RESTIGOUCHE COUNTY contains 1,426,560 acres, of which 156,979 acres are granted and 1,269,581 acres are vacant; 8895 acres only are cleared. The soil is fertile, and produces fine crops.

GLOUCESTER COUNTY contains 1,037,440 acres-332,902 acres have been granted, and 704,538 acres are yet vacant. The cleared land is 19,812 acres. In 1851, 14,302 grindstones were made and 21,157 lbs. of maple sugar.

NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY contains 2,980,000 acres, of which 986,168 acres were granted and 1,993,832 are still vacant. The cleared land amounts to 30,221 acres.

.KENT COUNTY contains 1,026,000 acres-386,398 granted, 640,002 vacant, 35,496 cleared.

WESTMORELAND COUNTY contains 878,440 acres-577,440 granted, 301,000 vacant, 92,822 cleared.

ALBERT COUNTY contains 433,560 acres-233,700 granted, 199,860 vacant, 32,210 cleared.

ALBERT COUNTY.-This county contains 414,720 acres309,147 granted, and 105,573 vacant. The population in 1861, with Portland, was close upon 50,000 souls. It occupies a commanding position, and contains 4500 inhabited houses and 4300 stores, barns, and outbuildings. It possesses numerous saw-mills, grist-mills, tanneries, foundries, breweries, factories, and ship-yards. There are three banks-the Bank of New Brunswick, the Commercial Bank of New Brunswick, and a branch of the Bank of British North America. The commerce is large and increasingabout 2000 vessels entering and departing each year.

CHARLOTTE COUNTY contains 783,360 acres-317,245 granted, 466,115 vacant, 45,656 cleared.

KING'S COUNTY contains 849,920 acres-662,752 granted, 187,168 vacant, 120,923 cleared.

QUEEN'S COUNTY contains 961,280 acres-514,204 granted, 444,076 vacant, 63,719 cleared.

SUNBURY COUNTY contains 782,002 acres-377,078 granted, 405,002 vacant, 15,587 cleared.

YORK COUNTY contains 2,201,600 acres-970,914 granted, 1,230,686 vacant, 69,017 cleared.

CARLETON COUNTY contains 700,000 acres-465,802 granted, 234,198 vacant, and 55,537 cleared.

VICTORIA COUNTY contains 2,872,000 acres-345,600 granted, 2,526,400 vacant, 26,834 cleared.

COMMERCE.

In 1860 the imports from the United States were £688,217, the total imports were £1,446,740; the exports to the United States were £248,378, the total exports, £916,372. In 1861 the imports from the United States were £628,070, the total imports were £1,238,133; the exports to the United

States were £175,654, the total exports were £947,091. In 1862, the imports to the United States were £616,814, the total imports were £1,291,604; the exports to the United States were £185,295, the total exports £803,445. The value of exports and imports in 1862 was-exports, 3,856,528 dollars; imports, 6,199,701 dollars. Of the imports, 2,960,703 dollars were from the United States, and of the exports, 889,416 dollars were to the United States.

The produce of mines and minerals for 1860, was 395,540 dollars; in 1861, 332,970 dollars; in 1862, 303,477 dollars. The produce of fisheries was, in 1860, 374,408 dollars; in 1861, 269,249 dollars; in 1862, 303,477 dollars.

FINANCES (1862).

The receipts for the year were 668,197 dollars, and the expenditure was 675,189 dollars; or, in sterling, the revenue was, 1862, £148,960. In 1863 the revenue was £176,000. The expenditure in 1862 was £166,766 sterling; that of 1863 considerably within the income.

Principal Sources of Revenue.- Railway impost, 93,000 dollars; import duties, 515,000 dollars; export duties, 55,000 dollars; casual revenue, &c., 20,000 dollars; court fees, 4300 dollars; proceeds of seizures, 1000 dollars; auction duty, 200 dollars.

Principal Items of Expenditure.-Civil list, 58,000 dollars; legislature, 47,343 dollars; judiciary, 12,130 dollars; collection of revenue, 40,346 dollars; post-office, 26,400 dollars; public works, 124,290 dollars; education, 116,275 dollars; interest on railway debt, 146,170 dollars; interest on debentures, &c., 45,364 dollars; lunatic asylum, 16,000 dollars; agriculture, 9734 dollars; penitentiary, 7200 dollars.

Public Debt.-The public debt of the province appears to be divisible into three classes, as follows:-Funded debt, 398,733 dollars; floating debt, 649,553 dollars-total of debt proper, 1,048,286 dollars. Railway debt, 4,739,880 dollars. Aggregate, 5,788,166 dollars. The railway obligations were incurred on account of aid extended to the European and North American Railway and the St. Andrew's and Quebec Railway.

GOVERNMENT (JANUARY, 1864).

Lieut.-Governor Commander-in-Chief, &c., since Oct. 26, 1861, His Excellency the Honourable Arthur Hamilton Gordon, C.M.G. Executive Council, or Ministry.-Provincial Secretary, Hon. S. L. Tilley-salary, 2400 dollars; Attorney-General, Hon. J. M. Johnson, jun.-salary, 2400 dollars; Surveyor-General, Hon. J. McMillan salary, 2400 dollars; Postmaster-General, Hon. J. Steadman-salary, 2400 dollars; Chief Commander of Board of

Works, Hon. G. L. Hathway-salary, 2400 dollars; SolicitorGeneral, Hon. C. Watters-salary, 1000 dollars. Without office: Hon. E. Perley, Hon. W. H. Steeves, Hon. P. Mitchell.

Other Executive Officers.-Provincial Treasurer, B. Robinson, Esq.; Auditor-General, J. R. Partelow, Esq.; Comptroller of Customs, &c., Wm. Smith, Esq.; Emigration Agent, R. Shives.

The Lieutenant-Governor is appointed by the Crown, and is the representative of royalty in the province. He selects the Executive Council from the majority side of the Provincial Legislature, and they are responsible for the government. Of the members of the Ministry above named, all are from the House of Assembly excepting Messrs. Steeves and Mitchell, who are from the Legislative Council.

Provincial Legislature. This body consists of a Legislative Council of 21 Members, appointed for life by the Crown (with the concurrence of the Executive Council), and a House of Assembly of 41 Members, chosen by the qualified electors of the province for a term of four years. The qualification for membership of the Assembly is the ownership of a freehold of the clear value of £300 -about 1500 dollars. All elections are by ballot; and every male British subject is a voter who is not legally incapacitated, and who is assessed on the registry for real estate to the value of £25, or personal estate to the value of £100, or having an annual income of £100.

Judiciary: Supreme Court.-Chief Justice, Sir James Carter, Kt.; Master of the Rolls, Hon. Neville Parker; Judges, Hon. R. Parker, Hon. S. Ritchie, Hon. L. A. Wilmot.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS, MILITIA OF THE PROVINCE, CENSUS OF 1861, AGRICULTURE IN 1860.

Public Schools.--From the report of John Bennett, Esq., Chief Superintendent of Schools, we compile the following statistics, exhibiting the condition of the public schools of the province for the year 1862:-Whole number of children between the ages of six and sixteen, 64,000; attendance during the year, 29,500; number of teachers, 810. Provincial expenditure on account of schools, 94,437 dollars; amount of local contributions, 106,524 dollars-total expenditure for schools, 200,961 dollars. Expended for superior schools, 5288 dollars; superior schools in operation, 23; number of pupils in superior schools, 1164; average annual salary of teachers in superior schools, 566 dollars. Number of school-houses built, 1862, 68. In the superior schools Greek was taught in 2, Latin in 15, French in 9, and the mathematics in all. Besides the foregoing, there is a training-school for educating teachers, into which 167 applicants were admitted after passing an examination, at which 27 applicants were rejected. There are also 12 grammar schools, in which there were, in 1862, 397 pupils.

Latin and the mathematics were taught in all these schools, Greek in 7, and French in 8.

Militia of the Province.-The return of the enrolled militia for 1862 is as follows:-Volunteers, 1738; 1st class-single men, and widowers without children, 18,859; 2nd class-married men, and widowers with children, 6131; sedentary militia (over 45), 3714. Total, 30,442.

Census of 1861.- Inhabitants: males, 129,948; females, 122,099-total, 252,047. Native born, 199,445; foreign born, 52,602. Indians, 1112; coloured, 1591. Religions: Catholics, 85,238; Baptists, 57,730; Episcopalians, 42,776; Presbyterians, 36,072; Methodists, 25,637; Congregationalists, 1290; Christians, 1326; Universalists, 646; Covenanters, 559; all others, 773. Deaf and dumb, 166; blind, 172; insane or idiotic, 518. Births in 1860, 8722; marriages in 1860, 905; deaths in 1860, 2390. Dwellings inhabited, 33,700; dwellings uninhabited, 1537; houses building, 1695; stores, barns, &c., 46,464. The increase of population in the province in the ten years, from 1851 to 1861, was 30.05 per cent. Of the whole population 49.76 per cent. are agricultural, or very nearly one-half; 21.71 per cent. are labourers; 15.90 per cent. are mechanics and handicraftsmen; 4:48 are engaged in commerce; 3.93 in the fisheries and at sea; 1.85 are professional; and the remainder miscellaneous.

Agriculture (1860).—Wheat, 279,775 bushels; barley, 5227 acres; barley, 94,679 bushels; oats, 96,268 acres; oats, 2,656,883 bushels; buckwheat, 41,936 acres; buckwheat, 904,321 bushels; Indian corn, 635 acres; Indian corn, 17,420 bushels; rye, 3944 acres; rye, 57,504 bushels; potatoes, 37,667 acres; potatoes, 4,041,339 bushels; flax (scutched), 4,501,477 lbs. ; butter, 218,067 lbs.; wool, 633,757 lbs.; pork (slaughtered), 9,692,169; maple sugar, 230,066; hay, 324,169 tons.

The Lieutenant-Governor, in his report to the Colonial Secretary, says: "The year 1862 has, on the whole, been one of progress; and, although the effects of the war on this continent are undoubtedly still severely felt, prosperity has revived more rapidly than could have been anticipated. Agricultural occupations were attended with abundant success, and I may safely conclude with the expression of my belief that the province at large is thriving and contented."

CHAPTER VII.

THE CANADAS.

The Lakes, Rivers, and Canals-The Pictured Rocks-The Great Lakes-Mineral Wealth-Commerce, Shipping, Trade, and Statistics-Rivers-The RapidsCanadian Song-Emigration-Montreal, Toronto, Quebec, Kingstown, Hamilton, Cobourg, &c.-The Farming Interest of Canada-Agricultural Statistics and Tables.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

CANADA is bounded on the south by the United States; upon the north side it has no defined limit, but is regarded as including all the country watered by streams which flow into the St. Lawrencethat is, all the land which lies within the watershed between the St. Lawrence and the rivers falling into Hudson's Bay. It extends in an irregular line for 1300 miles, while its breadth varies from 100 to 300 miles.

Its astronomical position is between latitudes 41° 47′ and 52° 40' north, and between longitudes 61° 54′ and 90° 20′ west,

The whole area covered by the Canadas is 340,000 square miles (or 240,000,000 acres), 140,000 of which belong to Upper Canada and 200,000 to Lower Canada. The frontier between Canada and the United States is formed by the great lakes and the course of the river St. Lawrence, as far as the point where that stream is intersected by the parallel of 45°, thence by the line of that parallel as far east as the meridian of 71° and to the south-east of the river, and terminates at the head of the Bay of Chaleurs, on the west side of the St. Lawrence. To the north of the 49th parallel, therefore, both banks of the St. Lawrence are included within British territory.

The general topography is as follows:-The province is divided into Upper or Western Canada and Lower or Eastern Canada. Lower Canada contains five districts-Gaspé, Quebec, Three Rivers, St. Francis, and Montreal, which are subdivided into thirty-six counties. The two important cities of Montreal and Quebec are in this portion of the province.

Upper Canada is divided into twenty districts, which are again subdivided into counties. Toronto, Ottawa, Kingston, Cobourg, London, Oxford, Guelph, Stratford, Chatham, Goderich, and Amherstburg, are all cities and towns which will contrast favourably with the best of the interior cities and towns of England, while in a progressive sense they are far in advance.

Upper Canada is generally level, with but few variations, excepting some table heights, and is considered the most fertile.

Lower Canada is extremely varied and beautiful in its physical