+ 13 Ill. TIME CALCULATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF SIGNS AND ABBREVI TIONS. All the calculations except the Moon's Phases, Tides and seasons are in me Jocal time. (See table for its conversion into Standard Time.) The Sun's rising setting is for the upper limb and corrected for refraction. The signs used an follows: ó conjunction or near approach, at which time a line from the y. Star through one will also pass through the other; 8. opposition or 180° from the su at which time the Superior Planets are the brightest; O quadrature or 90 from: Sun: 0. Sun; © Earth; 8. Mercury; 7. Venus; . Mars; 4. Jupiter; h. Satır 3, Uranus; Moon lowest: Moon highest; Moon generally; , Ascend Node; 8. Descending Node. Per.-Perhelion, or nearest to Sun: opposed to Planets. STANDARD TIME TABLE. Standard Corte of of Division Mit:12 Albany, N. Y Eastern 5 ILittle Rock, Ark. Central Austin, Texas. Central + 31 Central Eastern 6 Eastern Memphis, Tenn. Central Bismarck, N. Dal Central Milwaukee, Wis. Central Boston, Mass.. Eastern 16 Central Eastern - 16 Montgomery'. Ala. Central 5 Nashville, Tenn.. Central Cairo, Ill... Central 3 New Haven, Conn. Eastern Charleston, SC. Eastern + 20 New Orleans, La. Central Central Eastern Central 29 Eastern Central Ogdensburg. N. Y Eastern Central Central Central Central 23 Philadelphia, Pa. Eastern Denver, Col.. Mountain Eastern + 14 Eastern Central 28 Providence, R, I. Eastern Dubuque, Iowa Central 3 Central Central Eastern Central Eastern Central 10 Rochester, N. Y. Eastern Ft Gibson, Cher. N. Central + 21 Rock Island. III. Central Fort Smith, Ark.. Central + 19 Sali Francisco, Cal. Pacific Fort Wayne, Ind. Central 20 Santa Fe, N. M. Mountain Central Central 19 Shreveport, La. Central Grand Haven. Mich. Central 15 Springfield, 11. Central Eastern Central Central Central Central Central Central 16 Superior City, Wis Central Jackson, Miss.. Central Eastern 33 Toledo, Ohio. Central Central Eastern 9 Utica, N." I. Eastern Kansas City, Mo.. Central 19 Washington, D. C. Eastern Keokuk, lowa... Central 6 Wheeling, W. Va. Eastern Knoxville, Tenn.. Central 24 Wilmington, Del. Eastern La Crosse, Wis. Central 5 Wilmington, N. C. Eastern Lawrence, Kan. Central + 21 Yankton, S. Dak. Central Lexington, Ky Central 23 TIME STANDARDS. The following is the table of times, based upon the meridian used by the Un States and Canada: I Central Meridian.! Name of Time. Degree. From Greenwich. Nearest Place, Intercolonial 60 4 hours west, About 318° east of Halifax, N. S. Eastern 75 5 hours west. Between New York and Philadelp? Central 6 hours west. St. Louis and New Orleans, Mountain 105 7 hours west. Denver, Col. Pacific 120 8 hours west. 12° east of Sacramento, Cal. Sitka 135 9 hours west. 14° east of Sitka, Alaska. Tahiti 150 10 hours west. 12° west of the island of Tahiti. Hawaiian 1713 10 b. 31 m. west. Near centre of Molokai, | ++++1+++! | 1 + ! | +1++11++1++ 1 ++11+11++++++ Pa.... STANDARD TIME! Galveston GULI OF MEXCO FAS 90 73 Map of the Standard Time Belts, 2 extremes being so slight as to be of no importance for ordinary purposes, except the case of the Moon's rising, southing and setting, when 6m. for Pacific Coast Dints and 3m. for Mississippi River Valley region, including Chicago, etc., must be aded, or 2m. for each hour of longitude. The heavy dotted lines show the arbitrary divisions of time in the United States. ho plus and minus marks on either side of the meridian lines show whether it is Lecessary to add to or subtract from the standard time of points east or west of hese lines to arrive at actual, or mean local, time. See table on page 4. STANDARD TIME. For the convenience of the railroads and business in general a standard of time 28 established by mutual agreement in 1883, and it is by this method of calculation hat trains are now run and local time is regulated. In accordance with this system United States, extending from 65° to 125° west longitude, is divided into four mne sections, as shown on the map. Inside of each of these sections standard time uniform, and the time of each section differs from that next to it by exactly ne hour. If the standard time correction for any place not enumerated in the table be esired proceed as follows: Locate the place, as any one can approximately on this nad and then subdivide the hour space in which the place is until the distance in Ime (60m, = one space) from that meridian within whose bounds the place is located S apparent. Then add or subtract the result to mean time as the siga at the top of he map indicates. Example: What will be the standard time of sun rise July i at Pend Yann, N. Y.7 The map does not give the lines of latitude and longitude, but Rost people can locate their own place in its respective State on the map with suffi Tant correctness. By this means I locate Peon Yan at about one-eighth of the disCance between the 75th and 30th meridians and within the Eastern time zone Thia 11 give 8m. to be added, or 4:31. CHINESE CALENDAR The year 1907 corresponds nearly to the year 4604 of the Chinese era and is the 44th of the 76th cycle of 60 years. 1907. 1907. First month begins. February 13 Seventh month begins. August 9 Second month begins.. *March 14. Eighth month begins. September Third month begins. April 13 *October Fourth month begins. May 12 Tenth month begins. November Fifth month begins.. June 11 | Eleventh montb begins. •December Sixth month begins. July 101 1908 Twelfth month begins. January *30 days; all others 29 days.' THE MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. Name. Sun Mercury Venug Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune (From sun, Siuereal Orbit miilions period, loc., miles Diameter, Mass, 866,4001 331100 21.9 7,700 0.78 18.5 1. 15.0 0.107 8.1 86,500 316.0 886.0! 10759.22 6.01 71,000 94.9 1781.9! 30086.82 4.21 31,900 14.7 2791.6 60181.11 3,41 34,8001 17.1 Volume, Density, 1310001 2.23 0.92 0.86 1.00 1.00 0.152 0.72 1309 0.24 721 0.13 65 0.22 85 0.20 Dec. 1 p.m. THE SUN'S COURSE THROUGH THE ZODIAC AND THE SEASONS. Sun Washington mean time. D. H. M. 1 42 p.m. 21 1 (a.in, May 22 0 17 a.m. June 22 9 27 a.m. Summer begins, and lasts 93 14 35 N. of Equator. July 23 8 2 August 23 8 51 a.m. September 24 2 a.m. Autumn begins, and lasts 89 18 34 S. of Equator, 23 5 36 a.m. 6 36 p.m. Tropical year..365 5 59 7d. 15h. 31m. longer north of the Equator than youth of tt This is due to the slower motion of the Earth (Sun's apparent motion) while in that portion of its orbit most distant from the Sun (aphelion). Hence in the summer onlls we are further from the Sun than in the winter time. THE PLANETS. MORNING STARS--WEST OF SUN. H-Just before inferior conjunction, INFERIOR PLANETS. July 1, 1908. Mercury (), until February 2, March SUPERIOR PLANETS, 13 to May 24, July 24 to September 6, Mars (0), until March 9, and after November 14. Jupiter (24), from July 16 to November Venus (9), until September 14. Saturn (h), from March 9 to June 19. The planet Venus will present the Uranus (), until April 3. Various phases, as shown on page 7, as Neptune (), from July 5 to October 9. follows: EVENING STARS-EAST OF A--Fifteen days after superior conjunc SUN. INFERIOR PLANETS. tion, or September 29. B-At greatest elongation west, Febru Mercury, from February 2 to March 18 May 24 to July 24, and September 6 ti C-When brightest as a morning star, November 14. January 4. Venus, after September 14. D-just after inferior conjunction, or SUPERIOR PLANETS. July 10, 1908. Mars, after March 9. E--Fifteen days before superior con- Jupiter, until July 16 and after Novem junction, August 31. ber 5. F-At greatest elongation east, April Saturn, until March 9 and after June 19 26, 1908. Uranus, after April 3. G--When brightest as an evening star, Neptune, until July 5 and after Oo May 29, 1908 tober 9. ary 8. THE PLANETS (Continued). Mercury will be brightest February 20-28, setting shortly after the Sun; also August 18–28, rising shortly before the Sun. Venue will be brightest as a morning star January 4, but will not get around on the other side of the Sun at her point of greatest brilliancy as an evening star until May 29, 1908, She will be at her greatest elongation (angular distance) west of the Sun, 46° 53', February 8. An opera glass or small telescope will Toward bring out her phases, as shown in the an the Sun. nexed cut. Her difference in apparent size N or diameter is due to her varying distance from the Earth, according as she is between Phases of Venus. S tion of the world this year because of the As seen in the As seen in the fact that he will approach nearer to us than Morning. Evening ne has been within the last fifteen years, or will be again in the following fifteen years. The reason for this will be understood by an inspection of the annexed figure. When the points C (Aphelion) in the Earth's orbit, and A (Perihelion) in Mars's orbit. come in line with the Sun, then the Earth and Mars will be the nearest possible. A moderately close approach to these conditions occurs every fifteen years. This year, ori July 12, these planets will occupy the positions in their respective orbits E and F. On July 5 the Earth will be at C. or farthest from the Sun, and on September 26 Mars will be at A, or nearest to the Sun. It is apparent that there must be a point between A and C where these bodies are in line with the Sun, and where they will be nearest, and, as has been said, this occurs at T and F. At such times Mars is some DE 30,000,000 miles nearer to us than when these conditions shown in the figure are reversed. with Mars at or near D and the Earth at or near B. While Mars will be mathcinati cally brightest July 6, he will be by far the most conspicuous object in the stellar or planetary hosts für' weeks before and aftor that date, and will be most carefully watched and photographed at observatories. Comparisons of these with former photographs may disclose important (haukos. Jupiter will not be at his brightest this year, but will be very bright in December, as he will attain his point of opposition to the Sun January 23, 1908. Saturn will be brightest on September 17. He will then be in the last degrees of Aquarius and close to the Equinoctial Colure, or First Meridian of the iieavens, corresponding to the Meridian of Greenwich or Washington on the Earth. Uranus will be brightest July 3 and Neptune January 2. В. ORBI MARS ORBIT RTHS F CHURCH DAYS AND MOVABLE FEASTS. May 9 Conversion of St. Paul.. Jan. 255 May 19 May 26 Purification B. V. M.. .Jan. 2 Corpus Christi.. May 30 Sexagesima Sunday. Feb, 3 St. Barnabas. June 11 Quinquagesima Sunday. Teb. 10 St. John the Baptist. .June 24 Sbrove Tuesday.. Feb. 12 Saints Peter and Paul. June 29 Ash Wednesday (Lent begins). Feb. 13 St. James.. July 21 St. Valentine. Feb. 14 Transfiguration . Aug. 65 Quadragesima Sunday. Feb. 17 St. Bartholomew Aug. 94 St. Matthias. Fco. * St. Matthew. .Sept. 21 St David. March 1 Michaelmas (St. John and all Sept. 20 .Ort 18 Palm Sunday March 24 Saints Simon and Jude. .Oct. 2 Annunciation (Lady Day).... March 25 All Saints' Day Nor. 1 Good Friday. March 29 All Souls' Day NCV. Baster Even. March 30 Thanksgiving Day NOV. " Paster Sunday March 31 St. Andrew. .Nov. 3 Low Sunday ....April 7 St. Thomas. .Dec. 21 Yaundy Thursday .. April 12 Christmas Day (Wednesday). Dec. 255 St. George. April 23 St. Stephen.. Dec. 26 St Mark. April 25 St. John the Evangelist........ Dec. 27 Beints Phillip and James. May .Dec. 28 Logation Sunday. May 5 Month.. MERIDIAN PASSAGE, RISING AND SETTING OF THE PLANETS. MARS SATURN z z States.. States.... Meridian. States... Bouthern June. July... Rises -Sets H MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH January. 1 9 231 4 11 4 20 7491 2 21 2 37| 11 41 6 41 7 111 4 101 9 489 January 11) 971 48 7 33 2 10 2 2810 56 5 57 6 26 3 84 9 13,6 January 21] 8 59 3 434 4 7 18 1 59/ 2 19||10 12 5 13 5 42 2 58 8 38 & February 1 8 57 3 44 48 1 46 % 9 9 24 4 281 456 2 19 8 0 February 11 8 53 3 471 4 12 6 451 1 331 1 58 8421 3441 4 14 1 441 126 February 71 9 4 3 62 4 17 6 30 1 211 1 47 8 1 3 3 3 33 1 9 6 51 6 March. 11 9 10 3 571 4 21 6 17 1 11 1 38 7 30 2 32 3 21 12 41 625 6 March. 11 9 17 4 0 4 22 6 112 66 1 25 6 52 1 54 2 24 12 06 Ó OK March. 21 9 24 4 21 4 21 54412 411 1 10 6 15 1 17 147/11 32 April. 1 9 32 4 0 4 14 5 25 12 23 12 53 5 86 12 381 1 810 531 Invisib April. 11 9 37 3 57 5 5/12 1/12 35 5 2 12 0 12 3410 18 Rises April. 21 9 421 351 3 56 4 45 11 47112 15 4 29 11 27/11 57 943 3651 May 1 9 47 3 468 46 4 22/11 24/11 54 3 57/10 55 11 25 9 7 3 17 2 Мау. 11 9 521 3 401 3 35 3 56 10 58 11 26 3 25 10 22 10 51 8 32) 2 41 : May. 211 9 571 3 35 3 24 3 26 10 28 10 58 2 54 951 10 20 7 551 2 3 June. 1 10 4 3 301 3 15 2 481 9 52 10 25 2 201 9 16 9 44 7 15 1 23 1 Jano. 11/10 13 3 31 3 10 2 9 9 16 9 50 1 501 8 4519 13 6 38/12 4611! 21 10 23 3 34 3 8 1 241 8 339 8 1 201 8 151 843 6 0 12 71: 1 10 35 340 3 12 12 35 8 0 5th 12 501 7 46 8 12 5 21 11 32 11 July. 11/10 48 3 511 3 22 11 38 Sets. 12 20 7 141 742 4 42 10 5310 July 21 11 2 4 5 3 36/10 471 3 35 2 55 11 501 0 16th 4 2 10 13 10 August 1/11 17 4 26 4 0 9 55 2 371 1 5711 17| Invisible. 3 181 9 30 9 August. 11/11 29 4 431 4 20 8 14 2 2 1 1910 471 Rises. 2 37 8 491 % August. 21 11 39 S 11th 8 40 1 40 12 49 10 17 3 271 3 2 1 561 8 9 8 September 1/11 48\ Invisible. 8 8 12 53 12 20 9 43 2 55 2 30 1 9 7 22 Septenher. 11/11 561 Sets. 7 44 12 38 11 54 9 121 2 251 2 112 271 641 6 September 21/12 021 6 41 6 5 7 24 12 21 11 45 8 40 1 54 1 31 11 41 ó 17 October. 112 081 6 00 6 56 7 612 611 31 8 7 1 23 1 0 10 59 Sets. October. 11/12 15 5 555 45 6 50 11 53/11 23 7 34 12 50 12 29|10 17 4 8 4 October 21 12 231 5 521 5 37 6 35 11 43 11 16 7 0 12 17 11 58 9 361 3 27% November. 1 12 33 5 531 5 28 S 2011 34 11 10 6 22 11 43 11 22 8 50 2 41 November 11/12 45 5 541 5 28 6 6 11 25 1 5 5 46 11 8110 47 8 101 21! 1 November. 21 12 59 6 11 5 31 5 52 11 18 11 1 5 8 10 30 10 9 301 1 1 1 December, 1 1 141 6 14 5 42 5 39 11 11 10 57 4 301 953/ 9 32 651)12 421 December 11 1 29 6 29! 5 57 5 26 11 5 10 55 3 501 9 13 8 52 6 12 12 3 11 December 21 1 44 647 6 18 5 12 10 5810 51 3 & 8 301 8 9 5 34 1 21 11 December.... 131 157 76 421 4 58 10 50 10 46 2 261 7 487 26/1 4 57 10 45/10 CHRONOLOGICAL ERAS. EMBER DAYS. Wednesday, Friday and Saturday after The year 1907, which comprises the lat First Sunday in Lent-February 20, ter part of the 131st and the beginning of and 23. the 1320 year of the independence of the Pentecost-May 22, 24 and 25. United States of America, corresponds September 14 September 18, 20 and 2 nearly to December 13-December, 18, 20 and 21 The Manometan year 1325, which be- MAHOMETAN CALENDAR-A. M. 80 gins on February 14. -1907 A, D. The year 5668 of the Jews, which be The Mahometan year 1325 is the 5th sing on September 9, or at sunset Sep the 44th cycle of 30 years, and contai tember 8, 355 days. La The Chinese rear 4604, wbich begins Year: Begins. da February 13. 1324...11... Dul Kaeda (1906).Dec, 19 The year 7415-16 of the Byzantine Era, 1324...12... Dulhegge (1907)..Jan, 18 beginning September 1. 1325... 1... Muharrem Feb. 14 The year 2219 of the Grecian Era, which 1325. 2... Saphar March 16 began near the Vernal Equinox, B. C. 312. 1325...3...Rabia I...... April 14 The year 2567 of the Japanese Era. 1325...4...Rabia II. . May 14 1325...5...Jomhadi I.. June 12 CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLES. 1325... 6...Jomhadi II.... July 12 Dominical Letter.... 1325... 7...Rajeb .Aug. 10 Epact (Moon's age, January 1).. 18 1325... S... Shaban .Sept9 Lunar Cycle, or Golden Number...... 8 1325... 9...Ramadan* ......Oct. 8 Solar Cycle. 12 1325...10... Schawall .......Nov. Roman Indiction.................... 1325...11... Dul Kaeda......Dec. Julian Period. 6620 1325...12...Dulhegge (1908). .Jan. Dionyalan Period. 236 1326... 1... Muharrem (1908), Feb. Jewish Lunar Cycle..... *Fasting. |