land town, paying closer heed than com- ston; "The Captain," by Mr. J. Churchill mon to the unities of time and place. Williams; "Before the Dawn," by Mr. Within a few months the effect of inter- Joseph A. Altsheler; "Kent Fort Manor," acting human personalities upon one an- by Mr. William Henry Babcock; "The other is made evident as the result of con- Southerners," by Mr. Cyrus Townsend ditions long antecedent, and the book is Brady, and "Old Squire," by Mr. B. K. one of full literary charm. Mrs. Henry Benson. Certain books bringing up quesDudeney, in "Robin Brilliant," has set tions of politics and labor deserve menforth a series of phases of modern life in tion: Mr. Eliott Flower's "The SpoilsEngland, with an atmosphere of romantic men;" Mr. Guy Wetmore Carryl's "The tragedy, and an unexpected and artistic Lieutenant-Governor," and Mr. Frank ending. Passing to America, Mr. Elmore Lewis Nason's "The Blue Goose." An Elliott Peake, in "The Pride of Tellfair," English mine story, in which an American has shown what southern aristocracy can engineer plays an important part, is "A do in a northern town in the Mississippi Daughter of the Pit," by Mrs. Margaret Valley, the contrast between the two civili- Doyle Jackson. Trusts form the theme zations being shrewdly and spiritedly of Mr. A. F. Wilson's "The Wars of

drawn. "Richard Rosny" is a romance
in an older fashion, by Maxwell Grey
(Miss M. G. Tuttiett). The effect upon
the character of a man by a set of extrava-
gant women, his kin, is admirably por-
trayed, with a spice of tragedy into the
bargain. The hero is an English naval
officer in the earlier chapters of the story,
calling attention to the infrequency with
which this essential component in British
national life appears in British fiction,
London, Halifax and New York share in
the exploits of Miss Helen Milicete's "A
Detached Pirate," a divorced woman the
heroine. San Francisco is the scene of
Frances Charles's "The Siege of Youth,"
a book of art, love and journalism.

So many romances of the Civil War
have appeared, all of them of merit and
worth reading if time be given, that a mere
list of them must suffice: "The Master
of Warlock," by Mr. George Cary Eggle-

Peace," thoroughly of to-day in its theme and manner.

Not readily assignable to any class are a number of readable books. "Darrel of the Blessed Isles" is a beautiful and literary story of Central New York in earlier days, by Mr. Irving Bacheller, with a literary language in place of the usual vulgar dialect. Mr. Edward W. Townsend's "Lees and Leaven" is a study of modern condi tions, the scene laid partly in New York City and partly in the interior of

the State. "The Trail of the Grand Seigneur" by Mr. Olin L. Lyman, treats of conditions in Northern New York during the War of 1812, and is reminiscent of Cooper. Mr. Cutcliffe Hyne's "Captain Kettle, K. C. B.: More Adventures of Captain Kettle," is replete with humor and adventure. Another story of 1812 is Mrs. Mary Catherine Crowley's "Love Thrives in War."

T

The Colonies of the World.

BY

EUGENE PARSONS.

HE word "colony" properly means a body of immigrants settled in a distant land, sustaining political and commercial relations with the mother country. Lately the term has been applied to the foreign possessions of a nation, noncontiguous territory inhabited by alien races. In this broad sense "colony" is used in this article. It is pretty nearly equivalent in meaning to "dependency,' but is not to be confounded with "sphere of influence." The latter expression refers to regions where traders and capitalists have secured concessions from native chiefs or rulers; it means about the same as "protectorate."

According to a monograph, "Colonial Administration" (published by the U. S. Bureau of Statistics), the colonies of the world occupy two-fifths of the land surface of the globe and have one-third of the world's population, or about 500,000,000 people. Most of the colonies are tropical, Canada being an exception. There are 140 tropical or sub-tropical colonies, roughly divided into three great groups: East Indian, West Indian, and African. The population of these colonies is 485,000,000, with but few Europeans. In Canada, Australia, and South Africa, the population is largely British, numbering some 15,000,000 or less.

The seven great nations which have in modern times experimented with the government of noncontiguous people, or "colonies," so called, are England, Netherlands, France, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, and Spain, and their relative success may be con sidered as in about the order in which they are here named. The population of those of Great Britain is in round numbers 350.000.000; Netherlands, 35,000,000: France, 56,000,000; Belgium (Congo Free State), 30,000,000; Germany, 15,000,000; Portugal, 9.000.000 and

Spain, 135,000.

Of England's 350,000,000, nearly 300,000,000 are in the East Indian group, and less than 3,000,000 in the West Indies, Netherlands has about 35,000,000 in the East Indian group and 50,000 in the West

Indies, and France, 25,000,000 in the East Indian group and 300,000 in the West Indies.

In this article no mention is made of the "colonies" or dependencies of the United States, such as the Philippines, which have a population of 8,000,000 or 10,000,000 (for the most part Malayan). Russia, Turkey, and Japan are also left out of account.

Strictly speaking, the Congo Free State, in Central Africa, is not a colony of Belgium, but of Leopold II., King of the Belgians. At Leopold's expense the Stanley expedition of 1877 was fitted out and the country explored by Stanley was by act of the Berlin Conference of 1884 declared to be under the sovereignty of King Leopold. The administration is in his hands, conducted at Brussels. The local government, with its seat at Boma, follows instructions received from the King and his advisers in Brussels. The native chiefs rule their subjects under the guidance of Leopold's officials. The system is good theoretically, but in practice the laws to protect the natives are not always executed. Tales of frightful atrocities have been told. It is said on good authority that many of the inhabitants are far worse off than they were before the coming of the white man.

The Congo Free State has an area estimated from 800,000 to 900,000 square miles, with a population of from 20,000,000 Bantu origin, and some of them are cannito 30,000,000. The tribes are mostly of bals. In the forests along the Congo River are many bands of pigmies. In 1901 the Europeans numbered 2,204, there being about 30 Americans.

In natural resources the Congo is one of the richest countries in the world. Fruits and vegetables grow in great profusion. More than half of the area of the Congo consists of forest land. Many kinds of valuable woods are found-ebony,

inhabitants from 2,000,000 to 4,120,000.
Angola has a coast-line of more than 1,000
miles from the Congo River to the south.
Its chief products are sugar, ivory, vege-
table oils, wax, india-rubber, cocoanuts,
and coffee. The exports amount to nearly
$10,000,000 a year, and the imports to $8,-
000,000 or $9,000,000. From the capital,
Loanda, on the coast, a railway runs in-
land through rich plantations 200 miles to
Ambaca. In 1900 there were 1,170 miles
of telegraph lines. Several companies are
at work, developing the resources of the
country. Gold, copper, iron, and other
minerals have been found. The colony is
a source of profit to the mother country,
which has most of its trade. Of late years
Great Britain's exports (coal and textiles)
have increased; its commerce with Angola
in 1901 amounted to $2,500,000.

mahogany, rosewood, teak, etc. India-
rubber trees grow in abundance. Rubber
is the chief article of export. The exports
of rubber and ivory in 1901 were valued
at $10,000,000. Nearly all of the tropical
products-palm-nuts, coffee, tobacco, etc.
-are cultivated with success. Iron and
copper are found in large quantities, and
rich deposits of gold await the prospector.
In short, the Congo Independent State,
so-called, is an exceedingly valuable col-
ony, from which King Leopold derives a
considerable income over expenditures.
The revenue for 1902 was £1,148,000; ex-
penditure, £1,141,000. Years ago the
King spent millions for railways and other
public works. Now he is getting his
money back. The time may not be far off
when it will become a Belgian possession.
In 1497 the celebrated Portuguese navi-
gator, Vasco da Gama, rounded the Cape
of Good Hope, sailed along the eastern
shore of Africa, and reached India. This
was the beginning of European explora-
tion in the Indian Ocean. Other Portu-
guese navigators followed, and during the
next few years they established trading
posts at various points on the coast of In-
dia and China. Thus Portugal obtained
her colonies in East Africa, Asia, and in
the Indian Ocean.

Farther north on the west coast of Africa is the little colony of Portuguese Guinea, bounded by the French Sudan on the east and north. Its area is 4,440 square miles; population, 820,000. Its chief products are hides, oil, seeds, ivory, wax, and rubber. Its commerce is less than a million dollars annually. Not far from the coast are the Cape Verde Islands, fourteen in number, having an area of 1,480 square miles and a population of 147,424. The islands have a commerce amounting to nearly $4,000,000 a year, and are self-supporting. Other islands in the Atlantic belonging to Portugal are Madeira, the Azores, Prince and St. Thomas Islands.

Portuguese East Africa is a long tract of country lying south of German East Africa and east of British South Africa. It has a coast-line of 1,400 miles, and the Zambezi is its largest river. Among its products are wax, gums, seeds, coffee, tobacco, and ivory. Its area is approximately 301,160 square miles, divided into three districts: Mozambique, Zambezia, and Lourenço Marquez; population, 3,120,000, or 10 to the square mile. Its important towns are Mozambique, the old capital, and Lourenço Marquez, on Delagoa Bay to the south. The latter port and Beira (connected by railway with Rhodesia) have a trade of more than $10,000,000 annually, mainly of goods in transit to the Transvaal and to Rhodesia. The Zambezia and Mozambique Companies are engaged in agricultural, industrial, and mining operations.

Angola, on the west coast of Africa, is the largest of Portugal's colonies. It was settled by Portuguese more than four hundred years ago. Its area is estimated from 457,000 to 510,000 square miles, and the

Portugal's eastern possessions are as follows: Goa, on the coast of India, having an area of 1,390 square miles, and a population of 495,000; Damao (including the little island of Diu) on the coast about 100 miles north of Bombay, with an area of 168 miles and a population of 77,454; the islands of Taipa, Colôane, and a part of Macao, at the mouth of the Canton River, all having an area of four square miles and a population of 78,627; the isle of Pulo Cambing in the Malay Archipelago, also the eastern part of the island of Timor, having an area of 7.458 square miles, and a population of 300,000. All of these colonies, except Macao, have insufficient revenues to meet the cost of administration.

The commerce of Portuguese India amounts to $2,500,000 annually, of which Portugal has only a small share; of Macao,

Philippines were ceded to the United as parts of France, not colonies. Border

ing on the west coast of Africa, south of
the Spanish Adrar, are Senegal, French
Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Sene-
gambia, and the French Congo. These
territories are settled by mixed races of
Negroes, Berbers, Arabs, and the rem-
nants of many conquered tribes. Al-
though the French penetrated these re-
gions centuries ago, not much was done to
develop their resources until 1854 and
later. In the interior, north of the Ivory
Coast and Dahomey, are the Military Ter-
ritories in the district formerly known as
the French Sudan, around the upper
waters of the Niger River. They have
been gained by conquest since 1880.
France has spent large sums of money on
her African colonies, founding schools,
building railways, running telegraph lines,
and constructing public works.
It re-
mains to be seen how much the French
government will realize on its investments.
In East Africa is the small protectorate
of Obok, on the Somali coast. Included
in the African possessions of France are
the islands not far from the east coast,
viz.: Madagascar, Reunion, Ste. Marie,
Nossi-Bé, Mayotte and the Comoro Isles.

States. In 1899 Germany obtained by treaty the groups of Caroline Islands, Pelew Islands, and Marianne Islands in the Pacific. Thus the Spanish colonial possessions were reduced to an area of about 253,000 square miles. "By an arrangement with France in 1900, Spain agreed to forego her claim to a large portion of the Adrar interior, south of Morocco, on condition that France agreed to allow her a portion of the territory claimed by Spain on the Muni and Campo." The Rio de Oro and Adrar district now includes approximately 80,000 square miles, with an estimated population of 50,000. The Canary Islands, having an area of 2,808 square miles and a population of about 340,000, form a province of Spain; and the small states on the north coast of Morocco-Ceuta, Melilla, etc.-are also considered a part of Spain. Spain's remaining colonies or protectorates are as follows: Ifri (on the southwest coast of Morocco), having an area of 27 square miles and a population of 6,000; the islands of Fernando Po, Annabon, Corisco, Elobey, and San Juan, which lie near the equator off the coast of Kamerun and French Congo, having an area of 850 square miles and a population of 24,000. The area of the Muni-Campo region is estimated at about 10,000 square miles, with a population of perhaps 100,000. The remains of Spain's colonial empire comprise, all told, territories of less than 100,000 square miles, with a population roughly estimated at 186,000.

The colonial empire of France is larger than that of any other nation, except Great Britain. The total area of the French colonies and dependencies the world over is not far from 4,500,000 square miles, with a population of 56,000,000 or more. The French domain in Africa comprises more than one-third of the land surface of the Dark Continent. With the territory in Rio de Oro recently acquired from Spain, its area is not far from 4,000,000 square miles, exclusive of the island of Madagascar near by. The population of this wide expanse of country, much of it desert, is about 30,000,000. The Sahara tract (about 1,800,000 square miles) is thinly settled, having less than 3,000,000 inhabitants. In northern Africa are Algeria and Tunis, which may be regarded

For more than two hundred years France has been acquiring possessions in Asia. In 1763 she lost most of the Indian Empire, retaining only a few factories and cities on the southern coast of India. Pondichéry and the other French colonies of India have a total area of about 197 square miles and a population of 279,000. French Indo-China is a long strip of land south of China and east of Siam. It includes five dependencies-Tongking and Laos in the north, Annam in the center, and Cambodia and Cochin-China in the south. Their combined area is about 363,000 square miles, with a population estimated at 20,400,000. The beginnings of French influence in Annam date back to 1787; by treaty it was declared a French protectorate in 1884. Cochin-China was acquired in 1861; Cambodia in 1862; Tongking in 1884; and Laos in 1893.

France has several groups of islands in the South Pacific, acquired from 1841 to 1887. New Caledonia, lying west of Australia, is the largest; near it are the Loyalty Islands, and a little to the north are the New Hebrides (English and French). Other French establishments in