CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. I. Memories of Great Men,.... II. YOUTH'S DEPARTMENT. 1. Why do the Flowers Bloom, Mother? (Poetry.) 2. Illustrations of Astronomy-No. 4-Physical constitution and appearance of the Sun and Planets-illustrated. 3. Physical Training in SchoolsGymnastic Exercises-No. 3-(continued.)-2 illustrations. 4. The true Principles of Commerce, ....... III. MISCELLANEOUS. 1. The Voice and Smile of Summer (Poetry) 2. Opening of the Irish Industrial Exhibition. 3. Errors in respeet to Schools corrected-No. 4-(continued. 4. Thoroughness in Education. 5. Energy requisite for the Teacher, ...... PAGE 97 09 102 104 IV. EDITORIAL. Basis for the School Apportionment for 1852, V. OFFICIAL CIRCULARS. 1. To Clerks of Counties, notifying thein of the Apportionment of the Legislative School Grant for 1832-2. To Clerks of Cnies, Towns, and Villages, notifying them of the same-both accompanied with a copy of the apportionment and of the census of Upper Canada, for 1852... 108 VI. EDUCATIONAL INTELLIGENCE. I. CANADA-1. Monthly Summary. 2. School Celebration, Moulton and Sherbrooke. 3. Do. at Gainsborough. 4. Do. at Malahide. 5. Barrie Grammar School. 6. Victoria College. 7. Union School, Peterboro'. I. BRITISH AND FOREIGN-8. Monthly Summary 9. National School Society, England. 10. Education in India. III. UNITED STATES. 11. Monthly Summary. 12. Princeton College, N. J. 13. Antioch College, Ohio,.... ... 109 VII. LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE. 1. Monthly Summary. 2. The Mysteries of Science. 3. Chemical Appliances to Industry. 4. Electrical Phenomena-Advertiscnients.... MEMORIES OF GREAT MEN. 111 What a wonderful and beautiful thing is the gift of genius! How it enshrines its possessors in the minds and memories of men ! How it creates a home for itself in hearts which have long felt, but could not express, its breathing thoughts and burning words! How its interests and sympathies go on circling and widening, like the ripples around the stone cast into the water, till they become as 'household words' or 'old familiar faces,' in all tongues and in all lands! How it grows-never older, but ever younger; the mighty men of yore speaking more powerfully to the generation of to-day, than to the past of yesterday! Beauty has power, and it, also, is a gift from Heaven; but it passeth away, and its place is known no more; for who treasures the defaced and vacant casket, or the flower of the morning, when it lies on the cold ground? The easel of the painter and the chisel of the sculptor, may preserve the lineaments of loveliness, but only as a sight to the eyes, no longer as a voice to the heart. Riches, too, have power, but they have also wings, and oftentimes they flee away. And even when they remain till the rich man is obliged to flee from them, they leave no memories, they create no sympathies. Rank is mighty over the minds of men, and proudly does it rear its ermined form and jewelled brow; but the time soon comes when no voice sounds. No power emanates from the crimson pall and escutcheoned tomb, How different is genius from all these! True, it has its waywardness, its follies, its eccentricities; but these are lost in, or perhaps only enhanced by, the charm of its No. 7. truth, its earnestness, its humility. Yes, genius is true; it is a reality; it has truth to inculcate, and work to do, were it only to bring down a sense of beauty or a power of vision to closed hearts and filmy eyes. Genius is earnest; it flutters not like the whitewinged wanderers of the summer, idly and uselessly, from flower to flower; but, like the bee, it perceives, and earnestly extracts, use with the beauty, food with the perfume. Genius is humble: striving after something far higher than itself, which it never reaches, gazing into brightness and into beauty which it cannot emulate, it forever sees its own littleness, its own darkness, its own deformity, and shrinks from occupying the pedestal assigned to it by its day and generation. Of course, these qualities form the golden setting of the real gem, fresh from the depths of the ocean or the recesses of the mine, for never do they surround the mock jewel, created out of the dust and tinsel of the world. It is not, however to the fulfilled thoughts, and words, and works of great men-it is not to their name and their fame throughout the land-it is not to the incense sb. wered upon them in the halls of the crowned and the circles of the beautiful-that our hearts turn with the deepest understanding and sympathy. No, it is to their homes and their hearths, to their joys and their sorrows. Yonder are the wal's which have looked down upon the midnight vigil and noonday languor. Yonder is the window whence the eye, gazing up to the heavens, has caught something of their inspiration. Lo, here the board which has echoed to the sweet sounds of household jest and homely tenderness. Lo, there the sleepless couch, where the sufferings of life, if not more bravely borne, have been more deeply felt, than by other men! It has been our lot to catch occasional glimpses of the homes of great men, and, perhaps, our readers may not weary for a little of the oft-told tale, while we recall these memories of a long time ago.' One May morning, we found ourselves at the door of a small dwelling, cheerless and commonplace looking, like most houses in the streets of gloomy London. We passed within, and there was a change the fresh green of the stately Park trees, and the flowers and shrubs of the little garden which had once harbored pet nightingales, looked brightly and kindly upon us, while the early summer's sun came smiling through the windows, lighting up and glorifying the choice and beautiful pictures, and what was better than pictures, the genius-lit features of an octogenarian poet. A social and hospitable board is spread, and surrounded by some of kindred spirit. Men of science, men of genius, men of practice are there, gathered from the northern Tweed banks, and from the lands beyond the Atlantic. Gravely and gaily does the converse hold on its way, now hither, now thither, like the bird amongst the forest branches; one moment in the recesses of the heart's sympathies, the next sporting on the parterre of wit and anecdote, and again soaring into the region of intellect. But, ever and anon, there was that in the old man's words and bearing, which woke up yet deeper and more sanctified feeling. The touching emphasis with which he would repeat, as a sample of musical diction and excellent pathos, such lines as these- "The path of sorrow, and that path alone, Leads to the world where sorrow is unknown;" or the text of Scripture, reverently spoken; or the words of thanksgiving to "my Saviour for having so loved little children;" uttered with hands folded and eyes solemnly raised to heaven, could not but fill the heart with the precious hope that the poet had sought and found a more blessed reality than all his gorgeous visions. Very long hath been thy path of life, O thou venerable man! and thy songs of sunny "Italy" are now the songs of the olden time; solitary is thy hearth, which has never been surrounded by the sweet youthful sunshine which thou lovest so well; yet art thou not to be pitied, for all hearts love thee, in thine old age and solitude. Thy "Pleasures of Memory" are ever pleasant, oh, Samuel Rogers! One very rainy day, when even bright, clean Paris looked dirty and miserable, we found ourselves at the entrance of a stately edifice. Up stairs we went, we and our companion, and were speedily ushered into the presence of one, who, it was easy to discover, had in some way or other "left footprints on the sands of time." We sat down within a lofty library, surrounded by authors of every age and country, and by prints of contemporary savans; pamphlets were heaped on every chair, and the whole chamber was in a sort of orderly disorder. As we sat there, the rain dashing against the windows, our ears assailed by a mingled torrent of French and English, which was as an unknown tongue to our unsophisticated intellects, our hearts softened by letters from beloved ones, in "a far countrie" which had just been put into our hands; it was natural that our thoughts should fix themselves tenderly and earnestly upon the lonely man before us. The tall bent frame, the deeply furrowed cheeks, the nearly sightless eyeballs, the matted, grizzled locks, the touching expression of intense melancholy and disappointment, told of a strangely memoried and chequered exist ence. And it was so. Those eyes had wept the bitterest tears of bereavement, and gazed unmoved upon pointed cannon; that hand had directed the heavenward telescope, and signed senatorial mandates; that voice had instructed from the chair, and rebelled upon the tribune! It was Arago-the widower, the biographer, the philosopher, the statesman, the republican! and as we rambled through the spacious halls of the Observatoire, built by Louis Quatorze, and gazed from its summit upon the noble view of that strange, incomprehensible, rebellious, crime-stricken Paris, lying so peacefully stretched out before us, we felt it was just the sort of home we could have imagined for that lonely and majestic man; and we longed earnestly that the eye-nerves which had been scathed by the shock and lightning of the cannon, levelled against them, might be restored by the great Light-giver, and that the heart, again and again bruised and broken, might be tenderly bound up by the Healer and the Comforter! A few nights after, when rumours of approaching battle and bloodshed filled the ear and the mind, without exciting the terror with which in dear old Scotland we had imagined such a possibility, we drove along the pretty and gaily-lighted streets and boulevards of Paris. There was a strange contrast and fearful significance, however, in the mounted guards at each corner of the streets, telling of increased danger and increased vigilance; and our thoughts and conversation were unavoidably led to the horrors of the past and the probabilities of the future, till, upon finding ourselves in the midst of a cheerful home, it was like awaking from a painful dream. Yes it was that rare thing, a home in Paris-a home in France ! There stood the statesman, the guider of kings, the ruler over the interests of France, deposed from his high estate, it is true, and voiceless and nameless in the cabinets of Europe, but surrounded by loving and beloved, graceful and accomplished sons and daughters, and by attached and admiring friends and relatives. The rooms, though neither large nor lofty, were elegantly furnished, and contained a few good pictures, some of them presents from crowned heads, and a fine musical instrument, sweet sounds from which doubtless more frequently cheered the ex-minister's heart, than in the brilliant, but unmusical hurry of prosperity. The simple, polished, and urbane manners of the author of " Civilisation" and the almost Scotch frankness and kindness of his family-all of whom worship in a Presbyterian temple-might have made us doubt whether wo had really crossed the channel, had it not been for the rapid sounds on all sides of that language which is pre-eminently the language of conversation. Another circumstance also recalled us from the dream of home security, and sent us through the dark night to our hotel, with a relapse into gloomy forboding and melancholy remembrance. In one corner of the room hung a portrait of a venerable lady, the mother of our host, who had died but a short time before, at a very advanced age, and who, during a long life, had worn perpetual mourning in memory of her gallant husband, Guizot's father, who had perished upon a Parisian scaffold. Then, on another day, we entered the house of that strange medley of poet and patriot, Lamartine. We had seen and watched him in his place in the National Assembly, and now we gazed very earnestly around his dwelling, and carried away many thoughts with us. With all his affectation, and sentimentality, and Frenchness, the heart clings to the little child learning and loving the Bible stories at his mother's knee, to the idolizing and motherless son of later years, to the sorely-stricken and bereaved father, to the author ever and anon striking some innermost chord of the soul and spirit, to the lonely eastern traveller, to the fearless orator, standing with folded arms amidst infuriated thousands. The beautiful rooms were adorned with masterly paintings, by the English wife of Lamartine -the mother of "Julia"-who spoke to us with simple and dignified affection of her absent husband, once the idol of the multitude, then in comparative neglect and obscurity. She showed us a magnificent picture and noble looking bust, both bearing a strong resemblance to the man of the present; but how different, in their proud beauty, to the young weeper over the strains of Tasso, to the merry gatherer of the vineyard grapes, and the tender of the wild goats upon the mountain !—a dreamer it is true, but little dreaming of all the vicissitudes of feeling, of position, of action, which have since been his lot. Something better, we trust, than our national vanity, made us earnestly wish that Lamartine had been born among the heathered hills of Scotland, with an earnest Scottish soul within him. Genius, without religion, is but as the bird shorn of its wings, as the arrow chained to the earth, as the crown stripped of its gems and gold. Genius, to be all-powerful, all-beautiful, must be clothed with the beauty of holiness, with the diadem of righteousness; it must drink at the Fountain of Light, in whose light alone it can see light; it must wonder and adore at the shrine not only of the God of nature, but of the God of salvation; it must recount the august and heroic deeds of Him, who died for and loved the unlovely and the unloving, and it must work the works of Him who sent it. 0! what sight is so beautiful, and alas! so rare, as genius and religion united-the rich gift given back in joy and gratitude--the ten talents traded with to the uttermost--the vivid perceptions of gladness and grief subdued and chastened, till they meekly wait for the time of fullest joy and no sorrow-and the mighty influence over heart and soul, friend and brother, stranger and alien, wielded for the winning of unsaved souls ? It is indeed true that the homes of living genius are instinct with thrilling thought and expression, each sight and sound acquiring a strange power, from having been seen and heard by those so nobly dowered from heaven. Yet is there a home which excites a deeper interest still a home with narrow walls, within which there is no blazing hearth-fire, no social jest, no cradle song-the long home of the dead! In one sense, genius can never die; its words are like the fabled sentences in the frozen regions, which though inaudible. at the moment of utterance, resound wondrously through the air in the time of thaw. Its works are like the stately lions and winged bulls of buried Nineveh, which gaze as majestically upon other ages and other countries, as when first hewn from the rocks of a thousand years ago; its names are not born to die, but, like the floods and the hills, will last while the world lasteth. But the body can die. The eyes that so pierce into our souls with their living light will be quenched; the lips which speak such thrilling words will be for ever silent; the brow of loftiest look and deepest expression will be unclothed and ghastly. And the soul can die. Ah, upon none will the second death-the everlasting chains and darknesscome with more vivid and frightful power, than upon those whose very being seemed to consist of light, and life, and liberty! Who wil mourn over the past so acutely as those who "lacked but one thing"-so near and yet so far? Who will suffer so keenly where there is no enjoyment, as those who suffered and enjoyed upon earth like none others? Who will know so fearfully, and learn so rapidly, as those who had followed hard after all knowledge but that of God? Alas, alas, for unsanctified genius!-Hogg's Instructor. Pouths' Department. "WHY DO THE FLOWERS BLOOM, MOTHER?" BY J. E. CARPENTER. "Why do the flow'rets bloom, mother, My child, were flow'rets given,- And show the road to Heaven!" "Then why do the flow'rets fade, mother, That the sunshine and the summer "And shall not those that die, mother, Come back to life once more, E'en as the rain and sun, mother, Those beauteous flow'rs restore?" Yes, yes, my child, such powers To human flow'rs are given, Here earth's frail flow'rs may blossom, But we may rise-in Heaven!" ILLUSTRATIONS OF ASTRONOMY. No. 4. PHYSICAL CONSTITUTION AND APPEARANCE OF THE SUN AND PLANETS. To measure the celestial bodies is almost as great and difficult a task as to measure their distances from each other. The ingenuity and skill, with which man has been endowed by his Creator, have, however, enabled him to accomplish the one with as much accuracy and precision as he has approximated to the other. Physical Constitution of the Sun.-Concerning the physical nature of the sun, very little is known. As before said, it appears, when seen through a telescope, like a globe of fire, in a state of violent commotion or ebullition. La Place believed it to be in a state of actual combustion, the spots being immense caverns or craters, caused by eruptions or explosions of elastic fluids in the interior. The most probable opinion is, that the body of the sun is opaque, like one of the planets; that it is surrounded by an atmosphere of considerable depth; and that the light is sent off from a luminous stratum of clouds, floating above or outside the atmosphere. theory accords best with his density, and with the phenomena of the solar spots. This Of the temperature of the sun's surface, Dr. Herschel thinks that it must exceed that produced in furnaces, or even by chemical or galvanic processes. By the law relative to the diffusion of light, he shows that a body at the sun's surface must receive 300,000 times the light and heat of our globe; and adds that a far less quantity of solar light is sufficient, when collected in the focus of a burning-glass, to dissipate gold and platina into vapor. The same writer observes that the most vivid flames disappear, and the most intensely ignited solids appear only as black spots on the disc of the sun, when held between him and the eye. From this circumstance he infers that however dark the body of the sun may appear, when seen through its spots, it may, nevertheless, be in a state of most intense ignition. It does not, however, follow of necessity that it must be so. The contrary is at least physically possible. A perfectly reflective canopy would effectually defend it from the radiation of the luminous regions above its atmosphere, and no heat would be conducted downward through a gaseous medium increasing rapidly in density. The great mystery, however, is to conceive how so enormous a conflagration (if such it be) can be kept up from age to age. Every discovery in chemical science here leaves us completely at a loss, or rather seems to remove farther from us the prospect of explanation. The relative magnitude of the Sun and Planets is represented in Map. 4, Fig. 1. The scale of the charts is the same as in No. 2 -namely, 40,000 miles of diameter to an inch. As the sun is 886,000 miles in diameter, he is drawn 2 inches across, to show his true magnitudo as compared with the planets. These may be seen on the right side of the map, commencing with Mercury at the top, and passing downward to Herschel. Neptune is opposite to Herschel on the left. The secondary planets will be seen around their primaries. The magnitudes of the primary planets as compared with the earth, are as follows, viz.: Juno,. The sun is 1,400,000 times larger than the earth, and 500 times larger than all the other bodies of the Solar System put together. It would take one hundred and twelve such globes as our earth, if laid side by side, to reach across his vast diameter. The moon's orbit is two hundred and forty thousand miles from the earth. Now, if the sun was placed where the earth is, he would fill all the orbit of the moon, and extend more than two hundred thousand miles beyond it on every side! What is a globe like ours compared with such a vast and ponderous body as the sun? Herschel's Treatise on Astronomy. General Remarks respecting the Sun—its Magnitude, &c.—Of all the celestial objects with which we are acquainted, none make so strong and universal an impression upon our globe as does the Sun. He is the great centre of the Solar System-a vast and fiery orb, kindled by the Almighty on the morn of creation, to cheer the dark abyss, and to pour his radiance upon surrounding worlds. Compared with him, all the solar bodies are of inconsiderable dimensions; and without him, they are wrapped in the pall of interminable night. The sun is 886,000 miles in diameter. Were a tunnel opened through his centre, and a railway laid down, it would require, at the rate of thirty miles per hour, nearly three and a half years for a train of cars to pass through it. To traverse the whole circumference of the sun, at the same speed, would require nearly eleven years. His diameter is 112 times that of the earth, and his mass 1,400,000 times as great. He is 500 times larger than all the rest of the Solar System put together. The mean diameter of the moon's orbit is 480,000 miles; and yet, were the sun to take the place of the earth, he would fill the entire orbit of the moon, aud extend more than 200,000 miles beyond it on every side. The form of the sun is that of a spheroid; his equatorial being somewhat greater than his polar diameter. The map referred to exhibits the relative diameters of the sun and planets. Their Spots on the Sun-their Number.--By the aid of telescopes, a variety of spots are often discovered upon the sun's disc. number is exceedingly variable at different times. From 1611 to 1629, a period of eighteen years, the sun was never found clear of spots, except for a few days in December, 1624. At other times twenty or thirty were frequently seen at once; and at one period in 1825, upwards of fifty were to be seen; over one hundred are sometimes visible. From 1650 to 1670, a period of 20 years, scarcely any spots were visible; and for eight years, from 1676 to 1684, no spots whatever were to be seen. For the last 46 years, a greater or less number of spots have been visible every year. For several days, during the latter part of September, 1846, we could count sixteen of these spots which were distinctly visible, and most of them well defined; but on the 7th of October followin, only six small spots were visible, though the same telescope was used, and circumstances were equally favourable. Nature of the Solar Spots-The appearance of the solar spots is that of a dark nucleus surrounded by a border less deeply shaded, called a penumbra. They are both well represented on the map. When seen through a telescope, the sun presents the appearance of a vast globe, wrapped in an ocean of flame, with the spots, like incombustible islands, floating in the fiery abyss. Concerning these wonderful spots a variety of opinions have prevailed, and many curious theories have been constructed. Lalande, as cited by Herschel, suggests that they are the tops of mountains on the sun's surface, laid bare by fluctuations in his luminous atmosphere; and that the penumbræ are the shoaling declivities of the mountains, where the luminous fluid is less deep. Another gentleman, of some astronomical knowledge, supposes that the tops of the solar mountains are exposed by tides in the sun's atmosphere, produced by planetary attraction. To the theory of Lalande, Dr. Herschel objects that it is contradicted by the sharp termination of both the internal and external edges of the penumbræ ; and advances as a more probable theory, that "they are the dark, or at least-comparatively dark, solid body of the sun itself, laid bare to our view by those immense fluctuations in the luminous regions of the atmosphere, to which it appears to be subject." Prof. Olmsted supports this theory by demonstrating that the spots must be "nearly or quite in contact with the body of the sun." In 1773, Prof. Wilson, of the University of Glasgow, ascertained by a series of observations that the spots were probably “vast excavations in the luminous matter of the sun;" the nuclei being their bottom, and the umbræ their shelving sides. This conclusion varies but little from that of Dr. Herschel, subsequently arrived at.* Magnitude of the Solar Spots.-The magnitude of the solar spots is as variable as their number. Upon this point the map will give a correct idea; as it is a pretty accurate representation of the * Nichol's Bolar System, pp. 122-126. sun's disc, as seen by the writer on the 22nd of September, 1846. In 1799, Dr. Herschel observed a spot nearly 30,000 miles in breadth; and he further states, that others have been observed whose diameter was upwards of 45,000 miles. Dr. Dick observes that he has several times seen spots which were not less than of the sun's diameter, or 22,192 miles across. Revolution of the Sun upon his Axis.-The axis of the sun is inclined to the ecliptic 71°, or more accurately 7° 20′. He revolves in the same direction in which the planets revolve around him, and the time occupied in making a complete sidereal revolution is 25 days 10 hours. But when a particular spot has arrived opposite any particular star from which it is started, in the direction of which the earth was 25 days and 10 hours before, the earth is found to have advanced some 24°, or 1,700,000 miles in her orbit; and the sun must actually turn a little more than once round, to appear to make a complete revolution to a beholder on the earth. His synodic revolution consequently requires 27 days, 7 hours, or near 46 hours more time than his sidereal revolution. Direction, Motions and Phases of the Solar Spots.-As the result of the sun's motion upon his axis, his spots always appear first on his eastern limb, and pass off or disappear on the west. The figure of the sun affects not only the apparent velocity of the spots, but also their forms. When first seen on the east, they appear narrow and slender, as represented on the left of Fig. 1. As they advance westward, they continue to widen or enlarge till they reach the centre, where they appear largest, when they again begin to contract, and are constantly diminished till they disappear. Another result of the revolution of the sun upon an axis inclined to the ecliptic, and the revolution of the earth around him, is, that when viewed from our moveable observatory, the earth, at different seasons of the year, the direction of the spots scems materially to vary. This fact is illustrated by fig. 2. In June we have, so to speak, a side view of the sun, is pole being inclined to the left. Of course, then as he revolves, his spots will appear to ascend in a straight line. In September we have passed around in our orbit, to a point opposite the south pole of the sun, and the spots seem to curve upward. In December we have another side view of the sun, but we are opposite the point from which we had our first view, and on the other side of the ecliptic. The result is, that the poles, of the sun are now inclined to the right; and the spots, in passing over his disc, incline downward. The polar inclination of the sun, as given in the figure, is greater than it actually is in nature, the present design being merely to illustrate the principle upon which we account for the peculiar motion of the solar spots. PHYSICAL TRAINING IN SCHOOLS. GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. CONTINUED. No. III. Action 63. In this action the gymnast walks on the hands along the pole; the hands being placed over the pole on the same side with the body (fig. 36. No. 1). Action 64. This action is the same as the preceding; only that the hands are under, or grasping the pole on the opposite side of the body. No. 2. Fig. 36. No. 1. Action 65. In this the gymnast walks from one end of the pole to the other; the hands being placed over the pole on each side, face opposite the upright post: first forwards to one end, then backwards to the other (Fig. 36, No. 2). Action 66. This action consists in rising up and looking over the pole, hands over, three times (fig. 37, No. 1). Action 67. The same as the preceding, only with the hands under (fig. 37, No. 2). No. 2. Fig. 37. No. 1. Action 68. The hands are to be placed on each side of the pole, and then the shoulders are to be brought alternately up to the pole; each shoulder three times, Figs. 42 and 43. Fig. 44. Fig. 45. Action 75. At first the same as action 73: then keep the instep firm against the pole, and bring the body between the arms as in the illustration (fig. 39). Action 76. The hands are fixed on each side of the pole, and the legs are to be brought up on the outside of each arm (fig. 49). Action 77. In this action both hands being fixed on one side, the legs are brought between the arms (fig. 41). Action 78. In this the gymnast swings, and jumps up as he swings back, and comes down on the pole again (figs. 42 and 43). Action 79. This action consists in getting up on the pole. First throw the right leg over the pole, then, with a spring bring up the right elbow; lastly, by another spring, bring up both arms straight, so as to sit across the pole (fig. 44). Action 80. Draw up the body as high as posonce if possible, or one at a time; then rise gradually; the whole of the body being on one side of the pole; change the position of the hands, and come gradually over the pole till the feet touch the ground (fig. 45). Action 81. In this action the hands are fixed one on each side; then jump and change hands; first, with knees bent; second, with the knees straight. Fig. 30. Fig. 51. Fig. 52. Fig. 53. Fig. 54. Fig. 55. Fig. 56. Fig. 57. Action 86. Sit across the pole, and swing round, holding tight, the hands being fixed on each side of the pole (fig. 50). Action 87. Get upon the pole as in a previous action, then bring both legs over the pole, so as to sit thereon: then gradually lower the body so as to swing with arms behind (fig. 51). Action 88. Get up and over, as in the last action; then catch the pole with bent arms separately; then catch hold of the trousers, and swing backward completely round (fig. 52). Action 89. Hold the pole by the right arm, then grasp the wrist with the left hand, and try to draw yourself up; then perform the same action with the left arm. Action 90. In this action the letter L is formed by hanging by one arm, see action 72 (fig. 53). Action 91. Kneel upon the pole, hands on each side, and swing off the pole (fig. 54). Action 92. Hanging by both hands on the same side at one end of the pole, and turning from one side of the pole to the other, till you have reached the other end. Action 93. In this action the gymnast commences as in action 77, then passes the legs completely through, and hangs them down; he then draws them gradually back between the arms (fig. 55). This action can only be performed by the experienced gymnast without danger with him there is none. Atur en ng Un ille pola. hands on each side, face towards the post, swing backwards, and catch the pole with the toes, and hang down, as in the annexed figure (fig. 56). Action 95. First throw the right leg over the pole, then with a spring bring up the right elbow in this position; throw the left arm over the pole, and hang in that position (fig. 57). (TO BE CONTINUED.) THE TRUE PRINCIPLE OF COMMERCE. In his late speech at Buffalo, Kossuth thus elucidates his idea of commerce as it should be : "Commerce, as I understand it, is that noble spirit of enterprise with its fingers applied to the pulsation of present conjunctures, but with its eyes steadily fixed upon the future-the heart warmed by noble sentiments of patriotism and philanthropy, connecting individual profit with the development of natural resources and of national welfare, spreading over the masses of the people like the dew of heaven upon the earth, and breaking a road of national activity, upon which the flowers of prosperity will grow from generation to generation-such a commercial spirit is a rich source of national happiness-the guaranty of a country's future, the pillar of its power, the vehicle of civilization, and the locomotive of principles." The best remedy for eyes weakened by night use, is a fino stream of cold water frequently applied to them.-London Lancet, |