says, cuncta nuptiarum solemnia celebrat." 66 quid placeat, What is your determination? 339. pereundum erit, i.e. by Messalina's orders, which had proved fatal to many before Silius. Notice that the protasis, to be grammatically correct, should be voles, and in the next line admittes. ante lucernas, before night, i.e. before the lamps are lighted. 340. scelus admittas. Conf. line 255, "facinus admiserit.” 342. Dedecus ille domus sciet ultimus. Claudius was at Ostia at the time. He had all along been strangely blind to the conduct of Messalina. After she had publicly married Silius in the manner described, Narcissus, the favourite freedman, caused him to be informed of the disgrace which had been put upon him. He ordered Silius to be put to death, but would probably have spared Messalina had not Narcissus taken the matter into his own hands. Conf. Sat. xiv. 330-1. 343. imperio, i.e. the command of Messalina. vita dierum paucorum. If he obeyed he would live till it reached the emperor's ears; if he refused he would die at once. 344. Quidquid=utrum, whichever of the two. 345. praebenda est cervix, i.e. for decapitation. 347. expendere, to consider. Conf. line 147, "expende Hannibalem," where it means "weigh": here it is metaphorical. 350. illis, to the gods. 354. et poscas, ask something as well, i.e. besides waiting for what they may give. sacellis, the shrines where the Lares were placed. 355. divina, served to the gods. "fumantia qui tomacula, sausages (réuvw). They were usually roasted on a gridiron and eaten hot. Conf. Mart. i. 42, 9, tomacla raucus circumfert tepidis coquus popinis." candiduli porci. A white pig was offered at marriages. For the diminutive form of the adjective, see note on line 82. 356. mens sana in corpore sano. Conf. Sen. Ep. 10, 4, |