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THIRD CLASS.

Morning Paper.

BYRON'S "CHILDE HAROLD."-CANTO III.

Answer to the 1st Question. The poetry of Lord Byron is characterized by the glowing energy-the deep feeling and the passionate enthusiasm with which his thoughts are expressed. The genuine and all-powerful love of nature which formed so peculiar and such a predominant feature of the mind of our poet together with that awful gloominess of disposition which he contracted from brooding so violently over the many cruel wrongs he had suffered in the world gives to his poetical productions that appalling force -that fascinating though terrible charm and that dignity of expression which never fails to come home to the heart of every reader. It is in his poetry that we so often meet with “ thoughts that breathe, and words that burn." But the muse of Byron though singularly successful in painting the individual traits of his own character was however as singularly deficient in pourtraying the character of other men. The gifted author of Lara and Corsair was essentially defective in the dramatic faculty, he could describe his own woes and sufferings with a master-hand but he was incapable of describing the broad outlines of human nature.

Answer to the Second Question.-Above my head the Alps rear their heads those mountains-which are as it were the royal domes -the grand works of the creation-mountains whose mighty precipices piercing the clouds with their snowy tops have formed cold apartments of ice which strike the spectator with sublimity and in which Eternity seems to be enthroned-so perpetual and everlasting appear the snows to be. It is in those massy congealed halls of ice that the avalanche-the great thunder-shafts of snow-the fearful icy mass which crushes every thing beneath it like the thunderbolt, it is in those places I say that the avalanche is formed. Such scenery serves to excite in the mind feelings of awe and fear and enlarges at the same time the sphere of our comprehension, it thus in a manner places before us the facility with which a mere heap of earth may reach the regions of Heaven and may leave self-assuming man confined in the pinfold here.

Answer to the Third Question.-The poet here alludes to the patriotic zeal of Harmodius, whose enthusiastic and undaunted courage in murdering Hipparchus though originating from selfish motives, proved at last the cause of freeing it thus from the tyranny of Hippias and Hipparchus. Harmodius and Aristogerton

were two Athenian youths in close friendship, it happened that Hippias in order to revenge himself for some fancied injury he had suffered at the hand of Harmodius mortally insulted his sister at a public religious ceremony and excited in his breast an eager thirst of revenge which blood could alone quell. Accordingly, in conjunction with his friend Aristogerton he availed himself of a religious feast which the Athenians celebrated, and concealing his arms under myrtle boughs, proceeded in quest of the tyrant-brothers, Hippias, suspecting some danger, contrived by artful means to discover the conspirators while his brother Hipparchus fell a victim to the fury of the injured friends. That youths used to carry arms concealed under myrtle boughs may be proved from the famous drinking song

"With myrtle will I wreath, &c."

Answer to the Fourth Question -The definitions of Prose and Poetry as given by Archbishop Whateley serve to place in a conspicuous light the material distinctions existing between them. Poetry brings before our minds a vivid picture of the thoughts which it clothes in its fairy garb. It expresses ideas in animated and burning language so that they leave a vivid impression upon our minds. Its language is the living language which goes at once to the heart and it is therefore very properly said to be expressing thoughts as if it spoke before us the sweet music of human lips. The language which constitutes Prose on the contrary is dull, lifeless and flat. It never leaves a strong impression upon the mind. It is the language which we read but the language of poetry is the language which we hear.

Answer to the Fifth Question.-The great victory which Hannibal gained over the Romans in Italy was that of Cannoe which threatened for a time to bring the Roman supremacy to the brink of destruction and to reduce the mistress of the world to that original obscurity whence she rose to the sovereignty of the then known world.

Flushed with the great victory of Cannce the Carthaginian general marched to Campania and stationing his hardy soldiers in the luxurious capital of Capua began to enjoy for a time the pleasures of a triumph. But the loose pleasures of the Campanian capital enervated the courage of his troops and subsequently induced him to return to his native city for opposing the arms of Scipio in Africa. The fatal field of Zama gave a total defeat to Hannibal and decided the fate of Carthage. He subsequently retired to the court of Mithridates and committed suicide for falling in the hands of the Romans.

Answer to the Sixth Question.-Addressing the Rhine the poet says that any battle which was fought on thy banks but a day before left no trace behind : The stream of human blood poured from slaughtered necks of millions was washed away by thy waters, so that no stain of carnage could be seen and the sunbeam was clearly reflected on thy stream with its tremulous light, but in vain would thy waters oh! majestic river try to sweep over a mind which is filled with a blackening or gloomy recollection of its past woes- -all the prospects of whose pleasures have been at once blasted or blighted.

Answer to the Seventh Question.-Logically speaking, the exprsesions marked (a) and (c) are correct.

Answer to the Eighth Question.-Lord Byron died at Messolonghi in Greece while arduously engaged in assisting with his feeble arm the Greeks in their efforts to throw off the Turkish yoke.

Answer to the Ninth Question.-The early patron of Lord Bacon was the Earl of Essex who was subsequently executed for engaging in a conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth with whom he had been in the beginning of his life, a great favourite.

Answer to the Tenth Question.-Simulation is the act of pretending to those qualities which we do not possess-Dissimulation is the act of concealing those which we do possess.

Answer to the Eleventh Question.-Envy says Baron like the rays of the sun beat more intensely upon a mound or a high rising elevation of earth than upon a level surface. This remark is very true for we see in the world that those who rise from an obscure origin to a conspicuous position in society are more liable to be exposed to the envy of their inferiors whom they leave below them while their superiors painfully alive to the growing reputation of a man whom they regard as an intruder upon their rank never fail to look upon him with an envious eye.

Answer to the Twelfth Question.-Trivial from the Latin trivium the place where three roads meet, means a mean, trifling thing since any thing placed in the meeting of three roads is more trodden than if it had been placed in any other part of the road.

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Sycophant from a Greek word meaning one who steals fig. Wit (from a German word signifying to know) means one who knows.

Answer to the Thirteenth Question.-Malevolence or an earnest desire of doing injury to mankind leads many persons to expose their fellow creatures to all sorts of misery and yet these malevolent men would never heap upon the objects of their ill-will any such suffering which would involve a sacrifice of their own interSuch mental constitutions seemed to be formed by nature in deviating from her right course and such are the very mental

ests.

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constitutions which can best qualify men for being great politicians just as the knee-timber which are bad materials for building a house with are yet good materials for the building of a ship which shall have to brave the rage of waves and storms; just so these illnatured men though unqualified for being good and peaceful citizens prove yet greatly able to conduct states through political dangers.

Misanthrope.-From two words signifying bad or ill and men means wishing ill to men.

"Yet have never a tree," &c.-This alludes to the anecdote related of Timon the man-hater by Plutarch in his life of Anthony, Timon one day came to the market place of Athens and mounting the rostrum told to the persons assembled near him that he had a fig tree in his garden on which many people had hanged themselves but as he intended to cut it down for the purpose of building on the spot all who had intentions of hanging themselves might avail themselves of the tree before it was too late.

Politics of for politicians of.

Knee-timber is timber of a tree the upper part of which is inclined at an angle to the main trunk.

Answer to the Fourteenth Question.-By sumptuary laws Bacon means laws regulating the expences of living which people are to adopt, such laws as they serve to prevent persons from coming to ruin and poverty and by forcing them to adopt a temperate mode of living are great antidotes against sedition.

Answer to the Fifteenth Question:

(a) By abridgment is meant the surest and shortest way. (b) The battle of Actium was fought between Anthony and Octavius Cæsar. Dolabella, the Roman general commanded on the part of Antony, Cæsar led the naval forces in person.

(c) The battle of Lepanto which proved so great a death-blow to the rising power of the Turks was fought between the Turkish fleet under Ali and Uluzalli and the conjoined fleets of the Pope, the Venetians, the Emperor and the King of Spain under the gallant Don John of Austria natural son to the Emperor Charles V.

(d) Set up their rest means planted their hopes--the phrase is taken from the ancient usage of fighting muskets from a rest.

Answer to the Sixteenth Question.-In his essay on studies Bacon points out the essential advantages of study-it enables us according to him to multiply the sphere of our enjoyments in private life, gives a relish to our conversation in society and qualifies us for the general discharge and management of business-he then points out the different sorts of men who regard studies in different lights" crafty men" he says " contemn studies, simple

men admire them," and wise men, use them. He then places before our view the importance of perfecting or rather tempering studies by a proper mixture of worldly experience. "Studies" he says "gives directions to the natural faculties too large except they be bounded in by experience," Bacon then goes on to distinguish the several sorts of books which are to be studied in different ways and last of all he describes the particular advantages resulting from the study of different branches of knowledge.

DWARKA NAUTH CHUCKERBUTTY,

Hindoo College, Third Class.

Extra Paper.

Answer to the First Question. -The syllogistic method was generally employed in the time of Bacon, and previously, since Aristotle flourished, in the management of all disputes. It was the engine employed by miscalled philosophers in the Middle Ages for wringing the consent of their auditors to their dogmas. If they could induce the assent of men to the premises-it could not be refused to the conclusion. Now the premises being general propositions are not easily comprehended by men, at least by the vulgar and if it fall in with the narrow sphere of their experience— they easily give their assent to it and are thus led into errors. Bacon himself explains it by saying-that syllogisms are not applied to (that is are not applicable to the raising of) general axioms and are in vain applied to intermediate ones—that is to propositions deduced from it. Bacon therefore means-that as syllogisms are not applicable to the raising of the general propositions employed by the dilecticians though they may therefore make men consent to the conclusions deduced by means of them yet those conclusions when tested by their agreement with facts will be found fallacious.

The proposition as worded by Bacon is too general and requires to be modified. It is true that syllogism is not the art of raising axioms which must be raised by means of Induction. Syllogism is the art of drawing conclusions from acknowledged data. If these last be false-the conclusion is necessarily false; but that is not the fault of syllogism. If the data however be correct a correct conclusion will infallibly be deduced by syllogism. In this case it will catch not only the assent but things too. So that Bacon's proposition is not universally true. All the propositions of Euclid are capable of being stated in syllogistic form. It is

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