CHAPTER XVII

Trustees: Course of Study

And (b) to prescribe the course of studies to be pursued in such schools. (195)

That the trustees have power (a) to establish the course of study: that is to select the branches to be taught in school; and (b) to grade or classify the pupils, is undisputed. Whether they have (c) the power to compel every child in school to follow the course of study has been a subject of violent contro

versy.

The course of study is to be prescribed by the trustees. (195)

(12 Allen 127, 8 Cush 160, 44 Hun 340, 87 Il 303, 175 Ill 9, 106 Ind 478, 31 Ia 562, 28 Me 379, 31 Neb 552, 59 N H 473, 48 N W 393, 32 Vt 224, 48 Vt 444)

In Me. Judge Appleton said that if the legislative code within constitutional limitations should prescribe a course of study however unwise, or books however immoral, he was not aware of any power on the part of the court to interfere. (38 Me 376)

In Nev. the state board prescribes the course of study. In N. D. this power is subject to the approval of the county superintendent. In S. D. teachers must follow the course of study recommended by a majority of the county superintendents of the state, and the superintendents of public instruction.

Algebra may be included (45 Ia 248, 50 Ia 152) and rhetoric (29 Ohio 89) and composition (D 1687 1874 37 Am R 123, 97 Ill 375, 129 Ind 14, 77 Mo 484, 32 Vt 224) and declamation (59 N. H 473, 35 Wis 59) and German.

High schools may be established by taxation. 178, 16 Mass 141, 103 Mass 94, 30 Mich 69)

Evening high schools are legal. (93 Pac 117)

(11 Cush

The compulsory law names these 6 essential common school branches: reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, English language, geography. (530)

N. C. forbids the teaching in public schools of other subjects than (1) spelling, (2) defining, (3) reading, (4) writing, (5) arithmetic, (6) English grammar, (7) elementary physiology and hygiene, (8) state and American history; but provides that the school committee may make special arrangements to allow other subjects to be taught.

In Mass. vivisection is forbidden, and dissection of dead animals restricted to the class-room and the presence of the pupils engaged in the study illustrated. New York has a similar law, and the Anti-Vivisection Society of Boston offers $100 reward for the conviction of any public-school teacher who has at any time practiced vivisection in a New York school.

N. D. requires that all reports, records, and proceedings shall be kept in the English language, and that no public money shall be expended in supporting a school in which the English language is not taught exclusively.

Ore. requires stated exercises in composition and declamation.

Ariz. requires in all primary schools vocal and breathing exercises of 3 to 5 minutes each at least twice a day.

Cal. and Pa. requires that attention must be given to physical exercises, and to the ventilation and temperature of school-rooms.

Ore. requires the teacher to attend to the temperature of the school-room, and to see that the doors and windows are open at each intermission, to see that pupils take exercise, and to encourage healthful play at recess, prohibiting all dangerous and immoral games.

Wash. requires attention during the entire course to the cultivation of manners, the laws of health, physical exercise, ventilation and temperature, and not less than 10 minutes each week to systamatic teaching of kindness to animals. Me. and Texas make this last requirement.

Tenn. requires State constitution to be taught in all primary and secondary schools.

Conn. requires State board to furnish cards for testing pupils' eyesight.

Ia. requires vocal music in all public schools. Ohio permits employment of teachers of vocal music.

Ariz. and Cal. make it the duty of all teachers to impress upon the minds of the pupils the principles of morality, truth, justice, and patriotism; to teach them to avoid idleness, profanity and falsehood; to instruct them in the principles of a free government; and to train them up to a true comprehension of the rights, duties and dignity of American citizenship.

In Ariz. a principal may enrol pupils of eleven years old or more as members of the "American Guard", under such conditions as he may prescribe. New York forbids it.

Provision must be made for instructing pupils in all schools supported by public money or under state control in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effect of alcoholic drinks, stimulants and narcotics upon the human system. (195, 229)

In New York, as in nearly all States, one requirement is that physiology, so far as it pertains to the hygienic effects of stimulants and narcotics, shall be taught in every school receiving public money. (195, 111 Mass. 499)

The nature of alcoholic drinks and other narcotics and their effects on the human system must be taught in connection with the various divisions of physiology and hygiene, as thoroughly as are other branches in all

schools under state control, or supported wholly or in part by public money of the state, and also in all schools connected with reformatory institutions. (760)

All pupils in the 2d year of the high school and above the 3d year of school work computing from the beginning of the lowest primary, not kindergarten, year, or in corresponding classes of ungraded schools, must be taught and must study this subject every year with suitable text-books in the hands of all pupils, for not less than 3 lessons a week for 10 or more weeks, or the equivalent of the same in each year, and must pass satisfactory tests in this as in other studies before promotion to the next succeeding year's work. (760)

Where there are 9 or more school years below the high school, the study may be omitted in all years above the 8th year and below the high school, by such pupils as have passed the required tests of the 8th year. (760)

In all schools above-mentioned, all pupils in the lowest 3 primary, not kindergarten, school years or in corresponding classes in ungraded schools must each year be instructed in this subject orally for not less tban 2 lessons a week for 10 weeks, or the equivalent of the same in each year, by teachers using text-books adapted for such oral instruction as a guide and standard. (760)

Such pupils must pass such tests in this as may be required in other studies before promotion to the next succeeding year's work. Nothing in this article shall be construed as prohibiting or requiring the teaching of this subject in kindergarten schools.

(760)

The local school authorities must provied needed facilities

and definite time and place for this branch in the regular courses of study. (760)

The text-books in the pupils' hands must be graded to the capacities of 4th year, intermediate, grammar and high school pupils, or to corrsponding classes in ungraded schools. For students below high school grade, such text-books shall give at least their space, and for students of high school grade, not less than 20 pages to the nature and effects of alcoholic drinks and other narcotics. This subject must be treated in the text-books in connection with the various divisions of physiology and hygiene, and pages on this subject in a separate chapter at the end of the books will not be counted in determining the minimum. No text-book or physiology not conforming to this article may be used in the public schools. (760)

All regents examinations in physiology and hygiene must include a due proportion of questions on the nature of alcoholic drinks and other narcotics, and their effects on the human system. (760)

In all normal schools, teachers' training classes and teachers' institutes, adequate time and attention shall be given to instruction in the best methods of teaching this branch, and no teacher may be licensed who has not passed a satisfactory examination in the subject, and the best methods of teaching it. On satisfactory evidence that any teacher has wilfully refused to teach this subject, as provided in this article, the commissioner of education must revoke the license of such teacher. (761)

No public money of the state may be apportioned by the commissioner of education or paid for the benefit of any city until the superintendent of schools therein shall have filed with the treasurer or chamberlain of such city an affidavit, and with the commissioner of education a duplicate of such affidavit, that he has made thorough investigation as to the facts, and that to the best of his knowledge, information and belief, all the provisions of this article have been complied with in all the schools under his supervision in such city during the last preceding legal year; nor shall any