A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

Table of Contents List of Illustrations and Maps 1 Photo Credits 2 Acknowledgments 3 A Note on Spelling 5 Introduction 7 Part I At the Crossroads of History 1 The Last Days of Old Europe 23 2 The Legacy of The Great Game in Asia 26 3 The Middle East Before The War 33 4 The Young Turks Urgently Seek an Ally 45 5 Winston Churchill on The Eve of War 51 6 Churchill Seizes Turkey's Warships 54 7 An Intrigue at the Sublime Porte 62 Part II Kitchener of Khartoum Looks Ahead 8 Kitchener Takes Command 79 9 Kitchener's Lieutenants 88 10 Kitchener Sets out to Capture Islam 96 11 India Protests 106 12 The Man in The Middle 111 Part III Britain Is Drawn into the Middle Eastern Quagmire 13 The Turkish Commanders Almost Lose The War 119 14 Kitchener Allows Britain to Attack Turkey 124 15 On to Victory at the Dardanelles 130 16 Russia's Grab for Turkey 137 17 Defining Britain's Goals in the Middle East 146 18 At the Narrows of Fortune 150 19 The Warriors 155 20 The Politicians 159 21 The Light That Failed 163 22 Creating the Arab Bureau 168 23 Making Promises to the Arabs 173 24 Making Promises to the European Allies 188 25 Turkey's Triumph at the Tigris 200 Part IV Subversion 26 Behind Enemy Lines 207 27 Kitchener's Last Mission 216 28 Hussein's Revolt 218 Part V The Allies at the Nadir of Their Fortunes 29 The Fall of the Allied Governments: Britain and France 231 30 The Overthrow of the Czar 239 Part VI New Worlds and Promised Lands 31 The New World 253 32 Lloyd George's Zionism 263 33 Toward The Balfour Declaration 276 34 The Promised Land 284 Part VII Invading the Middle East 35 Jerusalem for Christmas 305 36 The Road ToDamascus 315 37 The Battle for Syria 332 Part VIII The Spoils of Victory 38 The Parting of the Ways 351 39 By The Shores of Troy 363 Part IX The Tide Goes Out 40 The Ticking Clock 383 41 Betrayal 389 42 The Unreal World of the Peace Conferences 403 Part X Storm over Asia 43 The Troubles Begin: 1919-1921 415 44 Egypt: The Winter of 1918-1919 417 45 Afghanistan: The Spring of 1919 421 46 Arabia: The Spring of 1919 424 47 Turkey: January 1920 427 48 Syria and Lebanon: The Spring and Summer of 1920 435 49 Eastern Palestine (Transjordan): 1920 441 50 Palestine-Arabs and Jews: 1920 445 51 Mesopotamia (IRAQ): 1920 449 52 Persia (Iran): 1920 455 Part XI Russia Returns to the Middle East 53 Unmasking Britain's Enemies 465 54 The Soviet Challenge in the Middle East 471 55 Moscow's Goals 475 56 A Death in Bukhara 480 Part XII The Middle Eastern Settlement of 1922 57 Winston Churchill Takes Charge 493 58 Churchill and the Question of Palestine 515 59 The Alliances Come Apart 530 60 A Greek Tragedy 540 6 The Settlement of the Middle Eastern Question 558 Afterword to the 2009 Edition 569 Notes 577 Bibliography 615 Index 629.