Ovomucoid and sugar in the white of birds' eggs, C. T. MÖRNER (HoppeSeyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 80 (1912), No. 6, pp. 430-473).—Domestic poultry and wild birds were used in this investigation.

Bob veal and the public, P. A. FISH (Amer. Vet. Rev., 41 (1912), No. 2, pp. 178–185).-Experiments are reported in which bob veal was compared with market veal and with beef in respect to freezing point, specific gravity, and percentage of water.

The freezing point method seemed more sensitive and reliable than the other methods tested. Comparing averages, it was found that the freezing point of bob veal up to 14 days old was from 0.1 to 0.11° less than market veal and beef. Although the experiments indicate "quite a satisfactory line of demarcation between the younger bob and older veal, there are occasional individual exceptions, and the method [of distinguishing between old and young veal] as yet can not, therefore, be declared infallible."

Dietetic experiments were also carried on in which bob veal was eaten in 7 families aggregating 20 individuals ranging from 2 to 60 years of age. “The statement that the flesh of bob veal has a laxative effect and induces diarrhea has not been confirmed in a single instance throughout our work. The health in all cases was apparently normal; nor did any family refuse a second helping when another carcass became available.

"In all veal there is a deficiency of fat as compared with beef. In bob veal this deficiency is naturally somewhat more pronounced, because fat is a result of growth and age under proper nutritive conditions. In the use of bob veal this deficiency may be overcome to a considerable extent by cooking the veal with pork or other fat."

The author is of the opinion that bob veal is in no way injurious when used as human food.

The existing legal restrictions regarding the sale of very young veal and the desirability of changes in such regulations are discussed.

The pickling and curing of meat in hot weather, G. W. CARVER (Alabama Tuskegee Sta. Bul. 24, pp. 22).-Directions are given for pickling and curing meat, together with a number of recipes for cooking pork.

Studies of flour, I, R. FANTO (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 24 (1912), No. 4, pp. 269–274, figs. 2).-Studies are reported of the proportion of the total nitrogen of wheat and rye flour which is soluble, and also the results of tests of the viscosity of water extracts.

Studies on wheat flour.-II, Artificial flour improvers, H. JESSEN-HANSEN (Ztschr. Gesam. Getreidew., 4 (1912), No. 10, pp. 271–277).-The different flour improvers which have been suggested are considered to owe any value they possess to the increase which they produce in the hydrogen ion concentration. Other conclusions confirm previous findings (E. S. R., 27, p. 166).

Report from food laboratory (Ann. Rpt. Ind. Bd. Health, 29 (1910), pp. 222-296, fig. 1).-Data are given regarding the examination of a number of samples of milk, ice cream, lard, and other materials.

Report of sanitary inspections (Ann. Rpt. Ind. Bd. Health, 29 (1910), pp. 297-311, fig. 1).-A progress report.

Notices of adulteration or misbranding (Kentucky Sta. Food and Drug Bul., 1912, cases 5118-5249, pp. 49–144).—These notices have to do with the adulteration and misbranding of bakers' materials, milk deficient in butter fat and containing added water, cream adulterated and deficient in butter fat, etc. Report of industrial investigations in Basle, edited by S. BAUER (Basler Volkswirtschaftliche Arbeiten. Stuttgart, 1911, vol. 2, pp. XX+315).—This report contains two papers, and an introduction by S. Bauer.

The food of German laborers and its cost, H. Lichtenfelt (pp. 1-90).-This paper contains the results of an exhaustive study of the income and disbursements of laboring men of various occupations in different German provinces. Considering average values, the digestible protein varied from 61.3 to 89.2 gm. per man per day; the digestible fat and carbohydrates with the smaller amount of protein being, respectively, 64.2 and 551.6 gm., and with the larger amount of protein, 113.9 and 618.8 gm.

Consumption and increased prices discussed on the basis of Basle budgets, F. Krömmelbein (pp. 91-315).-A large amount of data is summarized and discussed.

The nutritive value considered from a biological standpoint of foodstuffs denaturalized by high temperature, A. SULJMA (Arch. Hyg., 75 (1912), No. 6-7, pp. 235–264, dgms. 8).-Experiments undertaken to determine whether there were differences in the physico-chemical properties of food in its usual condition and denaturalized by heating at a high temperature which would affect the digestive processes led to the conclusion that gastric digestion was much slower with the cooked than with the uncooked fish (sardines). Differences were not observed, however, when digestion as a whole was considered. Artificial digestion experiments showed that the cooked fish required a much longer time for digestion than the raw. The favorable effect of the enzyms present in the raw fish was considered. When the material was kept on ice its enzymic properties were retained for a long time without loss. * Autodigestion experiments with raw and cooked sardines are also reported. Effects of fruit juices on metabolism, T. LAURENTI (Policlin., Sez. Med., 13 (1911), No. 12, pp. 549–568; Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 58 (1912), No. 6, p. 452).— Except for a slight effect in the case of lemon juice the author did not find that fruit juices exercised any special influence on the amount of urine, its specific gravity, or the total ammonia output. However, in nearly every experiment and during the supplemental period the total nitrogen was increased and the uric acid considerably increased. The effect of fruit juices did not seem to be directly proportional to their acidity.

Experiments on the biological value and metabolism of protein.-III, The rôle of chlorin in protein metabolism, A. JAPPELLI (Arch. Fisiol., 10 (1912), No. 2, pp. 129–149; abs. in Zentbl. Expt. Med., 1 (1912), No. 10, pp. 445, 446).— Experiments with dogs showed that the chlorin metabolism on a ration supplying only the necessary, quantity of chlorin was dependent upon the character of the food, even though the chlorin content varied slightly.

Experiments on the biological value and metabolism of protein.-IV, Are serum proteid bodies the normal nitrogenous tissue nutrients? G. QUAGLIARIELLO (Arch. Fisiol., 10 (1912), No. 2, pp. 150–174; abs. in Zentbl. Expt. Med., 1 (1912), No. 10, pp. 446, 447).—According to the author's conclusions, serum proteid as such is not sufficient to maintain the normal tissue metabolism.

The action of gastric juice on zein and gliadin, II, S. BAGLIONI (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 19 (1910), I. No. 8, pp. 512-517; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 23 (1912), No. 12, p. 696). According to the artificial digestion experiments reported, zein shows a much greater resistance to digestion than gliadin. Gliadoses by long-continued action of gastric juice are changed into complicated bodies, while zeoses remain unchanged. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 663).

Concerning fat metabolism, E. FREUDENBERG (Biochem. Ztschr., 45 (1912), No. 5-6, pp. 467-487).-Autolysis of rabbit liver under aseptic conditions showed that neutral fat underwent a cleavage which was quantitative with a

fat content of 2 per cent. If heated the liver lost this property. Other organs showed the same property but in much less degree, so, according to the author, the liver has a special place in fat metabolism.

Data are also reported regarding the fat content of the blood.

The antineuritis bases of vegetable origin in relationship to beri-beri, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic base of yeast, E. S. EDIE ET AL. (Bio.-Chem. Jour., 6 (1912), No. 3, pp. 234-242).-The authors studied rice bran and Katjang beans, the former giving somewhat favorable results, while the attempt to isolate an active substance from the beans which would possess curative effects in pigeons disabled with polyneuritis from rice meal feeding proved unsuccessful.

Natural yeast having been found previously to possess marked preventive and curative properties, extracts from yeasts were next investigated, and the authors succeeded in isolating an organic compound in the form of fine feathery crystals for which the following formula is suggested: N(CH2 ) 3.C4H7O2. (HNO1). This substance, which they propose to call torulin, showed marked antineuritic properties. It is proposed to investigate the material further.

Calorimetric observations, G. LUSK (Med. Rec. [N. Y.], 82 (1912), No. 21, pp. 925-928, fig. 1).—From respiration calorimeter experiments with a dog, quiet or sleeping, and excluded from thermal influences, the following general conclusions were drawn regarding metabolism:

There was found "a basal metabolism when the cells are nourished by a blood stream which does not receive food from the intestinal tract and the composition of which is regulated by the organs of the body; a metabolism due to plethora induced by an increased quantity in the blood of carbohydrate or fat metabolites which are being absorbed from the intestines; a metabolism due to the stimulus of incoming amino acids acting upon the cells.

“The metabolism of plethora and the metabolism of amino acid stimulation can not be added to each other; there is no summation of effect when both influences are brought into action together. In other words, cellular activity induced by the presence of carbohydrate is not further intensified by the stimulus of amino acids unless the latter alone would accomplish the result.

"The height found for the basal metabolism of the perfectly quiet resting organism, excluded from thermal influences and determined 18 hours after the ingestion of food, confirms Rubner's law of skin area, but places the heat elimination at a lower level."

The heat production per square meter of surface area in one dog was found to be 759 calories, calculated as for a period of 24 hours, and in another 784 calories. In a dwarf 17 years old and weighing 21.3 kg. it was 775 calories.

"In sleeping infants, however, the basal metabolism reached 1,100 calories per square meter of surface, and here the metabolism was also shown to be especially sensitive to protein ingestion (amino acid stimulation), indicating that a high metabolism is characteristic of youthful protoplasm.

"As a practical conclusion of these experiments, it appears that in a quiet and resting animal the heat production is increased by about 20 per cent after the ingestion of a mixed diet, and this increase continues during the period of intestinal absorption; also addition of moderate amounts of protein to the diet has little effect upon the production of heat, even though this protein given alone would of itself cause a considerable rise in the heat production. Hence, a mixed dietary is physiologically economical.

"Experiments are soon to be undertaken to establish the validity of the conclusions set forth in this paper as regards man both in health and disease."

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Yearbook of scientific and practical animal breeding, edited by G. WILSDORF and R. MÜLLER (Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 6 (1911) pp. VII+488, figs. 32).-Part 1 of this yearbook contains articles by Bormann and Balzer, previously noted (E. S. R., 26 pp. 471, 667), and articles by Iwanoff and Becker (noted below). Part 2, as usual, consists of abstracts of articles on zootechny, and part 3 includes miscellaneous notes on various matters of interest to breeders of live stock.

The zoological garden of F. Falz-Fein, E. IWANOFF (Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 6 (1911), pp. 30–52, figs. 18).—This is an account of hybrids between Equus chapmanii and E. caballus, E. caballus and E. przewalskii, Bos taurus and Bison americanus, and Bos taurus and Bison bonasus.

Evidence of alternative inheritance in the F, generation from crosses of Bos indicus on B. taurus, R. K. NABOURS (Amer. Nat., 46 (1912), No. 547, pp. 428-436, figs. 9). This is a preliminary report on crosses of B. indicus, imported to Texas, with other breeds of cattle. The color patterns of the Herefords and Durhams were dominant in the F2 generation. It is thought that the hump, large sheath, and dewlap of the zebu follow the law of alternative inheritance when the parent strains are pure. The hybrids are about 50 per cent larger than the ordinary native range cattle.

Correlation between the lung, heart, and size and weight of the body in Simmental and Oldenburg breeds of cattle, W. BECKER (Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 6 (1911), pp. 53-114).-The author gives the results of measurements made of living and slaughtered animals. A bibliography is appended.

Fancy points in animal breeding, E. N. WENTWORTH (Country Gent., 77 (1912), No. 41, p. 6, fig. 1).—It is pointed out that too much attention has been paid to fancy points in breeding animals, although some cases are cited in which they are associated with economic qualities.

Regeneration and related processes, D. BARFURTH (Fortschr. Naturw. Forsch., 6 (1912), pp. 153–142).—This reviews investigations on the regeneration of tissues, lost organs, transplantation of tissues, and their relation to the embryonic growth of new individuals. A bibliography of over 400 titles is appended.

The action of adrenalin and cholin on the determination of sex, R. ROBINSON (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 154 (1912), No. 24, pp. 1634–1636).—A continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 26, p. 773).

The author found that subcutaneous injections of adrenalin hydrochlorid increased the proportion of males in guinea pigs. Adrenalin caused a reduction and cholin an increase in the weight of the animals treated. Several cases in humans are reported in which it is claimed that sex could be determined by the presence or absence of adrenalin in the urine of the parent.

The influence of standing or lying upon the metabolism of cattle, H. P. ARMSBY and J. A. FRIES (Orig. Commun. 3. Internat. Cong. Appl. Chem. [Washington and New York], 15 (1912), Sect. VII, pp. 23–33).—A preliminary report of results of testing new appliances devised in order that separate determinations of carbon dioxid and water vapor might be made in the intervals of standing or lying. The average percentage of increase in standing over lying was as follows: Carbon dioxid 31.3, water vapor 33.1, total heat 36.2, and radiated heat 37.2 per cent. The influence of standing or lying upon the excretion of carbon dioxid was much greater than in experiments observed by Hagemann or Dahm,

It is concluded that the increased heat emission by cattle during standing, which has been invariably observed in these experiments, represents substantially the increased heat production during the same time.

The combustible gases excreted by cattle, J. A. FRIES (Orig. Commun. 8. Internat. Cong. Appl. Chem. [Washington and New York], 15 (1912), Sect. VII, pp. 109-119).-This contains results of 57 respiration calorimeter experiments with steers.

There was a great variation in the daily quantities of hydrogen and carbon given off in the form of combustible gases, ranging from 5.445 gm. of hydrogen and 19.477 gm. of carbon to 49.152 gm. of hydrogen and 150.697 gm. of carbon. There was also a great variation in the ratio of hydrogen to carbon, the average being 1:3.167. The bulk of the feed and the length of time which it remained in the animal's body, especially in the rations containing alfalfa hay, appeared to influence the composition of the combustible gases produced.

"The amount of combustible gases increases with increase in quantity of feed eaten. The production of combustible carbon is relatively greater with the smaller rations. In percentage of the total carbon given off in carbon dioxid, the combustible carbon increases with the increase in the rations. The individuality of the animals does not seem to have any marked influence upon the production of combustible gases. A tendency for higher percentage of carbon to hydrogen is noticed with the smaller rations, but this is especially marked in the rations containing alfalfa hay."

Composition and digestibility of ether extract of hays and fodders, G. S FRAPS and J. B. RATHER (Orig. Commun. 8. Internat. Cong. Appl. Chem. [Washington and New York], 15 (1912), Sect. VII, pp. 105–107)." The ether extract of hays and fodders contains on an average 58 per cent unsaponifiable material, chiefly wax alcohols. The unsaponifiable material is digested to a much less extent than the saponifiable matter, which includes chlorophyll and fatty acids. The low digestibility of the ether extract of hays and fodders is due largely to the presence of large proportions of nonfats, which are not as easily digested as the fats."

Composition and digestibility of the chloroform extract of plants, G. S. FRAPS and J. B. RATHER (Orig. Commun. 8. Internat. Cong. Appl. Chem. [Washington and New York], 15 (1912), Sect. VII, pp. 103, 104).-" The chloroform extract of hays and fodders is about 60 per cent as much as the ether extract previously made on the same samples. The chloroform extract consists largely of chlorophyll and other weak acids, though it contains fatty acids and wax alcohols also. The chloroform extract has a higher digestibility than the ether extract."

Steer feeding in Alabama, D. T. GRAY and W. F. WARD (Alabama Col. Sta. Bul. 163, pp. 57–133, figs. 11).-This bulletin, which reports results of feeding experiments conducted under actual farm conditions in Sumter County, Ala., by the Alabama Station in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department, is divided into 4 parts.

I. Winter fattening of steers on cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed hulls, corn silage, and Johnson-grass hay (pp. 59-77).—In an experiment during the winter of 1909-10 60 grade Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, and Shorthorn steers from 2 to 3 years old were fed for 84 days. During the first 28 days each lot received a daily ration of 4.64 lbs. of cotton-seed meal per head, which was increased to 6 lbs. for the next 28 days and to 7.73 lbs. for the last 28 days. In addition all lots were fed cotton-seed hulls during the whole period, and for the first 56 days lot 1 was fed corn silage and lot 2 Johnson-grass hay for the full period. At the end of 56 days, when the silage supply gave out, the average daily